Steps of the two film theory can be used to express the mass transfer taking place between any two bulk.
It can explain the mass transfer between gas - gas, liquid-gas, gas-liquid, gas-solid, liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, solid-gas and solid-liquid.
We just need to explain that solute A from the bulk (having more concentration of A) reaches to the interface due to the driving force of that side. After this the solute diffuses within the interface and in the last from the interface the solute reaches to the other bulk (having less concentration of solute A).
This is why this theory is still in use even after 100 years as it is so general and so useful to explain the mass transfer process.
It can explain the mass transfer between gas - gas, liquid-gas, gas-liquid, gas-solid, liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, solid-gas and solid-liquid.
We just need to explain that solute A from the bulk (having more concentration of A) reaches to the interface due to the driving force of that side. After this the solute diffuses within the interface and in the last from the interface the solute reaches to the other bulk (having less concentration of solute A).
This is why this theory is still in use even after 100 years as it is so general and so useful to explain the mass transfer process.
As we know that mass transfer coefficient is defined experimentally. Therefore many experiments have been conducted and various values of the mass transfer coefficient under various conditions are being determined and now available in the literature.
That is why mass transfer coefficient are also known as literature values as they are available in the literature.
If some new or special case comes, then there values can be determined by doing the experiment again.
kx and ky are the mass transfer coefficients expressed on the liquid side and on the gas side respectively. They are also the literature parameters and that's why known to us.
That is why mass transfer coefficient are also known as literature values as they are available in the literature.
If some new or special case comes, then there values can be determined by doing the experiment again.
kx and ky are the mass transfer coefficients expressed on the liquid side and on the gas side respectively. They are also the literature parameters and that's why known to us.
Process sequence of oils and fats production
1. Cleaning and dehuling
Oil seeds are cleaned mechanically in order to remove stones or other undesirable material from the seeds.
Dehuling is done to remove the outer dry covering of the seeds
2. Cracking rolls
Cracking rolls crush the oil seeds to make them soft and cut the seeds into pieces which can be called as broken seeds or flaked seeds.
3. Digestor
Oil seeds in 100 parts are sent to the digestor unit along with 5 to 10 parts of water.
Temperature in the digestor is maintained by the help of the steam.
Under the action of temperature and pressure, seed gets Swollen up.
4. Expeller
Swollen up seeds now enters in the expeller which is operated at high pressure. Under the high pressure, these Swollen up seeds gets ruptured and the oil present in the seeds comes out. This oil is done sent for further treatment. The oil seeds left is known as depleted oil seeds or cake and they are sent to the extraction unit for further recovery of the oil or can be sent for the animal feed if no oil is left in them
1. Cleaning and dehuling
Oil seeds are cleaned mechanically in order to remove stones or other undesirable material from the seeds.
Dehuling is done to remove the outer dry covering of the seeds
2. Cracking rolls
Cracking rolls crush the oil seeds to make them soft and cut the seeds into pieces which can be called as broken seeds or flaked seeds.
3. Digestor
Oil seeds in 100 parts are sent to the digestor unit along with 5 to 10 parts of water.
Temperature in the digestor is maintained by the help of the steam.
Under the action of temperature and pressure, seed gets Swollen up.
4. Expeller
Swollen up seeds now enters in the expeller which is operated at high pressure. Under the high pressure, these Swollen up seeds gets ruptured and the oil present in the seeds comes out. This oil is done sent for further treatment. The oil seeds left is known as depleted oil seeds or cake and they are sent to the extraction unit for further recovery of the oil or can be sent for the animal feed if no oil is left in them
Process sequence for producing oil by extraction
1. Solvent extraction unit (extractor)
In this unit, flaked oil seeds or oil depleted cake enters the extraction unit along with solvent (hexane) from the other side.
Oil present inside the oil seeds is completely miscible with hexane and therefore exits the extraction system from the bottom along with the oil.
Principle behind the separation is solubility and the concentration difference.
After the recovery of oil, the oil seeds left behind is known as wet meal and this wet mail is sent for the solvent recovery as it contains some amount of solvent that should be recovered.
2. Solvent removal from the wet meal
Wet meal is sent to the solvent recovery unit where steam is used as a solvent to recover hexane.
Steam interacts with wet meal and take away the hexane present in it.
Hexane while going out needs to pass through the heat exchanger in order to remove the additional heat it got while in contact with the steam. Once hexane cools down and returns back to the original desired temperature, it is recycled back to the solvent extraction unit.
The meal so obtained after the hexane removal is sent for the drying and then sent for the animal feed.
4. Flash film evaporator
Oil and hexane solvent now sent for the solvent recovery. Recovery of the solvent is carried out by using stripping colum using steam as the solvent. But before sending it to the stripping it is first passed to the flash film set up to help out the stripping column.
Oil and hexane mixture is heated in the heat exchanger with the help of steam. After the heating it is sent to the flash film evaporator where the more volatile hexane is being given sufficient time to vaporize.
Almost one fourth of the total hexane amount present in the oil vaporizes. This hexane so recovered is sent to the heat exchanger first to condense it and cool it down and then it is added to the recycle solvent stream.
At the bottom of the flash film evaporator, oil and remaining hexane comes out and now it is ready to enter in the vacuum stripping column.
5. Vacuum stripping colum
Oil and hexane mixture after coming out from the flash film evaporator enters the vacuum stripping column. In the stripping column, steam is used as a solvent to remove the hexane from the oil. Operation is performed under vacuum in order to enhance the solubility of steam in hexane and also to increase the relative volatility difference. Steam takes away hexane and then we pass the hexane through the heat exchanger to cool it down and then this hexane is added to the recycle stream. Oil so obtained at the bottom can be sent for the further treatment.
1. Solvent extraction unit (extractor)
In this unit, flaked oil seeds or oil depleted cake enters the extraction unit along with solvent (hexane) from the other side.
Oil present inside the oil seeds is completely miscible with hexane and therefore exits the extraction system from the bottom along with the oil.
Principle behind the separation is solubility and the concentration difference.
After the recovery of oil, the oil seeds left behind is known as wet meal and this wet mail is sent for the solvent recovery as it contains some amount of solvent that should be recovered.
2. Solvent removal from the wet meal
Wet meal is sent to the solvent recovery unit where steam is used as a solvent to recover hexane.
Steam interacts with wet meal and take away the hexane present in it.
Hexane while going out needs to pass through the heat exchanger in order to remove the additional heat it got while in contact with the steam. Once hexane cools down and returns back to the original desired temperature, it is recycled back to the solvent extraction unit.
The meal so obtained after the hexane removal is sent for the drying and then sent for the animal feed.
4. Flash film evaporator
Oil and hexane solvent now sent for the solvent recovery. Recovery of the solvent is carried out by using stripping colum using steam as the solvent. But before sending it to the stripping it is first passed to the flash film set up to help out the stripping column.
Oil and hexane mixture is heated in the heat exchanger with the help of steam. After the heating it is sent to the flash film evaporator where the more volatile hexane is being given sufficient time to vaporize.
Almost one fourth of the total hexane amount present in the oil vaporizes. This hexane so recovered is sent to the heat exchanger first to condense it and cool it down and then it is added to the recycle solvent stream.
At the bottom of the flash film evaporator, oil and remaining hexane comes out and now it is ready to enter in the vacuum stripping column.
5. Vacuum stripping colum
Oil and hexane mixture after coming out from the flash film evaporator enters the vacuum stripping column. In the stripping column, steam is used as a solvent to remove the hexane from the oil. Operation is performed under vacuum in order to enhance the solubility of steam in hexane and also to increase the relative volatility difference. Steam takes away hexane and then we pass the hexane through the heat exchanger to cool it down and then this hexane is added to the recycle stream. Oil so obtained at the bottom can be sent for the further treatment.
Treatment of oil
1. Mix tank and centrifuge
Oil obtained from the digestor unit or from the solvent extraction unit is first sent to the mix tank where alkali (NaOH or Na2CO3) is added. The purpose of adding the alkali is to remove free fats present in the oil. Also heavy metals can be present in the oil in trace amount which can start oxidation of oil. Adding the alkali forms compounds with these metals and helps remove them. After adding the alkali, we send the oil to centrifuge where the additional or free fat known as foots can be removed and sent to the soaps and detergent industry for the making of soaps.
2. Mix tank and rotary filter
Oil so obtained from the centrifuge is treated with a bleaching agent known as fuller Earth carbon and then it is sent to the rotary drum filter for the removal of oil seed if present in the oil. Oil so obtained from the rotary filter is further sent for the hydrogenation in the presence of nickel or raney nickel.
3. Hydrogenation of oil
Hydrogenation of the oil is carried out at higher pressures and lower temperatures to obtain oil having high melting point which is very good for the cooking purposes.
Also, hydrogenation can be performed under low pressures and high temperatures to yield an oil with low melting point having properties similar to butter.
1. Mix tank and centrifuge
Oil obtained from the digestor unit or from the solvent extraction unit is first sent to the mix tank where alkali (NaOH or Na2CO3) is added. The purpose of adding the alkali is to remove free fats present in the oil. Also heavy metals can be present in the oil in trace amount which can start oxidation of oil. Adding the alkali forms compounds with these metals and helps remove them. After adding the alkali, we send the oil to centrifuge where the additional or free fat known as foots can be removed and sent to the soaps and detergent industry for the making of soaps.
2. Mix tank and rotary filter
Oil so obtained from the centrifuge is treated with a bleaching agent known as fuller Earth carbon and then it is sent to the rotary drum filter for the removal of oil seed if present in the oil. Oil so obtained from the rotary filter is further sent for the hydrogenation in the presence of nickel or raney nickel.
3. Hydrogenation of oil
Hydrogenation of the oil is carried out at higher pressures and lower temperatures to obtain oil having high melting point which is very good for the cooking purposes.
Also, hydrogenation can be performed under low pressures and high temperatures to yield an oil with low melting point having properties similar to butter.
Vegetable oils such as castor oil and linseed oil are non edible oils.
Groundnut oil and coconut oil being the vegetable oil are also now used in the cosmetics and soap making industry.
Unsaturated fatty acids having double bond character are also useful because of their high sensitivity and ability to react with oxygen. Unsaturated fatty acids are used as film forming paints for vehicles.
Groundnut oil and coconut oil being the vegetable oil are also now used in the cosmetics and soap making industry.
Unsaturated fatty acids having double bond character are also useful because of their high sensitivity and ability to react with oxygen. Unsaturated fatty acids are used as film forming paints for vehicles.
Fertilizer industry
The main fertilizer we are talking about in this industry is urea which is a nitrogenous fertilizer.
It's chemical formula is NH2CONH2.
Raw materials for the making of urea are ammonia and carbon dioxide.
For the making of ammonia, the raw materials required are nitrogen and hydrogen.
Uriya is known as nitrogenous fertilizer because it provides nitrogen to the soil.
It contains and provides maximum amount of nitrogen to the soil among all the other nitrogenous fertilizers. It gives about 45 to 46% nitrogen.
It can be used in the form of Prills, powder or even in form of liquid spray.
It is formed with the help of liquid ammonia and gaseous carbon dioxide.
The main reaction carried out in the fertilizer industry for the supply of carbon dioxide and hydrogen is steam reforming of methane.
Step number 1
Step number 2
Step number 3
Let's talk about ammonia. Ammonia is formed by the famous haber Bosch process.
The raw materials required for making ammonia are nitrogen and hydrogen.
Hydrogen can be obtained by the steam methane reforming reaction.
Nitrogen can be obtained from Air by the help of air separation unit in which particulate matter, CO, CO2, CH4, O2 and water vapours are removed. Finally the remaining gas is nitrogen.
Haber Bosch process
Chemical reaction
Let's talk about urea
For making urea we need carbon dioxide and ammonia.
Carbon dioxide can be obtained from air separation unit as well as from steam methane reforming unit.
Liquid ammonia can be obtained from ammonia plant that runs on the principle of haber Bosch process.
Chemical reaction 1
Chemical reaction 2
Process description
1. Liquid ammonia and carbon dioxide streams are pumped and compressed respectively into an autoclave. Autoclave works at 140 bar pressure and 185 degree celsius temperature. Ammonia and carbon dioxide streams reacts with each other to form ammonium carbamate.
Partial conversion is achieved. Products obtained from the autoclave are
1. Unreacted liquid ammonia and carbon dioxide
2. Ammonium carbamate
The reaction is exothermic and
Heat of the reaction is utilised for the making of steam which is further used in the evaporators for the making of urea.
2. Liquid ammonia, carbon dioxide and carbamate streams are flash into a flash drum or flash unit operating at 27 bar.
Unreacted streams gets separated from the carbamate and are obtained at the top of the drum or Tower and then they are recycled back to the synthesis Tower or autoclave as recycle streams for conversion to ammonium carbamate again.
Ammonium carbamate on the other side decomposes to give urea and water streams.
Partial decomposition is achieved.
Finally ammonium carbamate, urea and water streams are obtained and sent for the evaporation.
3. Ammonium carbamate, urea and water streams are then sent to the flash evaporator operating at 1 bar pressure followed by vacuum evaporator operating at a pressure of 60 cm of Hg so that ammonium carbamate decomposes 100% into urea.
More than 99.7% of molten urea is achieved or obtained in this section.
The main role is of depressurization.
From 140 bar to 27 bar to 1 bar to 60 cm of Hg is the main driving force for the production of urea.
Decomposition reaction of ammonium carbamate is endothermic and therefore steam is provided to ensure that the reaction is carried out at a good rate.
Also, excess carbon dioxide and access ammonia is supplied as per the chemistry evaluations to increase the conversion to urea.
Problem while making urea
Chemical reaction
The main problem after making urea is the dimerisation of urea into biuret.
Biuret locks the supply of nitrogen and soil will not receive any nitrogen if biuret forms.
Therefore the final product that is urea should have less than 1% biuret formation for the final use as fertilizer.
4. Prilling Tower
Molten urea is transported to the top of the prilling Tower where it is first sprayed in batches in the form of small droplets.
The main fertilizer we are talking about in this industry is urea which is a nitrogenous fertilizer.
It's chemical formula is NH2CONH2.
Raw materials for the making of urea are ammonia and carbon dioxide.
For the making of ammonia, the raw materials required are nitrogen and hydrogen.
Uriya is known as nitrogenous fertilizer because it provides nitrogen to the soil.
It contains and provides maximum amount of nitrogen to the soil among all the other nitrogenous fertilizers. It gives about 45 to 46% nitrogen.
It can be used in the form of Prills, powder or even in form of liquid spray.
It is formed with the help of liquid ammonia and gaseous carbon dioxide.
The main reaction carried out in the fertilizer industry for the supply of carbon dioxide and hydrogen is steam reforming of methane.
Step number 1
Step number 2
Step number 3
Let's talk about ammonia. Ammonia is formed by the famous haber Bosch process.
The raw materials required for making ammonia are nitrogen and hydrogen.
Hydrogen can be obtained by the steam methane reforming reaction.
Nitrogen can be obtained from Air by the help of air separation unit in which particulate matter, CO, CO2, CH4, O2 and water vapours are removed. Finally the remaining gas is nitrogen.
Haber Bosch process
Chemical reaction
Let's talk about urea
For making urea we need carbon dioxide and ammonia.
Carbon dioxide can be obtained from air separation unit as well as from steam methane reforming unit.
Liquid ammonia can be obtained from ammonia plant that runs on the principle of haber Bosch process.
Chemical reaction 1
Chemical reaction 2
Process description
1. Liquid ammonia and carbon dioxide streams are pumped and compressed respectively into an autoclave. Autoclave works at 140 bar pressure and 185 degree celsius temperature. Ammonia and carbon dioxide streams reacts with each other to form ammonium carbamate.
Partial conversion is achieved. Products obtained from the autoclave are
1. Unreacted liquid ammonia and carbon dioxide
2. Ammonium carbamate
The reaction is exothermic and
Heat of the reaction is utilised for the making of steam which is further used in the evaporators for the making of urea.
2. Liquid ammonia, carbon dioxide and carbamate streams are flash into a flash drum or flash unit operating at 27 bar.
Unreacted streams gets separated from the carbamate and are obtained at the top of the drum or Tower and then they are recycled back to the synthesis Tower or autoclave as recycle streams for conversion to ammonium carbamate again.
Ammonium carbamate on the other side decomposes to give urea and water streams.
Partial decomposition is achieved.
Finally ammonium carbamate, urea and water streams are obtained and sent for the evaporation.
3. Ammonium carbamate, urea and water streams are then sent to the flash evaporator operating at 1 bar pressure followed by vacuum evaporator operating at a pressure of 60 cm of Hg so that ammonium carbamate decomposes 100% into urea.
More than 99.7% of molten urea is achieved or obtained in this section.
The main role is of depressurization.
From 140 bar to 27 bar to 1 bar to 60 cm of Hg is the main driving force for the production of urea.
Decomposition reaction of ammonium carbamate is endothermic and therefore steam is provided to ensure that the reaction is carried out at a good rate.
Also, excess carbon dioxide and access ammonia is supplied as per the chemistry evaluations to increase the conversion to urea.
Problem while making urea
Chemical reaction
The main problem after making urea is the dimerisation of urea into biuret.
Biuret locks the supply of nitrogen and soil will not receive any nitrogen if biuret forms.
Therefore the final product that is urea should have less than 1% biuret formation for the final use as fertilizer.
4. Prilling Tower
Molten urea is transported to the top of the prilling Tower where it is first sprayed in batches in the form of small droplets.
These droplets of molten urea are being solidified as it comes down the tower.
In order to take away their heat or to solidify them, we circulate air from the bottom of the tower. Finally urea is obtained in the form of Prills which can then be chopped into the powdered form.
Problems in the fertilizer industry
1. In the ammonia plant, catalyst used diffuses over 620 degree Celsius. There for the reaction temperature must be taken care of such that it should not exceed beyond 550 degree Celsius.
2. In the urea plant, biuret formation is the major problem. With the help of prilling Tower production of biuret can be restricted to less than 1%.
In order to take away their heat or to solidify them, we circulate air from the bottom of the tower. Finally urea is obtained in the form of Prills which can then be chopped into the powdered form.
Problems in the fertilizer industry
1. In the ammonia plant, catalyst used diffuses over 620 degree Celsius. There for the reaction temperature must be taken care of such that it should not exceed beyond 550 degree Celsius.
2. In the urea plant, biuret formation is the major problem. With the help of prilling Tower production of biuret can be restricted to less than 1%.
Single super phosphate versus triple superphosphate
1. Both SSP and TSP are calcium potassium fertilizers
2. Raw material required for the making of SSP are rock phosphate and sulphuric acid while for the making of TSP are rock phosphate and phosphoric acid.
3. The sulphuric acid used for the making of SSP is 60% concentrated while phosphoric acid used for the making of TSP is 75% concentrated.
4. The Rock phosphate used for the making of SSP contains 15 to 20% of potassium while Rock phosphate used for the making of TSP contains about 40 to 45% of the potassium which is almost the three times.
This is the reason why it is known as triple super phosphate as the amount of potassium it contains is almost triples in comparison to single superphosphate.
5. Both the SSP and TSP are made by the process of granulation or curing.
6. If ammonia is added before granulation in the making of SSP then we can obtain ammonium sulphate while if ammonia is added before granulation while making TSP then we can obtain ammonium phosphate.
*Nitric acid is sometimes used for the making of SSP instead of sulphuric acid. It has been observed that nitric acid powered SSP has more Phosphorus content in comparison to the sulphuric acid powered SSP.
1. Both SSP and TSP are calcium potassium fertilizers
2. Raw material required for the making of SSP are rock phosphate and sulphuric acid while for the making of TSP are rock phosphate and phosphoric acid.
3. The sulphuric acid used for the making of SSP is 60% concentrated while phosphoric acid used for the making of TSP is 75% concentrated.
4. The Rock phosphate used for the making of SSP contains 15 to 20% of potassium while Rock phosphate used for the making of TSP contains about 40 to 45% of the potassium which is almost the three times.
This is the reason why it is known as triple super phosphate as the amount of potassium it contains is almost triples in comparison to single superphosphate.
5. Both the SSP and TSP are made by the process of granulation or curing.
6. If ammonia is added before granulation in the making of SSP then we can obtain ammonium sulphate while if ammonia is added before granulation while making TSP then we can obtain ammonium phosphate.
*Nitric acid is sometimes used for the making of SSP instead of sulphuric acid. It has been observed that nitric acid powered SSP has more Phosphorus content in comparison to the sulphuric acid powered SSP.
Process sequence for the making of SSP
1. Rock phosphate is finely divided and ground with the help of crusher and is then mixed with water and sulphuric acid and sent to the pug mill for the reaction. Partial conversion is achieved.
2. The reaction mass is then sent to the bulk storage (10 days to 20 days) with the help of a conveyor belt that takes hours and hours to transfer the mass.
3. From the bulk storage, the reaction mass is completely converted to SSP. The process is known as curing or granulation.
To achieve the desired yield, Rock phosphate and H2SO4 along with water are also added to the bulb storage.
Finally SSP so made is sent for the packaging.
4. During the reaction, acidic fumes are produced that must be treated before sending it to the atmosphere. These fumes are treated with the help of scrubbing with water and then this acidic water can be treated with limestone before the final drainage
Chemical reaction
1. Rock phosphate is finely divided and ground with the help of crusher and is then mixed with water and sulphuric acid and sent to the pug mill for the reaction. Partial conversion is achieved.
2. The reaction mass is then sent to the bulk storage (10 days to 20 days) with the help of a conveyor belt that takes hours and hours to transfer the mass.
3. From the bulk storage, the reaction mass is completely converted to SSP. The process is known as curing or granulation.
To achieve the desired yield, Rock phosphate and H2SO4 along with water are also added to the bulb storage.
Finally SSP so made is sent for the packaging.
4. During the reaction, acidic fumes are produced that must be treated before sending it to the atmosphere. These fumes are treated with the help of scrubbing with water and then this acidic water can be treated with limestone before the final drainage
Chemical reaction
Process sequence for the making of triple super phosphate
1. Phosphate Rock, water, steam and preheated phosphoric acid are mixed and reacted with each other in the granulator to form triple super phosphate.
A granulator is a cylindrical vessel which is rotating about its horizontal axis and provides space for the raw material to get mixed and react with each other.
2. Fumes generated in this step can be cured by using the wet scrubbing with water.
3. Reaction mass is cooled in a cooler with the help of air in a direct contact type heat exchange pattern. This year takes away the energy but some solid particles and also fumes of the acid get mixed with it.
4. This air is separated from the solid particles by the use of cyclone separator and further separated from fumes of acid by the wet scrubbing.
5. Reaction mass after the cooler enters into a series of screens. Fine particles are sent back for the enlargement before the granulator.
Course particles are first crushed to small size and then sent before the granulator for the enlargement.
6. Remaining reaction mass from the screen enters the bulk storage where further conversion into triple superphosphate take place.
Maximum storage is done for 10 days.
7. Finally the product is packaged and sold in the market.
1. Phosphate Rock, water, steam and preheated phosphoric acid are mixed and reacted with each other in the granulator to form triple super phosphate.
A granulator is a cylindrical vessel which is rotating about its horizontal axis and provides space for the raw material to get mixed and react with each other.
2. Fumes generated in this step can be cured by using the wet scrubbing with water.
3. Reaction mass is cooled in a cooler with the help of air in a direct contact type heat exchange pattern. This year takes away the energy but some solid particles and also fumes of the acid get mixed with it.
4. This air is separated from the solid particles by the use of cyclone separator and further separated from fumes of acid by the wet scrubbing.
5. Reaction mass after the cooler enters into a series of screens. Fine particles are sent back for the enlargement before the granulator.
Course particles are first crushed to small size and then sent before the granulator for the enlargement.
6. Remaining reaction mass from the screen enters the bulk storage where further conversion into triple superphosphate take place.
Maximum storage is done for 10 days.
7. Finally the product is packaged and sold in the market.
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Basics of boiling and condensation
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Basics of Boiling and Condensation| Distillation| Heat Exchanger| Chemical Engineering| Ankur Bansal
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Forwarded from Chemical engineering with Ankur Sir by Unacademy
I took the quick revision of the petroleum industry in the HPCL dream batch in the morning
Those who enrolled for the batch must have attended the session
Now be ready for the quick revision of plant design and economics at 5:00 p.m. in the HPCL dream batch
Happy learning
Those who enrolled for the batch must have attended the session
Now be ready for the quick revision of plant design and economics at 5:00 p.m. in the HPCL dream batch
Happy learning
Forwarded from Chemical engineering with Ankur Sir by Unacademy
Those who have not subscribed for the HPCL dream batch yet but wants to subscribe
https://unacademy.com/store/batch/dream-batch-for-hpcl-2025-193/ZQVXDHVL
They can subscribe by using this link
Fee for the batch is only 1,999₹ under the early bird offer
https://unacademy.com/store/batch/dream-batch-for-hpcl-2025-193/ZQVXDHVL
They can subscribe by using this link
Fee for the batch is only 1,999₹ under the early bird offer
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GATE - PCM - Dream : Batch For HPCL 2025 is a
course in English, Hindi delivered by Top Educators. Join Unacademy to access the course.
course in English, Hindi delivered by Top Educators. Join Unacademy to access the course.
Forwarded from Chemical engineering with Ankur Sir by Unacademy
Those who have not yet taken the HPCL dream batch yet
Take now
It is starting from tomorrow
Use the below given link to subscribe
https://unacademy.com/store/batch/dream-batch-for-hpcl-2025-193/ZQVXDHVL
Or use the code Ankur073 to enroll
Let's attend the first class of the batch with me live
HPCL Dream Batch
Start date :- 11th July'25
For the preparation of HPCL 2025
https://unacademy.com/store/batch/dream-batch-for-hpcl-2025-193/ZQVXDHVL
Take now
It is starting from tomorrow
Use the below given link to subscribe
https://unacademy.com/store/batch/dream-batch-for-hpcl-2025-193/ZQVXDHVL
Or use the code Ankur073 to enroll
Let's attend the first class of the batch with me live
HPCL Dream Batch
Start date :- 11th July'25
For the preparation of HPCL 2025
https://unacademy.com/store/batch/dream-batch-for-hpcl-2025-193/ZQVXDHVL
Forwarded from Chemical Engineering
Concepts of pumps explained by Ankur Bansal Sir
1). Pumps working and the concept of NPSH
https://unacademy.com/course/conceptual-session-on-pumps-npsh/SJK6OAF8
2)
NPSH available and NPSH required with practice questions and PYQs
https://unacademy.app.link/jZADaaEXScb
1). Pumps working and the concept of NPSH
https://unacademy.com/course/conceptual-session-on-pumps-npsh/SJK6OAF8
2)
NPSH available and NPSH required with practice questions and PYQs
https://unacademy.app.link/jZADaaEXScb
Forwarded from Chemical engineering with Ankur Sir by Unacademy
Last day to take the benefit of this offer
Last chance to get enroll in the 11th July batch
It's the time for the decision
Make the move now
https://unacademy.com/goal/gate-ese-me-ch/QGFRK/subscribe?plan_type=plus&referral_code=ankur073
Use this link to subscribe under my guidance or use the code Ankur073 to enroll in my guidance
Last chance to get enroll in the 11th July batch
It's the time for the decision
Make the move now
https://unacademy.com/goal/gate-ese-me-ch/QGFRK/subscribe?plan_type=plus&referral_code=ankur073
Use this link to subscribe under my guidance or use the code Ankur073 to enroll in my guidance