🔆 National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA)

✅ Establishment: Formed in 1997, regulates drug prices to ensure affordable medicines.
✅ Nodal Ministry: Department of Pharmaceuticals (DoP), Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.

📍 Functions:
✅Price Control: Sets ceiling prices for essential drugs.
✅DPCO Enforcement: Implements Drug Prices Control Orders.
✅Market Monitoring: Tracks drug availability.
✅Legal Support: Manages pricing-related legal issues.

📍 DPCO, 2013:
✅Regulates 384 essential drugs.
✅Scheduled Drugs: Tightly controlled prices.
✅Non-Scheduled Drugs:Flexible pricing.

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🔆 India’s Health Indicators

📍 Key Health Statistics
✅ Life Expectancy at Birth ~ 70 years (62 years in 2000, 67 years in 2010)
✅ Infant Mortality Rate = 28/1000
✅ Neonatal Mortality Rate = 20/1000 (SDG target 12)
✅ Under 5 Mortality Rate = 32/1000 (SDG target 25)
✅ Maternal Mortality Rate = 97/1000 (SDG target 70)
✅ Sex Ratio at Birth = 1020/1000 (was 943 in 2011)

📍 Health Expenditure
✅ Health Expenditure = ~ 3.8% of GDP (40% public, 60% private)
✅ Out of Pocket Expenditure (OOP) = 1.5% GDP, 13% monthly per capita
✅ Doctor-Population Ratio = 1:834 (better than WHO’s 1:1000)
✅ Health Workers per 10,000 Population = 49

📍 Health Delivery & Immunization
✅ Institutional Deliveries = 97.18%
✅ Children Aged 9-11 Months Fully Immunised = 93.23%

📍 Health Challenges
✅ Deaths from Non-Communicable Diseases = Over 60% of total deaths in India
✅ TB Burden = Highest in the world (28%) and highest number of Multi-drug resistant TB cases
✅ Tuberculosis Cases Notified = 87.13% against the target

📍 Progress in Tuberculosis (TB) Control
✅ TB Decline = 18% dip in TB cases over the past 10 years, more than double the global rate; 24% reduction in deaths, higher than the global average of 23%

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🔆 India Among World’s Most Equal Societies: World Bank

📍 Gini Index places India 4th globally in income equality

✅ India’s Gini Index is 25.5, ranking it 4th most equal globally — behind Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and Belarus.
✅ Extreme poverty fell to 2.3% in 2022–23 (from 16.2% in 2011–12); 171 million Indians exited extreme poverty.
✅ India outperforms China (35.7) and US (41.8) on equality; ahead of all G7 and G20 countries.
✅ PM Jan Dhan Yojana: 55.69 crore accounts opened for financial access.
✅ Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) saved ₹3.48 lakh crore by reducing leakages.
✅ Ayushman Bharat issued 41.34 crore health cards; backed by 32,000+ hospitals.
✅ Stand-Up India: ₹62,807 crore loans sanctioned to SC/ST and women entrepreneurs.
✅ PM Vishwakarma Yojana supported 29.95 lakh artisans with loans, training, and tools.

📘 Source: World Bank, PIB, ORF (July 2025)

📝 Prelims MCQ
Q. As per World Bank 2025 data, which country has the fourth lowest Gini Index indicating high income equality?
(a) Slovenia (b) Belarus (c) India (d) Finland
Ans: (c) India

📝 Mains GS2 Q
“India’s experience shows that growth and equality can go hand in hand.” Discuss with reference to recent poverty and inequality trends.

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