🔆 First Phase: Peasant Movements Before 1857

📍 Sanyasi Revolt (1763–1800, Bengal)
✅ Leaders: Maznoom Shah, Bhawani Pathak, Devi Choudhurani
✅ Cause: British restrictions on pilgrimages; Bengal Famine (1770) triggered widespread distress
✅ Participants: Landless peasants, displaced zamindars, disbanded soldiers; active role of Sanyasis & Fakirs
✅ Character: Attacks on British factories; seizure of goods, cash, arms & ammunition; united Hindu–Muslim resistance
✅ British Response: Suppressed under Warren Hastings
✅ Cultural Impact: Reflected in Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s Anandamath

📍 Narkelberia Uprising (1782–1831, West Bengal)
✅ Leader: Mir Nithar Ali (Titu Mir)
✅ Cause: Muslim tenants’ resistance against Hindu landlords (beard tax on Faraizis); opposition to British indigo planters
✅ Nature: Armed uprising; regarded as one of the earliest peasant revolts against the British
✅ Evolution: Merged with Wahabi Movement; assumed broader religious & socio-political character

📍 Pagal Panthis (Hajong & Garo tribes) (1825–1833, Mymensingh, Bengal)
✅ Leaders: Karam Shah, Tipu Shah
✅ Cause: Zamindari oppression & unjust rent demands
✅ Nature: Semi-religious peasant uprising led by religious mendicants
✅ Outcome: Rent reduction & concessions; movement weakened; leaders arrested & tried

📍 UPSC Focus
✅ Early agrarian resistance against colonial exploitation
✅ Hindu–Muslim unity in anti-colonial struggles
✅ Link with socio-religious movements

#history #prelims #mains

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🔆 Mirabai (1498–1546 CE)

📍 Early Life
✅ Born in Merta
✅ Married to Bhoj Raj, son of Rana Sanga of Mewar
✅ Renounced royal life to live as a wandering devotee of Krishna

📍 Bhakti & Philosophy
✅ Leading female saint-poet of the Bhakti movement
✅ Advocate of Saguna Bhakti (devotion to a personal God)
✅ Composed devotional songs expressing intense love for Krishna
✅ Famous work: Rag-Govind

📍 Social Message
✅ Disciple of Raidas
✅ Rejected caste hierarchy and social orthodoxy
✅ Spiritual equality over ritualism

📍 Legacy
✅ Songs widely sung in Rajasthan and Gujarat
✅ Popular among marginalised and underprivileged communities
✅ Symbol of devotion, courage, and social defiance

#history #prelims #mains

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 16 FEB 2026

🔆 INTERNATIONAL

📍 Henley Passport Index – Feb 2026
✅ India Rank: 75th (↑ from 80)
✅ Visa-free/Visa-on-arrival: 56 destinations
🥇 Singapore – 192 destinations (Top)
🔻 Afghanistan – 24 (Lowest)

📍 WHO Prequalifies New nOPV2 Vaccine
✅ Targets cVDPV2 outbreaks
✅ Genetically stable, 24-month shelf life
✅ Produced by Biological E, Hyderabad

🔆 NATIONAL

📍 Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF)
✅ Loan target doubled: ₹1 lakh crore → ₹2 lakh crore
✅ 3% interest subvention
✅ Credit guarantee up to ₹2 crore
📌 Implementation: 2020–2030

📍 APEDA – 40th Establishment Day
✅ Statutory body under APEDA Act, 1985
📌 Ministry: Commerce & Industry

📍 Wheat Export Ban Lifted (after 4 years)
🌾 India: 2nd largest wheat producer (~14% global output)

📍 Urban Challenge Fund (UCF)
✅ Corpus: ₹1 lakh crore
✅ Total expected investment: ₹4 lakh crore
📌 Focus: Tier-II/III, NE & hilly regions
📌 Funding: 25% Centre | 50% Market | 25% States

📍 India’s First Underwater Road-Rail Tunnel (Assam)
✅ Under Brahmaputra River
✅ Length: 33.7 km (15.79 km tunnel)
✅ Cost: ₹18,662 crore
📌 Distance reduced: 240 km → 34 km

🔆 DEFENCE

📍 IMACC 2026
✅ First International Military Adventure Challenge Cup
📍 Eastern Himalayas (18–23 Feb)
🌍 7 friendly nations participating

🔆 MoUs

📍 IIT Bombay – Columbia University
✅ AI for Manufacturing Research Centre

📍 NALCO – NLC India Ltd
✅ 1080 MW thermal captive power + renewable collaboration

🔆 STATES

📍 Rajasthan Budget FY27
💰 ₹6.11 lakh crore outlay
📌 Fiscal deficit: 3.69% of GSDP
📌 ₹5,000 crore for JJM-Urban
📌 DMIC-linked industrial expansion

📍 Herath Poshte
🕉 Traditional greeting during Kashmiri Shivaratri

🔆 SCHEMES

📍 PM RAHAT Scheme
✅ Cashless treatment up to ₹1.5 lakh for road accident victims

📍 Lakhpati Didi Target Revised
🎯 Target doubled to 6 crore by March 2029

📍 Startup India Fund of Funds 2.0
💰 Corpus: ₹10,000 crore
📌 Focus: Manufacturing & high-tech

📍 PM-DAKSH Scheme
📌 Placement benchmark: 70% mandatory
📌 Now merged with PMKVY

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS

📅 12 Feb – International Darwin Day
📅 15 Feb – Corps of Signals Raising Day (116th)

🔆 APPOINTMENTS

📍 ICAI (2026–27)
✅ President: CA Prasanna Kumar D
✅ Vice-President: CA Mangesh Kinare

📍 Deepak Gupta – CMD, GAIL (India) Ltd

🔆 AWARDS
📍 VOC Port Authority
🥇 IGBC Platinum
🌱 Shunya & Shunya Plus Certifications

🔆 SCIENCE & TECH
📍 Vast Space – NASA Private ISS Mission
🚀 Launch target: 2027
🛰 Developing Haven-1 Commercial Space Station

🔆 SPORTS
📍 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championship 2026
🥇 India tops medal tally
🏅 Total: 94 Medals (51G, 23S, 20B)

#CurrentAffairs

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Nikhil Baviskar
Public works department ( PWD ) Officer in Government of Maharashtra
Appeared for UPSC Interviews in 2023 & 2024
Secured one of the highest marks in GS Paper-1
(History & Geography)

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🔆 10 Years of Startup India Initiative (2016–2026)

📍 Context
✅ Startup India completes 10 years on 16 January 2026
✅ 16 January is celebrated as National Startup Day

📍 About Startup India Initiative
✅ Launch: 16 January 2016
✅ Nodal Agency: DPIIT, Ministry of Commerce & Industry
✅ Objective:
• Promote entrepreneurship
• Build a robust startup ecosystem
• Transform India from job seekers → job creators

📍 Three Core Pillars
✅ Simplification & Handholding
• Ease of compliance
• Regulatory & patent support
• Market access

✅ Funding Support
• Tax exemptions
• Startup Seed Fund
• Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS)
• Credit Guarantee Scheme (CGSS)

✅ Incubation & Industry–Academia Linkages
• MAARG Portal (Mentorship, Advisory, Assistance, Resilience & Growth

📍 Key Enablers & Platforms
✅ Startup India Hub
✅ BHASKAR (Bharat Startup Knowledge Access Registry) – discovery & networking
✅ SIPP Scheme – fast-tracking of patent applications

📍 Decadal Achievements (2016–2026)
✅ Global Standing
• 3rd largest startup ecosystem globally
• ~2.09 lakh DPIIT-recognised startups (till 2025)
• 120+ unicorns with valuation > $350 billion

✅ Employment & Inclusivity
• Over 21 lakh jobs created
• ~45% startups have at least one woman founder/director
• ~50% startups from Tier-II & Tier-III cities

📍 Other Schemes Supporting Startups
✅ Atal Innovation Mission (AIM)
✅ GENESIS (Gen-Next Support for Innovative Startups)
✅ NIDHI (National Initiative for Developing & Harnessing Innovations)
✅ ASPIRE (Promotion of Innovation, Rural Industries & Entrepreneurship)

#goverment_schemes

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🔆 Kangra School of Painting (18th Century)

📍 Origin & Evolution
✅ Emerged in the last quarter of the 18th century
✅ Represents the third phase of Pahari painting
✅ Evolved from the Guler style
✅ Retained features of delicate drawing, lyrical beauty & naturalism

📍 Geographical Spread
✅ Flourished in Kangra, Guler, Basohli, Chamba
✅ Also spread to Jammu region, Nurpur, Kullu, Mandi & Garhwal

📍 Patronage
✅ Received royal support under Maharaja Ranjit Singh
✅ Encouraged by Sikh nobility in the early 19th century

📍 Major Themes
✅ Gita Govinda
✅ Bhagavata Purana
✅ Satsai of Bihari
✅ Nala–Damayanti

📍 Dominant Motifs
✅ Love scenes of Krishna as a central theme
✅ Especially depictions from Rasa Panchadhyayi
➡️ Expresses the gopis’ intense devotion and love for Krishna

📍 Famous Series
✅ “Twelve Months” (Barahmasa)
➡️ Illustrates how each month influences human emotions and moods

📍 Artistic Significance
✅ Soft colours, refined lines, and emotional depth
✅ Considered the most mature and poetic phase of Pahari art

📍 UPSC Relevance
✅ GS1 – Indian Art & Culture | Painting Traditions

📌 Prelims Pointer:
➡️ Kangra School = Guler roots + Krishna bhakti + lyrical naturalism

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 India–Russia Relations: Key Areas of Cooperation

📍 Trade & Economic Cooperation
✅ Record Bilateral Trade: Reached USD 68.7 billion (FY 2024–25) — highest ever.
✅ Major Indian Exports: Pharmaceuticals, organic & inorganic chemicals, iron & steel, marine products.
✅ Major Russian Exports: Crude oil, petroleum products, sunflower oil, fertilizers, coking coal, precious stones & metals.

📍 Defence & Security Cooperation
✅ Partnership evolved from a buyer–seller model to joint research & production.
✅ Example: Joint development of BrahMos Cruise Missiles.

📍 Multilateral Cooperation
✅ Strong coordination at global forums — UN, G20, BRICS, SCO, and others.

#ir #mains #cse

Day 62 : 18 February target:

Science and Technology
Topics:
Revision
PYQs

Current Affairs: October, November 2025
Related

#UpscRevisionProgram

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🔆 River Basins of Afghanistan

📍 Context (DTE Study)
✅ A recent study mapped river basins of Afghanistan
✅ Afghanistan is divided into 5 major river basins
✅ 4 basins are transboundary, flowing into neighbouring countries
✅ Only Northern River Basin is non-transboundary

🔆 Major River Basins of Afghanistan

📍 1. Harirod–Murghab River Basin (HMRB)
✅ Region: North-western Afghanistan
✅ Rivers: Harirod & Murghab
✅ Origin: Central Afghan mountain ranges
✅ Flow direction: Westward across Herat Valley
✅ Importance:
• Main irrigation source
• Supports agriculture in fertile Herat Valley

📍 2. Helmand River Basin (HRB)
✅ Largest basin → ~51% of Afghanistan’s area
✅ River: Helmand (longest river of Afghanistan)
✅ Region: South-western Afghanistan
✅ Origin: Mountain ranges west of Kabul
✅ Drainage:
• Flows into seasonal lakes near Afghanistan–Iran border
✅ Strategic importance:
• Water security
• Agriculture & geopolitics with Iran

📍 3. Kabul River Basin (KRB)
✅ Region: South-eastern Afghanistan
✅ Basin share: ~11% of Afghanistan
✅ Main river: Kabul River
✅ Origin: Paghman Range
✅ Flow:
• Eastward → joins Indus River (Pakistan)
✅ Major tributary:
• Kunar River (fed by Hindu Kush glaciers & snowmelt)

📍 4. Northern River Basin (NRB) (Only non-transboundary basin)
✅ Rivers:
• Shirin
• Sarepul
• Balkh
✅ Water availability:
• Least water supply among all basins
✅ Ends internally without draining into another country

📍 5. Panj–Amu River Basin (PARB)
✅ Second-largest basin of Afghanistan
✅ Main river:
• Amu Darya (historical name: Oxus)
• Headstream: Panj River
✅ Origin:
• Pamirs glaciers
✅ Flow:
• Drains into Central Asia
• Ends in the Aral Sea (now largely dried)
✅ Transboundary:
• Overlaps with Tajikistan

#places_in_news

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🔆 International Grain Council (IGC)

📍 About
✅ Intergovernmental organisation established in 1949 (earlier International Wheat Council)
✅ Headquarters: London, United Kingdom
✅ Works to promote global cooperation in grain trade and food security

📍 Objectives & Functions (Merged)
✅ Promote international cooperation in grain trade
✅ Provide a global platform for discussion & coordination of grain policies
✅ Collect, analyse & disseminate data on production, consumption, stocks, trade & prices
✅ Forecast global grain market trends to enhance market stability

📍 Membership & India’s Role
✅ Members are parties to the Grain Trade Convention, 1995
✅ 30 member countries at present
✅ Members classified as importers or exporters based on trade in grains, rice & oilseeds
✅ India is a member (exporting member) of the International Grain Council

📍 Governance & Sessions
✅ Chairperson & Vice-Chairperson elected annually by council members
✅ Two regular Council Sessions every year
✅ Sessions held in London or member countries by invitation

📍 Grains Covered
✅ Wheat
✅ Maize (Corn)
✅ Rice
✅ Other coarse grains: Barley, Sorghum, Oats

📍 Publications
✅ Grain Market Report
✅ Grains and Oilseeds Index (GOI)

📍 Grain Trade Convention
✅ Administered by the IGC
✅ Aims to promote international cooperation in grains trade
✅ Focus on market transparency & stability

📍 Nodal Agency (India)
✅ Department of Food & Public Distribution
✅ Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution
✅ Represents Government of India in the IGC

🔆 Prelims MCQ

📍 Consider the following statements:
1️⃣ India is a member of the International Grains Council.
2️⃣ A country needs to be a member of the International Grains Council for exporting or importing rice and wheat.

📍 Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

✅ Correct Answer: A (1 only)

📌 Explanation:
• Statement 1 is correct: India is an exporting member of the International Grain Council.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: IGC membership is not mandatory for exporting or importing rice or wheat.

#PrelimsFacts

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🔆 Twin Tube Road-Cum-Rail Tunnel Project

📍 News Context
✅ The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved India’s first underwater twin tube road-cum-rail tunnel project to enhance connectivity in the Northeast.

📍 About the Project
✅ Location: Under the River Brahmaputra, Assam.
✅ Total Length: 33.7 km.
✅ Tunnel Length: 15.79 km twin tube tunnel beneath the Brahmaputra.
✅ Connectivity: Connects Gohpur (NH-15) with Numaligarh (NH-715) in Assam.
✅ Type: Four-lane, access-controlled Greenfield project.

📍 Implementation Mode
✅ Developed under EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) Mode.
✅ In EPC contracts, the contractor is responsible for engineering design, procurement of materials, and construction of the project.

📍 Significance
✅ Boosts strategic connectivity in Northeast India.
✅ Enhances civilian mobility and defence logistics.
✅ Reduces travel time across the Brahmaputra.
✅ Strengthens Act East Policy and regional development.

#goverment_schemes

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🔆 Movements in North-East (Tribal Uprisings)

📍 Khasi Uprising (up to 1833, Garo & Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya – Tirath Singh)
✅ Resistance against entry of outsiders (Englishmen & Bengali labourers).
✅ Widespread involvement of Khasi, Garo, Khampti & Singhpho tribes.
✅ Ultimately suppressed by 1833.

📍 Singphos Rebellion (1830 onwards, Assam – Nirang Phidu)
✅ Resentment against British control; targeted British officials.
✅ 1839 revolt led to death of a British political agent.
✅ Another major attack in 1843 on a British garrison.

📍 Kukis Revolt (1917–1919, Manipur)
✅ Opposition to British labour recruitment during World War I.
✅ Resisted exploitation for war-related labour.

📍 Zeliangrong Movement (1920s, Manipur – Zemi, Liangmei, Rongmei tribes)
✅ Reaction to British failure to protect them during Kuki revolt.
✅ Tribal alliance promoting unity & rights.

📍 Naga Movement (1905–1931, Manipur – Jadonang)
✅ Aim: Establish independent “Naga Raj”.
✅ Promoted political autonomy & cultural preservation.

📍 Synteng Rebellion (1860–62, Jaintia Hills)
✅ Resistance against British interference.
✅ Armed opposition to colonial policies.

📍 Phulaguri Peasant Rebellion (1861, Assam)
✅ Revolt against exploitative British policies.
✅ Among early anti-British peasant uprisings in Assam.

📍 Revolt of the Saflas (1872–73, Assam)
✅ Protest against British forest & revenue policies.
✅ Organised tribal resistance.

📍 Kacha Naga Uprising (1882, Cachar)
✅ Protest against colonial exploitation & encroachment.
✅ Assertion of tribal land rights.

📍 Khampti Rebellion (1839–1842, Assam)
✅ Resistance to British dominance & disruption of local governance.
✅ Fierce attacks on British officials.

📍 Lushais Revolt (1842–1844, Manipur)
✅ Reaction to British alliances & exploitation.
✅ Multiple attacks on British-allied villages.

#history #prelims #mains

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Day 63: 19 February target:

Science and Technology
Topics:
Revision
PYQs

Current Affairs: December 2025, January 2026

#UpscRevisionProgram

After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.

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