❤1
🔆 Atal Pension Yojana (APY)
📍 Context: Cabinet approved continuation of APY till 2030–31
📌 About APY
✅ Launch: 9 May 2015
✅ Type: Central Sector Scheme
✅ Objective: Universal social security, especially for poor, underprivileged & unorganised workers
📌 Eligibility
✅ Indian citizen
✅ Age: 18–40 years
✅ Not an Income Tax payer
📌 Key Features
✅ Guaranteed pension: ₹1,000 – ₹5,000 per month
✅ Pension starts at: 60 years
✅ Pension amount depends on contribution & entry age
📌 Progress So Far
✅ 8.66+ crore subscribers
✅ One of the largest pension coverage schemes in India
📌 Significance
✅ Old-age income security
✅ Financial inclusion of informal sector
✅ Strengthens India’s social security architecture
🔖 UPSC Relevance
• Prelims: Scheme details
• GS-2: Welfare schemes & social justice
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
📍 Context: Cabinet approved continuation of APY till 2030–31
📌 About APY
✅ Launch: 9 May 2015
✅ Type: Central Sector Scheme
✅ Objective: Universal social security, especially for poor, underprivileged & unorganised workers
📌 Eligibility
✅ Indian citizen
✅ Age: 18–40 years
✅ Not an Income Tax payer
📌 Key Features
✅ Guaranteed pension: ₹1,000 – ₹5,000 per month
✅ Pension starts at: 60 years
✅ Pension amount depends on contribution & entry age
📌 Progress So Far
✅ 8.66+ crore subscribers
✅ One of the largest pension coverage schemes in India
📌 Significance
✅ Old-age income security
✅ Financial inclusion of informal sector
✅ Strengthens India’s social security architecture
🔖 UPSC Relevance
• Prelims: Scheme details
• GS-2: Welfare schemes & social justice
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
❤5
Day 37:24 January target:
Art and culture
Topics -
Sectional Test
Backlogs If Any
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
https://t.me/CSE_EXAM
https://t.me/upsc_answer_written
Art and culture
Topics -
Sectional Test
Backlogs If Any
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
https://t.me/CSE_EXAM
https://t.me/upsc_answer_written
❤1👏1
🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 21 JANUARY 2026
🔆 FINANCE
📍 IMF World Economic Outlook (Update)
✅ IMF raises global growth forecast (2026) to 3.3%
✅ Reason: AI-led investment boom & easing trade pressures
📍 Global Growth:
✅ 2025: 3.3%
✅ 2026: 3.3%
✅ 2027: 3.2%
📍 India Growth Outlook (IMF)
✅ FY 2025–26: 7.3% (↑ by 0.7 pp)
✅ FY 2026–27: 6.4%
📍 Drivers:
✅ Strong domestic demand
✅ Easing inflation
✅ Sustained investment
📍 About IMF
✅ Established: 1944 (Bretton Woods)
✅ HQ: Washington DC
✅ Members: 191 countries
📍 Key Reports:
✅ WEO, GFSR, Fiscal Monitor, External Sector Report
🔆 INSURANCE
📍 Swiss Re Report
✅ India to be fastest-growing insurance market globally
📍 Growth (2026–30):
✅ India: 6.9%
✅ China: ~4%
✅ USA: ~2%
🔆 INDUSTRY & MANUFACTURING
📍 FICCI Manufacturing Index
✅ Hits all-time high in Q3 FY26
📍 Key Data:
✅ 91% firms report higher/same production
✅ Capacity utilisation: ~75%
✅ Export optimism strong
📍 Asia Manufacturing Index 2026
✅ India ranks 6th in Asia
📍 Released by:
✅ Dezan Shira & Associates
🔆 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
📍 Global Safety Index (Numbeo)
✅ UAE ranked safest country globally (Score: 86.0)
📍 Top cities include:
✅ Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah
📍 China Demographics
✅ China’s population declines for 4th consecutive year
📍 Reasons:
✅ High living costs
✅ Job insecurity
✅ Low fertility despite incentives
📍 India’s Income Status
✅ SBI report: India to reach upper-middle-income status by 2030
📍 Per capita income target:
✅ ~$4,000
🔆 NATIONAL AFFAIRS
📍 Export Promotion Mission (EPM)
✅ Mission-mode framework launched in Union Budget 2025–26
📍 Duration:
✅ FY 2025–26 to FY 2030–31
📍 Nodal agency:
✅ DGFT
📍 Key Pillars:
✅ Niryat Protsahan (financial)
✅ Niryat Disha (non-financial)
📍 Credit Support:
✅ ₹20,000 crore CGSE (collateral-free)
🔆 ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE
📍 Carbon Credit Trading Scheme Expansion
✅ GHG emission norms expanded to 4 new sectors:
➡ Petroleum refining
➡ Petrochemicals
➡ Textiles
➡ Secondary aluminium
📍 Targets:
✅ 3–7% emission-intensity reduction by FY 2026–27
📍 Environmental Protection Fund Rules 2026
✅ 75% funds to States, 25% with Centre
✅ Used for pollution control & clean-tech R&D
🔆 TEXTILES
📍 Central Silk Board Reform
✅ Project approval limit raised:
➡ ₹50 lakh → ₹1 crore
📍 Objective:
✅ Faster project clearance
🔆 ECONOMY
📍 Index of Eight Core Industries
✅ December 2025 growth: 3.7%
📍 Positive sectors:
✅ Coal, Steel, Cement, Electricity
🔆 ECOLOGY
📍 Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary
✅ Declared Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ)
📍 Location:
✅ Aravalli range, Rajasthan
📍 ESZ extent:
✅ 0–1 km buffer
🔆 DEFENCE
📍 Indian Navy Contract
✅ Contract signed for 3 indigenous bottom-opening barges
📍 Built by:
✅ Suryadipta Projects (Thane)
📍 Capacity:
✅ 200 tonnes each
🔆 MoUs
📍 Energy Cooperation
✅ ADNOC Gas – HPCL sign 10-year LNG supply deal
📍 Value:
✅ $2.5–3 billion
📍 Supply:
✅ 0.5 MTPA from Das Island
🔆 STATES
📍 Biodiversity
✅ Brandt’s Hedgehog discovered in Jammu & Kashmir
📍 First-ever record in India
📍 Law & Order
✅ Punjab Police launches Operation Parhar
📍 Aim:
✅ Make Punjab gangster-free
🔆 SPORTS
📍 Cricket
✅ Vidarbha wins maiden Vijay Hazare Trophy
📍 Final:
✅ Defeated Saurashtra
📍 Khelo India
✅ 6th Khelo India Winter Games 2026 begin
📍 Venue:
✅ Leh, Ladakh
📍 Badminton
✅ Saina Nehwal announces retirement
📍 Achievements:
✅ Olympic Bronze (2012)
✅ World No.1 (2015)
#CurrentAffairs
🔆 FINANCE
📍 IMF World Economic Outlook (Update)
✅ IMF raises global growth forecast (2026) to 3.3%
✅ Reason: AI-led investment boom & easing trade pressures
📍 Global Growth:
✅ 2025: 3.3%
✅ 2026: 3.3%
✅ 2027: 3.2%
📍 India Growth Outlook (IMF)
✅ FY 2025–26: 7.3% (↑ by 0.7 pp)
✅ FY 2026–27: 6.4%
📍 Drivers:
✅ Strong domestic demand
✅ Easing inflation
✅ Sustained investment
📍 About IMF
✅ Established: 1944 (Bretton Woods)
✅ HQ: Washington DC
✅ Members: 191 countries
📍 Key Reports:
✅ WEO, GFSR, Fiscal Monitor, External Sector Report
🔆 INSURANCE
📍 Swiss Re Report
✅ India to be fastest-growing insurance market globally
📍 Growth (2026–30):
✅ India: 6.9%
✅ China: ~4%
✅ USA: ~2%
🔆 INDUSTRY & MANUFACTURING
📍 FICCI Manufacturing Index
✅ Hits all-time high in Q3 FY26
📍 Key Data:
✅ 91% firms report higher/same production
✅ Capacity utilisation: ~75%
✅ Export optimism strong
📍 Asia Manufacturing Index 2026
✅ India ranks 6th in Asia
📍 Released by:
✅ Dezan Shira & Associates
🔆 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
📍 Global Safety Index (Numbeo)
✅ UAE ranked safest country globally (Score: 86.0)
📍 Top cities include:
✅ Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah
📍 China Demographics
✅ China’s population declines for 4th consecutive year
📍 Reasons:
✅ High living costs
✅ Job insecurity
✅ Low fertility despite incentives
📍 India’s Income Status
✅ SBI report: India to reach upper-middle-income status by 2030
📍 Per capita income target:
✅ ~$4,000
🔆 NATIONAL AFFAIRS
📍 Export Promotion Mission (EPM)
✅ Mission-mode framework launched in Union Budget 2025–26
📍 Duration:
✅ FY 2025–26 to FY 2030–31
📍 Nodal agency:
✅ DGFT
📍 Key Pillars:
✅ Niryat Protsahan (financial)
✅ Niryat Disha (non-financial)
📍 Credit Support:
✅ ₹20,000 crore CGSE (collateral-free)
🔆 ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE
📍 Carbon Credit Trading Scheme Expansion
✅ GHG emission norms expanded to 4 new sectors:
➡ Petroleum refining
➡ Petrochemicals
➡ Textiles
➡ Secondary aluminium
📍 Targets:
✅ 3–7% emission-intensity reduction by FY 2026–27
📍 Environmental Protection Fund Rules 2026
✅ 75% funds to States, 25% with Centre
✅ Used for pollution control & clean-tech R&D
🔆 TEXTILES
📍 Central Silk Board Reform
✅ Project approval limit raised:
➡ ₹50 lakh → ₹1 crore
📍 Objective:
✅ Faster project clearance
🔆 ECONOMY
📍 Index of Eight Core Industries
✅ December 2025 growth: 3.7%
📍 Positive sectors:
✅ Coal, Steel, Cement, Electricity
🔆 ECOLOGY
📍 Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary
✅ Declared Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ)
📍 Location:
✅ Aravalli range, Rajasthan
📍 ESZ extent:
✅ 0–1 km buffer
🔆 DEFENCE
📍 Indian Navy Contract
✅ Contract signed for 3 indigenous bottom-opening barges
📍 Built by:
✅ Suryadipta Projects (Thane)
📍 Capacity:
✅ 200 tonnes each
🔆 MoUs
📍 Energy Cooperation
✅ ADNOC Gas – HPCL sign 10-year LNG supply deal
📍 Value:
✅ $2.5–3 billion
📍 Supply:
✅ 0.5 MTPA from Das Island
🔆 STATES
📍 Biodiversity
✅ Brandt’s Hedgehog discovered in Jammu & Kashmir
📍 First-ever record in India
📍 Law & Order
✅ Punjab Police launches Operation Parhar
📍 Aim:
✅ Make Punjab gangster-free
🔆 SPORTS
📍 Cricket
✅ Vidarbha wins maiden Vijay Hazare Trophy
📍 Final:
✅ Defeated Saurashtra
📍 Khelo India
✅ 6th Khelo India Winter Games 2026 begin
📍 Venue:
✅ Leh, Ladakh
📍 Badminton
✅ Saina Nehwal announces retirement
📍 Achievements:
✅ Olympic Bronze (2012)
✅ World No.1 (2015)
#CurrentAffairs
❤10
#Goodmorning
⏳120 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳209 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳176 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳135 days Left OPSC prelims 07 June
⏳128 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳RAS PRELIMS may
⏳92 days Left MPPSC (MP) Prelims 26 April
⏳92 days Left HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳78 days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
⏳66 days Left PPSC mains 1 April
⏳29 days CGPSC prelims 22 February
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳120 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳209 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳176 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳135 days Left OPSC prelims 07 June
⏳128 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳RAS PRELIMS may
⏳92 days Left MPPSC (MP) Prelims 26 April
⏳92 days Left HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳78 days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
⏳66 days Left PPSC mains 1 April
⏳29 days CGPSC prelims 22 February
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤7
New Cadre Policy.pdf
2.3 MB
New Cadre policy 2026 for IAS/IPS/IFoS
Major differences from CAP 2017:
1. Zones REMOVED, Groups INTRODUCED
2.Cadre Preference System Simplified
3.Home Cadre Rule – Still Strict, Slightly Clearer
4.Insider Allocation via Cycles
5.Rotation of Groups Year-to-Year
6.EWS Category Explicitly Integrated
Major differences from CAP 2017:
1. Zones REMOVED, Groups INTRODUCED
2.Cadre Preference System Simplified
3.Home Cadre Rule – Still Strict, Slightly Clearer
4.Insider Allocation via Cycles
5.Rotation of Groups Year-to-Year
6.EWS Category Explicitly Integrated
❤13👍4🙏1
🔆 Mob vs Crowd
📍 Opening Insight
“Men, it has been well said, think in herds; it will be seen that they go mad in herds, while they only recover their senses slowly, and one by one.”
— Charles Mackay
📍 What is a Crowd?
✅ A crowd is simply an aggregation of individuals
✅ Members may or may not share a common purpose
✅ Usually temporary in nature
✅ Individuals largely retain independent judgment
✅ Does not necessarily act in a unified or violent manner
📍 What is a Mob?
✅ A mob is a crowd that has lost individual rationality
✅ Origin: Mobile vulgus (Latin) → “movable/common people”
✅ Associated with:
• Anger and emotionality
• Disorder and lawlessness
• Herd mentality and impulsive action
✅ Often portrayed as uncontrolled and reactive
📍 Key Distinction: Crowd vs Mob
✅ Crowd → Collection of people
✅ Mob → Crowd + loss of reason + trigger
✅ A mob is essentially “a crowd waiting for a spark”
📍 Psychological Dimension
✅ Crowd → Individuals still think
✅ Mob → Individuals feel, not think
✅ Emotions overpower reason, morality, and legality
✅ Responsibility becomes diffused, accountability diluted
📍 Political & Social Implications
✅ The term mob is often politicised, not just descriptive
✅ Used to delegitimise collective action
✅ Yet, unchecked mob behaviour:
• Threatens rule of law
• Undermines constitutional morality
• Endangers minority rights
#Security
📍 Opening Insight
“Men, it has been well said, think in herds; it will be seen that they go mad in herds, while they only recover their senses slowly, and one by one.”
— Charles Mackay
📍 What is a Crowd?
✅ A crowd is simply an aggregation of individuals
✅ Members may or may not share a common purpose
✅ Usually temporary in nature
✅ Individuals largely retain independent judgment
✅ Does not necessarily act in a unified or violent manner
📍 What is a Mob?
✅ A mob is a crowd that has lost individual rationality
✅ Origin: Mobile vulgus (Latin) → “movable/common people”
✅ Associated with:
• Anger and emotionality
• Disorder and lawlessness
• Herd mentality and impulsive action
✅ Often portrayed as uncontrolled and reactive
📍 Key Distinction: Crowd vs Mob
✅ Crowd → Collection of people
✅ Mob → Crowd + loss of reason + trigger
✅ A mob is essentially “a crowd waiting for a spark”
📍 Psychological Dimension
✅ Crowd → Individuals still think
✅ Mob → Individuals feel, not think
✅ Emotions overpower reason, morality, and legality
✅ Responsibility becomes diffused, accountability diluted
📍 Political & Social Implications
✅ The term mob is often politicised, not just descriptive
✅ Used to delegitimise collective action
✅ Yet, unchecked mob behaviour:
• Threatens rule of law
• Undermines constitutional morality
• Endangers minority rights
#Security
❤8
🔆 Personality in News: Ras Behari Bose
📍 Context: Union Home Minister paid tribute to freedom fighter Ras Behari Bose on his death anniversary.
📌 About Ras Behari Bose (1886–1945)
✅ Born in Bardhaman district, Bengal
✅ Strongly inspired by the French Revolution (1789)
✅ Revolutionary nationalist who later operated from Japan
📌 Key Contributions
✅ Yugantar Revolutionary Group
• Active member under Motilal Roy
✅ All-India Revolutionary Link
• Connected revolutionaries of Punjab, United Provinces & Bengal
✅ Delhi Conspiracy Case (1912)
• Involved in the bomb attack on Viceroy Lord Hardinge
✅ Ghadar Movement
• Played a crucial role in overseas revolutionary mobilisation
✅ Indian Independence League (1942)
• Founded in Tokyo to coordinate anti-British efforts
✅ Azad Hind Fauj (INA)
• Key architect in its early formation, later handed leadership to Subhas Chandra Bose
📌 International Recognition
🏅 Awarded Order of the Rising Sun (2nd Grade) by the Japanese Government
📌 Core Values
✅ Patriotism
✅ Courage
✅ Leadership
✅ Perseverance
✅ Revolutionary Internationalism
🔖 UPSC Relevance
• GS-1: Freedom struggle – revolutionary phase
• Prelims: Personalities, movements abroad, INA origins
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
📍 Context: Union Home Minister paid tribute to freedom fighter Ras Behari Bose on his death anniversary.
📌 About Ras Behari Bose (1886–1945)
✅ Born in Bardhaman district, Bengal
✅ Strongly inspired by the French Revolution (1789)
✅ Revolutionary nationalist who later operated from Japan
📌 Key Contributions
✅ Yugantar Revolutionary Group
• Active member under Motilal Roy
✅ All-India Revolutionary Link
• Connected revolutionaries of Punjab, United Provinces & Bengal
✅ Delhi Conspiracy Case (1912)
• Involved in the bomb attack on Viceroy Lord Hardinge
✅ Ghadar Movement
• Played a crucial role in overseas revolutionary mobilisation
✅ Indian Independence League (1942)
• Founded in Tokyo to coordinate anti-British efforts
✅ Azad Hind Fauj (INA)
• Key architect in its early formation, later handed leadership to Subhas Chandra Bose
📌 International Recognition
🏅 Awarded Order of the Rising Sun (2nd Grade) by the Japanese Government
📌 Core Values
✅ Patriotism
✅ Courage
✅ Leadership
✅ Perseverance
✅ Revolutionary Internationalism
🔖 UPSC Relevance
• GS-1: Freedom struggle – revolutionary phase
• Prelims: Personalities, movements abroad, INA origins
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
❤5👍1
🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 23 JANUARY 2026
🔆 NATIONAL AFFAIRS
📍 E-Governance
✅ Govt releases 32nd NeSDA – Way Forward Monthly Report (Dec 2025)
📍 Key findings:
✅ 24,000+ e-services across States/UTs
✅ 21 States/UTs achieve >90% saturation in mandatory services
📍 Electoral Reforms
✅ Election Commission launches ECINET platform at IICDEM 2026
📍 Features:
✅ Integrates 40+ apps
✅ One-stop digital election services
✅ Available in 22 Indian languages + English
📍 Water Governance
✅ PreciSense 2026 national workshop held in Pune
📍 Focus:
✅ Accuracy & calibration of hydrometric & meteorological instruments
📍 Jal Jeevan Mission
✅ 3rd Sujal Gram Samvad organised
📍 Aim:
✅ Community-led water governance
📍 Participation:
✅ 3,000+ stakeholders across 8 Gram Panchayats
🔆 GOVERNANCE & LEGISLATURE
📍 AIPOC 2026
✅ 86th All India Presiding Officers’ Conference held in Lucknow
📍 Theme:
✅ Strong Legislature – Prosperous Nation
📍 Key resolutions:
✅ Minimum 30 sittings/year for State Legislatures
✅ National Legislative Index
✅ Technology adoption in legislatures
🔆 ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE
📍 Green Transition
✅ NITI Aayog releases decarbonisation roadmaps for:
➡ Cement
➡ Aluminium
➡ MSMEs
📍 Tools:
✅ RDF, clinker substitution, CCUS, Carbon Credit Trading Scheme
🔆 DEFENCE
📍 Quantum Technologies
✅ CDS Gen Anil Chauhan releases Military Quantum Mission Policy Framework
📍 Four pillars:
✅ Quantum communication
✅ Quantum computing
✅ Quantum sensing
✅ Quantum materials
📍 Covers Tri-Services
🔆 MoUs
📍 Skill Development
✅ MSDE signs MoU with WEF
📍 Initiative:
✅ India Skills Accelerator
📍 Objective:
✅ Bridge skill gaps & improve global employability
📍 Digital India
✅ BHASHINI Division signs MoU with Survey of India
📍 Purpose:
✅ AI-based digitisation of geographical place names (toponyms)
🔆 STATES
📍 West Bengal
✅ 49th International Kolkata Book Fair begins at Salt Lake
📍 Theme country (2026): Argentina
📍 Gujarat
✅ Foundation stone laid for India’s first integrated private satellite plant
📍 Location: Sanand | Company: Azista Space
📍 Assam
✅ Launch of Atal Vichal Agragami Assam Scheme
📍 Support:
✅ ₹25,000/month (research scholars)
✅ ₹40,000/month (Divyang scholars)
📍 Uttar Pradesh
✅ Lucknow becomes 1st Zero Fresh Waste Dump City in UP
📍 Waste processing capacity: 700 MT/day
📍 Maharashtra
✅ Announcement of India’s first Innovation City near Mumbai
📍 Investment: ₹1 lakh crore+ | Anchor: Tata Group
🔆 SCHEMES
📍 Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
✅ Completes 11 years (launched: 22 Jan 2015)
📍 Impact:
✅ Sex Ratio at Birth improves from 918 → 930
🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS
📍 Parakram Diwas 2026
✅ To commemorate 129th birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
📍 Date: 23 January
🔆 AWARDS & CULTURE
📍 Cinema
✅ Indian film “Fishers of Men” shortlisted for HAF-24 (Hong Kong)
📍 Supported by Waves Film Bazaar
🔆 SPORTS
📍 Para-Sports
✅ National Paralympic Powerlifting Championship inaugurated
📍 Host: Uttarakhand
📍 Aim:
✅ Promote inclusive sports & identify Paralympic talent
#CurrentAffairs
Join https://t.me/CurrentAffairs_ONLY
🔆 NATIONAL AFFAIRS
📍 E-Governance
✅ Govt releases 32nd NeSDA – Way Forward Monthly Report (Dec 2025)
📍 Key findings:
✅ 24,000+ e-services across States/UTs
✅ 21 States/UTs achieve >90% saturation in mandatory services
📍 Electoral Reforms
✅ Election Commission launches ECINET platform at IICDEM 2026
📍 Features:
✅ Integrates 40+ apps
✅ One-stop digital election services
✅ Available in 22 Indian languages + English
📍 Water Governance
✅ PreciSense 2026 national workshop held in Pune
📍 Focus:
✅ Accuracy & calibration of hydrometric & meteorological instruments
📍 Jal Jeevan Mission
✅ 3rd Sujal Gram Samvad organised
📍 Aim:
✅ Community-led water governance
📍 Participation:
✅ 3,000+ stakeholders across 8 Gram Panchayats
🔆 GOVERNANCE & LEGISLATURE
📍 AIPOC 2026
✅ 86th All India Presiding Officers’ Conference held in Lucknow
📍 Theme:
✅ Strong Legislature – Prosperous Nation
📍 Key resolutions:
✅ Minimum 30 sittings/year for State Legislatures
✅ National Legislative Index
✅ Technology adoption in legislatures
🔆 ENVIRONMENT & CLIMATE
📍 Green Transition
✅ NITI Aayog releases decarbonisation roadmaps for:
➡ Cement
➡ Aluminium
➡ MSMEs
📍 Tools:
✅ RDF, clinker substitution, CCUS, Carbon Credit Trading Scheme
🔆 DEFENCE
📍 Quantum Technologies
✅ CDS Gen Anil Chauhan releases Military Quantum Mission Policy Framework
📍 Four pillars:
✅ Quantum communication
✅ Quantum computing
✅ Quantum sensing
✅ Quantum materials
📍 Covers Tri-Services
🔆 MoUs
📍 Skill Development
✅ MSDE signs MoU with WEF
📍 Initiative:
✅ India Skills Accelerator
📍 Objective:
✅ Bridge skill gaps & improve global employability
📍 Digital India
✅ BHASHINI Division signs MoU with Survey of India
📍 Purpose:
✅ AI-based digitisation of geographical place names (toponyms)
🔆 STATES
📍 West Bengal
✅ 49th International Kolkata Book Fair begins at Salt Lake
📍 Theme country (2026): Argentina
📍 Gujarat
✅ Foundation stone laid for India’s first integrated private satellite plant
📍 Location: Sanand | Company: Azista Space
📍 Assam
✅ Launch of Atal Vichal Agragami Assam Scheme
📍 Support:
✅ ₹25,000/month (research scholars)
✅ ₹40,000/month (Divyang scholars)
📍 Uttar Pradesh
✅ Lucknow becomes 1st Zero Fresh Waste Dump City in UP
📍 Waste processing capacity: 700 MT/day
📍 Maharashtra
✅ Announcement of India’s first Innovation City near Mumbai
📍 Investment: ₹1 lakh crore+ | Anchor: Tata Group
🔆 SCHEMES
📍 Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
✅ Completes 11 years (launched: 22 Jan 2015)
📍 Impact:
✅ Sex Ratio at Birth improves from 918 → 930
🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS
📍 Parakram Diwas 2026
✅ To commemorate 129th birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
📍 Date: 23 January
🔆 AWARDS & CULTURE
📍 Cinema
✅ Indian film “Fishers of Men” shortlisted for HAF-24 (Hong Kong)
📍 Supported by Waves Film Bazaar
🔆 SPORTS
📍 Para-Sports
✅ National Paralympic Powerlifting Championship inaugurated
📍 Host: Uttarakhand
📍 Aim:
✅ Promote inclusive sports & identify Paralympic talent
#CurrentAffairs
Join https://t.me/CurrentAffairs_ONLY
❤9👍3🔥1
Upsc prelims 2026
Time effect next 110 day
110× 4hrs = 440hrs
110× 6hrs = 660hrs
110× 8hrs = 880hrs
110× 10hrs = 1100hrs
110× 12hrs = 1320hrs
110× 14hrs = 1540hrs
110× 15hrs = 1650hrs
110× 16hrs = 1760hrs
110× 17hrs = 1870hrs
Apka target kitna h?
Join https://t.me/anmolvachan1
Time effect next 110 day
110× 4hrs = 440hrs
110× 6hrs = 660hrs
110× 8hrs = 880hrs
110× 10hrs = 1100hrs
110× 12hrs = 1320hrs
110× 14hrs = 1540hrs
110× 15hrs = 1650hrs
110× 16hrs = 1760hrs
110× 17hrs = 1870hrs
Apka target kitna h?
Join https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤4🙏1
Day 38: 25 January target:
Modern History
Topics:
Advent of Europeans
1857 revolt
Pre congress associations
Current Affairs: June and July 2025
Revision
Social issues, History, art and culture related
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
https://t.me/CSE_EXAM
https://t.me/upsc_answer_written
Modern History
Topics:
Advent of Europeans
1857 revolt
Pre congress associations
Current Affairs: June and July 2025
Revision
Social issues, History, art and culture related
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
https://t.me/CSE_EXAM
https://t.me/upsc_answer_written
❤4
🔆 Viral Diseases – Quick Revision
📍 Mosquito-borne
✅ Dengue
• Agent: Dengue virus (RNA)
• Vector: Aedes aegypti / A. albopictus
• Vaccine: ❌ (Not approved in India)
✅ Chikungunya (UPSC 2013)
• Agent: Chikungunya virus (RNA)
• Vector: Aedes mosquitoes
• Vaccine: ❌
✅ Zika
• Agent: Zika virus (RNA)
• Vector: Aedes mosquitoes
• Vaccine: ❌
📍 Fecal–oral / Water-borne
✅ Poliomyelitis
• Agent: Poliovirus (RNA)
• Transmission: Fecal–oral, contaminated water/food
• Vaccine: IPV, OPV
📍 Blood / Body fluids
✅ AIDS (HIV) (UPSC 2013, 2019)
• Agent: HIV (RNA)
• Transmission: Body fluids (excluding saliva)
• Treatment: ART (Lamivudine, Zidovudine, Cabotegravir, etc.)
✅ Hepatitis
• A & E: Contaminated food/water
• B, C, D, G: Blood/body fluids
• Virus type: All RNA except Hep B (DNA)
• Vaccine: HAV, HBV (HBV also protects against D)
• ❌ No vaccine: Hep C, G
📍 Air-borne / Droplet
✅ Chickenpox (UPSC 2014)
• Agent: Varicella-zoster virus
• Vaccine: Varivax, ProQuad (MMRV)
✅ COVID-19
• Agent: SARS-CoV-2 (RNA)
• Transmission: Droplet, airborne, fomite
• Vaccines: Covaxin, Covishield, Sputnik-V, GEMCOVAC-OM (mRNA)
✅ Influenza
• Agent: Influenza virus
• Treatment: Oseltamivir, supportive care
✅ Measles
• Treatment: Supportive care, Vitamin A
✅ Mumps / Rubella
• Treatment: Supportive care
📍 Zoonotic
✅ Ebola
• Agent: Ebolavirus (RNA)
• Transmission: Zoonosis, body fluids
• Vaccines: Ervebo, Zabdeno + Mvabea
✅ Nipah
• Agent: Nipah virus (RNA)
• Transmission: Zoonosis, contaminated food
• Vaccine: ❌
✅ Rabies
• Transmission: Animal bites (dogs, bats)
• Prevention: Post-exposure prophylaxis
📍 Vector-borne (Other)
✅ Japanese Encephalitis
• Vector: Culex mosquitoes
• Vaccine: IXIARO (inactivated Vero cell)
📌 #GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
📍 Mosquito-borne
✅ Dengue
• Agent: Dengue virus (RNA)
• Vector: Aedes aegypti / A. albopictus
• Vaccine: ❌ (Not approved in India)
✅ Chikungunya (UPSC 2013)
• Agent: Chikungunya virus (RNA)
• Vector: Aedes mosquitoes
• Vaccine: ❌
✅ Zika
• Agent: Zika virus (RNA)
• Vector: Aedes mosquitoes
• Vaccine: ❌
📍 Fecal–oral / Water-borne
✅ Poliomyelitis
• Agent: Poliovirus (RNA)
• Transmission: Fecal–oral, contaminated water/food
• Vaccine: IPV, OPV
📍 Blood / Body fluids
✅ AIDS (HIV) (UPSC 2013, 2019)
• Agent: HIV (RNA)
• Transmission: Body fluids (excluding saliva)
• Treatment: ART (Lamivudine, Zidovudine, Cabotegravir, etc.)
✅ Hepatitis
• A & E: Contaminated food/water
• B, C, D, G: Blood/body fluids
• Virus type: All RNA except Hep B (DNA)
• Vaccine: HAV, HBV (HBV also protects against D)
• ❌ No vaccine: Hep C, G
📍 Air-borne / Droplet
✅ Chickenpox (UPSC 2014)
• Agent: Varicella-zoster virus
• Vaccine: Varivax, ProQuad (MMRV)
✅ COVID-19
• Agent: SARS-CoV-2 (RNA)
• Transmission: Droplet, airborne, fomite
• Vaccines: Covaxin, Covishield, Sputnik-V, GEMCOVAC-OM (mRNA)
✅ Influenza
• Agent: Influenza virus
• Treatment: Oseltamivir, supportive care
✅ Measles
• Treatment: Supportive care, Vitamin A
✅ Mumps / Rubella
• Treatment: Supportive care
📍 Zoonotic
✅ Ebola
• Agent: Ebolavirus (RNA)
• Transmission: Zoonosis, body fluids
• Vaccines: Ervebo, Zabdeno + Mvabea
✅ Nipah
• Agent: Nipah virus (RNA)
• Transmission: Zoonosis, contaminated food
• Vaccine: ❌
✅ Rabies
• Transmission: Animal bites (dogs, bats)
• Prevention: Post-exposure prophylaxis
📍 Vector-borne (Other)
✅ Japanese Encephalitis
• Vector: Culex mosquitoes
• Vaccine: IXIARO (inactivated Vero cell)
📌 #GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology
❤8
#Goodmorning
⏳119 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳208 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳175 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳134 days Left OPSC prelims 07 June
⏳127 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳RAS PRELIMS may
⏳91 days Left MPPSC (MP) Prelims 26 April
⏳91 days Left HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳77 days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
⏳65 days Left PPSC mains 1 April
⏳28 days CGPSC prelims 22 February
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳119 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳208 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳175 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳134 days Left OPSC prelims 07 June
⏳127 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳RAS PRELIMS may
⏳91 days Left MPPSC (MP) Prelims 26 April
⏳91 days Left HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳77 days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
⏳65 days Left PPSC mains 1 April
⏳28 days CGPSC prelims 22 February
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤4🔥1🙏1
🔆 Chemistry in Ancient & Medieval India – Prelims Ready
📍 Alchemy (Rasayana)
✅ Texts: Rasaratnakara, Rasarnava
✅ Period: 8th–12th C CE
✅ Scholars: Nagarjuna, Govindacharya
✅ Work: Mercury medicines, elixirs, metal transmutation
📍 Metallurgy
✅ Text: Brihat Samhita (Varahamihira)
✅ Period: 6th C CE
✅ Achievements: Advanced smelting, alloying, corrosion resistance
📌 Delhi Iron Pillar example
📍 Medicinal Chemistry
✅ Texts: Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita
✅ Period: 1st–2nd C CE
✅ Use: Herbal & mineral drugs, alkalis, acids, disinfectants
📍 Dyeing & Textiles
✅ Texts: Arthashastra, Brihat Samhita
✅ Period: 4th C BCE – 6th C CE
✅ Techniques: Natural dyes, mordants, indigo dyeing
📍 Glass & Ceramics
✅ Sites: Harappa, Taxila
✅ Period: 3rd millennium BCE – CE
✅ Products: Glass beads, glazed pottery
📍 Soap & Detergents
✅ Practice-based knowledge
✅ Materials: Reetha (soapnut), ash, natural alkalis
📍 Perfumes & Cosmetics
✅ Text: Gandhayukti
✅ Period: 5th C CE
✅ Techniques: Distillation of fragrant oils
📍 Pyrotechnics
✅ Text: Kautilya’s Arthashastra
✅ Period: 4th C BCE
✅ Use: Explosives, fire-based warfare signals
📍 Distillation
✅ Text: Rasaratnasamuccaya
✅ Period: 13th C CE
✅ Scholar: Vagbhata
✅ Use: Oils, perfumes, medicinal tinctures
📍 Inorganic Chemistry
✅ Text: Rasaratnakara
✅ Scholar: Nagarjuna
✅ Work: Sulfur, mercury compounds, industrial alkalis
📌 #prelims
#art_and_culture
https://t.me/Studytoday1
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture
📍 Alchemy (Rasayana)
✅ Texts: Rasaratnakara, Rasarnava
✅ Period: 8th–12th C CE
✅ Scholars: Nagarjuna, Govindacharya
✅ Work: Mercury medicines, elixirs, metal transmutation
📍 Metallurgy
✅ Text: Brihat Samhita (Varahamihira)
✅ Period: 6th C CE
✅ Achievements: Advanced smelting, alloying, corrosion resistance
📌 Delhi Iron Pillar example
📍 Medicinal Chemistry
✅ Texts: Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita
✅ Period: 1st–2nd C CE
✅ Use: Herbal & mineral drugs, alkalis, acids, disinfectants
📍 Dyeing & Textiles
✅ Texts: Arthashastra, Brihat Samhita
✅ Period: 4th C BCE – 6th C CE
✅ Techniques: Natural dyes, mordants, indigo dyeing
📍 Glass & Ceramics
✅ Sites: Harappa, Taxila
✅ Period: 3rd millennium BCE – CE
✅ Products: Glass beads, glazed pottery
📍 Soap & Detergents
✅ Practice-based knowledge
✅ Materials: Reetha (soapnut), ash, natural alkalis
📍 Perfumes & Cosmetics
✅ Text: Gandhayukti
✅ Period: 5th C CE
✅ Techniques: Distillation of fragrant oils
📍 Pyrotechnics
✅ Text: Kautilya’s Arthashastra
✅ Period: 4th C BCE
✅ Use: Explosives, fire-based warfare signals
📍 Distillation
✅ Text: Rasaratnasamuccaya
✅ Period: 13th C CE
✅ Scholar: Vagbhata
✅ Use: Oils, perfumes, medicinal tinctures
📍 Inorganic Chemistry
✅ Text: Rasaratnakara
✅ Scholar: Nagarjuna
✅ Work: Sulfur, mercury compounds, industrial alkalis
📌 #prelims
#art_and_culture
https://t.me/Studytoday1
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture
❤5