Punjab PCS Mains Admit card

https://ppsc.gov.in from 26/03/2026 onwards. Exam Date is 01/04/2026.

🔆 Regional Connectivity Scheme – Modified UDAN

📍 Why in News?
✅ Union Cabinet approved Modified UDAN Scheme (2026) to strengthen regional air connectivity with focus on timely infrastructure completion, sustainability and innovation.

🔆 About Modified UDAN Scheme

📍 Duration & Outlay
✅ Time period: 10 years (FY 2026-27 to FY 2035-36)
✅ Total outlay: ₹28,840 crore

📍 Key Components

✅ Development of Aerodromes (CAPEX)
➡️ 100 new airports to be developed from unserved / underserved airstrips
➡️ Supports Viksit Bharat 2047 vision

✅ Operation & Maintenance (O&M) Support
➡️ Financial support for 3 years to about 441 RCS-only aerodromes
➡️ Cap: ₹3.06 crore per airport and ₹0.90 crore per heliport / water aerodrome

✅ Modern Helipads Development
➡️ 200 helipads in remote, hilly & aspirational districts
➡️ Improves last-mile connectivity & emergency response

✅ Viability Gap Funding (VGF)
➡️ ₹10,043 crore support over 10 years
➡️ Helps airlines sustain low-traffic regional routes

✅ Atmanirbhar Aircraft Acquisition
➡️ Procurement of HAL Dhruv helicopters and Dornier aircraft
➡️ Enhances aviation capacity in difficult terrains

🔆 About UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik)

📍 Launch & Implementation
✅ Launched: October 2016
✅ Ministry: Civil Aviation

📍 Objective
✅ Make air travel affordable & accessible
✅ Improve connectivity of Tier-2 & Tier-3 cities

📍 Achievements (till March 2026)
✅ 663 routes operationalised
✅ 95 airports / heliports / water aerodromes connected
✅ 3.44 lakh+ flights operated
✅ 163 lakh+ passengers carried
➡️ Boost to tourism, regional development & emergency services

#goverment_schemes

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🔆 Ol Chiki Script

📍 In News: The centenary celebrations of Ol Chiki (1925–2025) are being marked through commemorative initiatives and growing institutional recognition.

📍 About Ol Chiki Script

✅ Language: Official script of the Santhali language, a major tribal language with strong oral traditions.

✅ Developer: Pandit Raghunath Murmu (1925) created it to provide a scientific and dedicated writing system for Santhali.

📍 National Recognition
➡️ Constitution of India was officially translated into Santhali (Ol Chiki) and released in December 2025.
➡️ Government issued a ₹100 commemorative coin and postage stamp marking 100 years of the script.

📍 Key Linguistic Features
✅Designed exclusively for Santhali phonetics.
✅ Consists of 30 letters (vowels + consonants).
✅ One-to-one sound-symbol correspondence ensures phonetic accuracy.
✅ Captures glottal stops and unique phonetic elements effectively.

📍 Significance
➡️Strengthened linguistic identity and cultural heritage of the Santhal community.
➡️ Enabled formal education, literature, and governance use in the Santhali language.

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 Integrated Programme for the Textile Sector — Union Budget 2026–27

📍 What is the Integrated Programme
✅ A comprehensive, end-to-end policy framework
✅ Covers the entire textile value chain — fibre → fashion, village industries → global markets
✅ Objective: Competitiveness, employment, sustainability & self-reliance

📍 Five Sub-Components (Core Architecture)

✅ National Fibre Scheme
Focus on self-reliance across the fibre spectrum
Supports natural fibres (silk, wool, jute), man-made fibres, and new-age fibres

✅ Textile Expansion & Employment Scheme
Modernisation of traditional textile clusters
Capital support for machinery, technology upgradation
Creation of common testing & certification centres

✅ National Handloom & Handicraft Programme
Integration of existing schemes into one unified national framework
Strengthens handloom and handicrafts with better coordination

✅ Tex-Eco Initiative
Promotion of globally competitive and environmentally sustainable textiles & apparel
Aligns Indian textiles with green manufacturing standards

✅ Samarth 2.0
Modernisation of the textile skill ecosystem
Deeper collaboration with industry & academic institutions

📍 Other Key Textile Initiatives Announced

✅ Mahatma Gandhi Gram Swaraj Initiative
Strengthens khadi, handloom & handicrafts
Focus on branding, global market linkages
Supports One District One Product (ODOP)

✅ Mega Textile Parks & Technical Textiles
Boosts technical textiles — a high-growth segment
Critical for industrial, medical, defence & infrastructure applications

📌 Why It Matters
✅ GS-3: Industry, MSMEs, Employment, Sustainable Manufacturing
✅ Boosts Make in India & Atmanirbhar Bharat
✅ Links rural livelihoods with global value chains

#goverment_schemes

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🔆 Re-looking India–Iran Historical & Civilizational Ties

📍 Context:
✅ India–Iran relations have deep historical, cultural and civilizational roots, reflected in administration, language, art, architecture and music.

📍 Early Persian Contacts & Invaders

✅ Cyrus (558–530 BCE)
➡️ First Achaemenid ruler to enter India → captured Gandhara region

✅ Darius I (522–486 BCE)
➡️ Conquered Indus Valley (518 BCE) → annexed Punjab & Sindh

🔆 Persian Influence on India

📍 Administration
✅ Achaemenian statecraft influenced governance under Chandragupta Maurya
✅ Persian remained official language in administration till British reforms (1830s)

📍 Literature & Language
✅ Similarities between Rigveda and Avesta
✅ Persian became official court language under Akbar (1582)
✅ Many Persian words integrated into Indian languages → kagaz, vakil, diwani, tahsil, mohalla

📍 Art
✅ Development of Mughal miniature painting
➡️ Persian artists like Abd al-Samad & Mir Sayyid Ali invited by Humayun

📍 Architecture
✅ Mauryan Period:
➡️ Use of Kharosthi script (Iranian origin)
➡️ Influence on Ashokan edicts

✅ Mughal Period:
➡️ Introduction of Charbagh garden style (symmetrical layout, water channels)
➡️ Reflected in monuments like Humayun’s Tomb and Taj Mahal

📍 Other Cultural Influences
✅ Music: Instruments like sitar, santur; forms like ghazal, qawwali
✅ Spiritual traditions: Spread of Sufism

📍 Conclusion
✅ India–Iran ties reflect a shared civilizational continuum, where Persian influences enriched Indian polity, culture and aesthetics, leaving a lasting legacy in multiple domains.

#history #prelims #mains

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Earth Hour 2026

Lights Off, Future On

https://youtube.com/shorts/2eE4EnuEIe8

🔆 Important Chalcolithic Sites in India

📍 Ahar–Banas (Rajasthan)
✅ Evidence of smelting & metallurgy.
✅ Supplied copper tools to contemporary communities.
✅ Evidence of rice cultivation.
✅ Black-and-Red Ware pottery with white designs.

📍 Gilund (Rajasthan)
✅ Evidence of stone blade industry.
✅ Important centre of the Ahar culture.

📍 Navdatoli (Madhya Pradesh)
✅ Located on the Narmada River.
✅ Cultivated almost all major food grains.
✅ Round & rectangular houses.

📍 Malwa (Madhya Pradesh)
✅ Along Narmada River.
✅ Known for rich Chalcolithic ceramics.
✅ Evidence of spindle whorls (textile activity).

📍 Kayatha (Madhya Pradesh)
✅ Near Chambal River.
✅ Houses with mud-plastered floors.
✅ Pottery shows Pre-Harappan elements.
✅ Copper tools with sharp cutting edges.

📍 Daimabad (Maharashtra)
✅ Southern extension of Indus Valley influence.
✅ Largest Jorwe culture site in Godavari valley.
✅ Famous for bronze artifacts:
• Rhinoceros
• Elephant
• Two-wheeled chariot with rider
• Buffalo

📍 Songaon, Inamgaon & Nasik (Maharashtra)
✅ Large mud houses with ovens.
✅ Evidence of circular pit houses.
✅ Burial practice: Dead buried under house floors (North–South direction).

📍 Nevasa (Jorwe, Maharashtra) & Eran (Madhya Pradesh)
✅ Associated with Non-Harappan Chalcolithic culture.

📝 UPSC Prelims Focus
• Rivers linked – Narmada, Chambal, Godavari
• Culture – Ahar, Malwa, Jorwe
• Bronze artifacts – Daimabad
• Black-and-Red Ware – Ahar-Banas

📝 Conceptual Note
✅ Though Chalcolithic (Copper Age) generally predates Bronze cultures, in India some Harappan sites are older than certain Chalcolithic cultures.

#history #prelims #mains

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🔆 Dravyaratnākara Nighaṇṭu & Dravyanamākara Nighaṇṭu

📍 Context
✅ The Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences has revived two rare Ayurvedic manuscripts:
➡️ Dravyaratnākara Nighaṇṭu
➡️ Dravyanamākara Nighaṇṭu

🔆 Dravyaratnākara Nighaṇṭu

📍 About
✅ An Ayurvedic manuscript belonging to Nighaṇṭu literature.
➡️ Deals with medicinal substances and their uses.

📍 Meaning of Nighaṇṭu
✅ Refers to compilations describing:
• Medicinal drugs
• Synonyms
• Properties
• Parts used

📍 Authorship
✅ Written by Mudgala Pandita
✅ Composed around 1480 CE

📍 Sources
✅ Draws from classical Ayurvedic lexicons such as:
➡️ Dhanvantari Nighantu
➡️ Raja Nighantu

🔆 Dravyanamākara Nighaṇṭu

📍 About
✅ Another Ayurvedic manuscript authored by Bhisma Vaidya

✅ Focuses exclusively on homonyms of drug and plant names.
➡️ Important for identifying medicinal plants correctly in Ayurveda.

✅ Functions as a standalone appendix to the Dhanvantari Nighantu.

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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Day 101: 29 March target



Topics:
Full length test

Current affairs: Backlogs



#UpscRevisionProgram


@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM

🔆 Majorana Particles

📍 About
✅ Hypothetical particles that are their own antiparticles.
✅ Proposed in 1937 by Ettore Majorana.
✅ Electrically neutral, hence difficult to detect.

📍 Key Features
✅ Called “self-mirror particles”.
➡️ Unlike electrons and protons, they do not annihilate with themselves.
➡️ Particle and antiparticle are identical.

✅ Usually appear as quasi-particles in condensed matter systems.
➡️ Found mainly inside superconductors at extremely low temperatures.

📍 Applications
✅ Quantum computing
➡️ More stable and error-resistant quantum computers.

✅ Particle physics
➡️ May explain neutrinos and dark matter.

✅ Condensed matter physics
➡️ Helps study exotic quantum states and advanced materials.

🔆 Antimatter

📍 Meaning
✅ Same as ordinary matter but with opposite electric charge.
➡️ Also called “mirror matter”.

📍 Examples
✅ Electron → Positron
✅ Proton → Antiproton
✅ Neutron → Antineutron

📍 Difference from Majorana Particles
➡️ In antimatter, particle and antiparticle are different.
➡️ In Majorana particles, both are the same.

#GS3
#prelims
#science_technology
#science_and_technology

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🔆 National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)

📍 About
✅ Established in 1986
✅ Functions under the Ministry of Home Affairs
✅ Headquarters: New Delhi

📍 Nature
✅ National repository of crime and criminal-related data in India.

📍 Formation
✅ Based on recommendations of:
➡️ Tandon Committee
➡️ National Police Commission (1977–81)
➡️ Task Force of the Home Ministry

📍 Composition
✅ Officers from:
➡️ Indian Police Service (IPS)
➡️ Indian Revenue Service (IRS)
➡️ Paramilitary forces

📍 Important Facts
✅ Exempted from the Right to Information Act, 2005 under Section 24(1).
✅ Also compiles data on lightning fatalities in India.

📍 Nodal Agency For
✅ Online Cyber-Crime Reporting Portal
✅ Drug law enforcement and control of narcotics trafficking

📍 Associated Projects / Bodies
✅ Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (2009)
➡️ National database linking police stations across India.

✅ National Digital Police Portal (2017)
➡️ Enables online complaint filing and suspect search.

✅ Central Finger Print Bureau
➡️ National repository of fingerprints under NCRB.

✅ CyTrain Portal
➡️ Online training platform for cybercrime investigation and prosecution.

📍 International Association
✅ Partner agency of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

📍 Major Reports Published
✅ Crime in India
✅ Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India
✅ Prison Statistics India

#GS2 #InternalSecurity #CSE_EXAM

UPPSC 2024 Final Result

🔆 Tirumala Venkateswara Temple

📍 Context
✅ Tirumala Laddu was recently in news due to allegations of adulteration.

📍 Location
✅ Located in Andhra Pradesh.
✅ One of the richest and most visited pilgrimage centres in the world.

📍 Deity
✅ Dedicated to Venkateswara, regarded as an incarnation of Vishnu.

📍 Architecture
✅ Built in the Dravidian style of architecture.
✅ Main shrine contains the gold-plated tower called “Ananda Nilayam”, crowning the sanctum.

📍 Historical Patronage
✅ Received patronage from the Chola dynasty.
✅ Expanded further during the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire through donations and endowments.

📍 Religious Reform
✅ 12th-century philosopher-saint Ramanuja played an important role in reviving temple rituals and strengthening Vaishnavite traditions at Tirumala.

📍 Tirumala Laddu
✅ Tirumala Laddu is the GI-tagged sacred offering (prasadam) distributed to devotees at the temple.

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 28 MARCH 2026

🔆 REGULATORY BODIES / RBI

📍 RBI ‘Payments Vision 2028’ Launched
✅ Theme: “Shaping India’s Payment Frontier”
✅ Roadmap till December 2028
✅ Focus: safer payments, fraud prevention, cross-border payments, ease of doing business
✅ Major initiatives:
• TReDS interoperability
• “Switch On/Off” facility for digital payments
• Payments Switching Service (PaSS)
• Domestic Legal Entity Identifier (DLEI)
• Electronic Cheques (e-Cheques)
✅ Review under: Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 & FEMA, 1999

🔆 BANKING & FINANCE

📍 NHB Launches ‘Gruh Sugam Portal’
✅ Digital housing loan portal for:
• Defence personnel
• Paramilitary forces
• Government employees
✅ Allows online comparison, application & tracking of housing loans
✅ No need to physically visit banks

📍 OECD Lowers India Growth Forecast
✅ FY27 growth forecast cut to 6.1% from 6.2%
✅ FY26 forecast unchanged at 7.6%
✅ Reason: global uncertainty

🔆 INTERNATIONAL

📍 BRICS CCI Women Empowerment Summit 2026
✅ Held in New Delhi from 21–23 March 2026
✅ Theme: “WISE” = Women in Innovation, Science Leadership & Entrepreneurship
✅ Mission ShakthiSAT launched
✅ Meenakshi Lekhi unveiled the initiative
✅ Shabana Azmi honoured with “Trailblazer: Living Legend” Award

🔆 NATIONAL

📍 3-Year Action Plan for ‘Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyan’
✅ Issued by Ministry of Education & Ministry of Home Affairs
✅ 500-metre area around schools declared drug-free zone
✅ “Nasha Mukt Units” to be set up in all colleges & universities by December 2026
✅ Goal: Drug-Free India by 2047
✅ Nodal ministry of NMBA: Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment

📍 Stuti Pradhan Selected for World Youth Parliament 2026
✅ Stuti Pradhan to represent India at World Youth Parliament
✅ Focus areas: climate change, education & sustainable development

🔆 DEFENCE

📍 DAC Clears Defence Proposals Worth ₹2.38 Lakh Crore
✅ Chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh
✅ Includes systems for Army, Air Force & Coast Guard
✅ Key approvals:
• Dhanush Gun System
• S-400 Air Defence System
• Medium Transport Aircraft
• Remotely Piloted Strike Aircraft

📍 INS Sudarshini Reaches France
✅ INS Sudarshini arrived at Sète, France
✅ Part of Lokayan-26 expedition
✅ Participated in Escale à Sète festival

📍 IAF Launches ‘Vayu Baan’ Drone Project
✅ India’s first helicopter-dropped drone project
✅ Drone launched mid-air from helicopter
✅ Stand-off attack capability beyond 50 km
✅ Protects helicopter from MANPADS

🔆 MoUs

📍 DPIIT Signs MoU with Fuel-Tech Company
✅ Aim: promote innovation in fuel-tech, manufacturing & deep-tech sectors
✅ Support for startups from idea to prototype stage

📍 DPIIT–Razorpay MoU
✅ To support startups in Tier-2 & Tier-3 cities
✅ ‘Startup Sahayak’ platform launched

📍 NCW–Truecaller Partnership
✅ Launch of ‘TrueCyberSakhi: Digital Safety Toolkit’
✅ Focus on spam calls, phishing & online fraud against women

📍 Ministry of Culture–YouTube MoU
✅ To promote Indian folk & tribal music globally
✅ Artists to get training, monetisation guidance & digital support

📍 Indian Army–IITM Pravartak MoU
✅ To strengthen defence indigenisation
✅ Nodal Indigenisation Centre to be set up at Avadi, Chennai

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS
📍 Earth Hour 2026 — 28 March
✅ Marks 20 years of Earth Hour
✅ Time: 8:30 PM – 9:30 PM
✅ Organised by World Wide Fund for Nature
✅ Theme: switch off non-essential lights to support climate action

🔆 APPOINTMENTS
✅ Periasamy Kumaran appointed next High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom
✅ Balendra Shah sworn in as Nepal’s youngest PM

🔆 AWARDS
✅ Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay selected for Saraswati Samman 2025 for Hara Parbati Katha
✅ Nandamuri Balakrishna receives Lifetime Achievement Award at International Film Festival of Delhi 2026

🔆 SPORTS

📍 Carolina Marín Announces Retirement
✅ Olympic & World badminton champion Carolina Marín retires from professional badminton

📍 IOC New Policy on Women’s Category in Sports
✅ New policy to apply from Los Angeles 2028 Olympics
✅ Uses SRY gene screening for eligibility in female category
✅ Applies to Olympics, Youth Olympics & qualification events