🔆 March 1929 - Muslim League Session in Delhi
📍 Jinnah’s Fourteen Points
✅ 4 Delhi Proposals & 3 Calcutta amendments proposed for the continuation of separate electorates and Muslim reservations in government services and self-governing bodies:

✅ Future constitution to be federal, with residuary powers vested in provinces.
✅ Uniform autonomy for provinces.
✅ Muslim representation of at least one-third in Central Legislature.
✅ Separate electorates should continue for communities, but should be open to any community.
✅ No territorial distribution affecting Muslims in Punjab, Bengal, NWFP.
✅ Religious liberty guaranteed to all communities.
✅ Muslim representation in central and provincial cabinets.
✅ Sindh to be separated from Bombay.
✅ Reforms to be introduced in NWFP and Balochistan on the same footing as other provinces.
✅ Safeguards for Muslim culture, education, language, and personal laws.
✅ Jawaharlal Nehru referred to these as “Jinnah's ridiculous 14 points.”

#history

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🔆 From Borrowers to Builders: Women and India’s Evolving Credit Market (2026)

📍 Why in Focus?
✅ Report released by NITI Aayog in collaboration with Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP), TransUnion CIBIL and MicroSave Consulting (MSC).
✅ Highlights the growing role of women in India’s credit ecosystem.

📍 Key Findings (2017–2025)
✅ Outstanding credit to women grew 4.8 times (₹16 lakh crore → ₹76 lakh crore).
✅ Women with access to credit increased from 19% to 36%.
✅ Business loans to women grew at 31% CAGR.
✅ Same-day loan approvals rose from 34% to 45% due to digital onboarding.
✅ Women’s share in housing loans reached 69% in 2025.
✅ Nearly 19% of microfinance borrowers graduated to retail/commercial loans.
✅ Women borrowers have a default rate 0.7 times lower than the overall credit market.

📍 Major Challenges
✅ Nearly 29 crore credit-eligible women remain outside the formal financial system.
✅ Limited decision-making power among rural women entrepreneurs.
✅ Digital literacy and AI adoption gaps.
✅ Time poverty due to unpaid care work.
✅ Lack of collateral restricting enterprise growth.

📍 Government Initiatives
✅ Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) – Supports women-led enterprises.
✅ Financing Women Collaborative (2023) – Addresses gender-disaggregated data gaps.
✅ Project Seher – Improves women’s credit literacy.
✅ Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) – Aadhaar e-KYC, UPI and DigiLocker reducing barriers.
✅ Stamp duty concessions encouraging women’s home ownership.

📍 Way Forward
✅ Promote flow-based lending using UPI and transaction data.
✅ Develop lifecycle-based financial products for women.
✅ Focus on credit progression, not just loan disbursement.
✅ Strengthen SHGs for digital and financial literacy.
✅ Ensure inclusive, vernacular and voice-enabled financial services.

📍 Prelims Fact
✅ WEP (Women Entrepreneurship Platform) is a flagship initiative of NITI Aayog to promote and support women entrepreneurship.

#GS1 #mains

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 26 MAY 2026

🔆 NATIONAL

📍 Oil India Discovers New Natural Gas Reserve in Rajasthan
✅ New gas-bearing sand discovered in Dandewala Field, Jaisalmer
✅ Estimated production: ~25,000 standard cubic metres/day
✅ Gas obtained from shallower Sanu Formation 

📍 NITI Aayog Convenes Education-to-Employment Committee
✅ Chaired by Nidhi Chibber, CEO of NITI Aayog
✅ Goal: Achieve 10% share in global services market by 2047
✅ Focus on jobs, skills and AI-driven workforce transformation 

📍 Ladakh to Host India’s First Geothermal Power Plant
✅ Pilot 1 MWe plant to be developed at Puga Valley
✅ ONGC to prepare DPR for commercial exploitation
✅ Supports India’s renewable energy goals 

📍 Kumbhalgarh Fort Wall Gets Global Recognition
✅ UNESCO recognised Kumbhalgarh Fort wall as world’s second longest continuous wall
✅ Located in Rajsamand district, Rajasthan
✅ Built by Rana Kumbha in the 15th century 

🔆 INTERNATIONAL

📍 NPT Review Conference Ends Without Consensus
✅ 11th Review Conference of Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons concluded without final agreement
✅ NPT entered into force in 1970
✅ India remains outside the treaty framework 

📍 Google Unveils ‘Information Agents’
✅ AI-powered agents continuously monitor web content
✅ Can track news, finance and online updates in real time
✅ Raises concerns regarding privacy and data usage 

🔆 AGREEMENTS & MoUs

📍 CSIR-NIScPR Signs MoU with NIAS
✅ Collaboration on science communication and S&T policy research
✅ Includes joint research, scholar exchange and capacity building programmes 

📍 AYUSHEXCIL & Spices Board Sign MoU
✅ Promotes Ayurveda, medicinal plants and Indian spices globally
✅ Supports traditional wellness systems and exports 

🔆 APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS

📍 Raghav Chadha Appointed Chairman of Rajya Sabha Committee on Petitions
✅ Assigned leadership role in Parliamentary petitions committee 

🔆 AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS

📍 Sansad Ratna Awards 2026 Announced
✅ Awards recognise outstanding parliamentary performance
✅ Honours 10 Lok Sabha MPs, 2 Rajya Sabha MPs and 4 Standing Committees
✅ Based on debates, questions, attendance and legislative participation 

🔆 SPORTS

📍 Lionel Messi Joins Billionaire Club
✅ Becomes second footballer after Cristiano Ronaldo to cross $1 billion net worth
✅ Listed in Bloomberg Billionaires Index 

📍 India Wins Two Golds at Asian U-23 Wrestling Championships
✅ Akshay Tanaji Dhere won gold in 57 kg freestyle category
✅ Vicky secured gold in 97 kg freestyle category
✅ Event held in Da Nang, Vietnam 

📍 India Creates History at 24-Hour Asia & Oceania Championships
✅ Won five medals at International Association of Ultrarunners event in Japan
✅ Amar Singh Devanda clinched gold medal
✅ Strong performance in men’s category 

🔆 SCHEMES

📍 Government Releases BHAVYA Scheme Guidelines
✅ BHAVYA = Bharat Audyogik Vikas Yojna
✅ Outlay: ₹33,660 crore
✅ Aims to develop 100 world-class industrial parks across India 

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS

📍 World Thyroid Day – 25 May
✅ Theme 2026: “Thyroid and Nutrition”
✅ Observed to raise awareness about thyroid disorders 

🔆 SUMMITS & CONFERENCES

📍 79th World Health Assembly Concludes in Geneva
✅ Theme: “Reshaping Global Health: A Shared Responsibility”
✅ Adopted Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (GAP-AMR) 2026–2036
✅ Focus on reducing AMR burden globally 

🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

📍 China Launches Shenzhou-23 Mission
✅ Three astronauts sent to Tiangong Space Station
✅ One astronaut expected to remain in orbit for one year
✅ Mission launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre 

#CurrentAffairs

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🔆 National Sports Governance Board Rules & National Sports Tribunal Rules, 2026

📍 Why in News?
✅ Government notified rules under the National Sports Governance Act, 2025.
✅ Aim: Promote sports governance, athlete welfare, fair play & dispute resolution.

📍 National Sports Board (NSB)
✅ Apex regulatory body for recognition of National Sports Bodies.
✅ Composition: Chairperson + 2 Members
✅ Appointed by Central Government through Search-cum-Selection Committee.
✅ Tenure: 3 years or till 65 years, whichever earlier.
✅ Eligible for one reappointment.

📍 Functions of NSB
✅ Maintain records of National Sports Bodies & Election Panel.
✅ Frame model governance guidelines for sports bodies.
✅ Accounts audited by CAG.

📍 National Sports Tribunal (NST)
✅ Established for speedy and independent resolution of sports disputes.
✅ Composition: Chairperson + 2 Members
✅ Chairperson: Current/former SC Judge or former HC Chief Justice.
✅ Members: Experts in sports, law & public administration.

📍 Tenure
✅ Chairperson: 5 years or till 70 years
✅ Members: 5 years or till 67 years
✅ Eligible for one additional term.

📍 Key Features
✅ Dedicated digital portal for techno-legal implementation.
✅ Powers similar to a Civil Court under CPC, 1908.
✅ Appeals lie with the Supreme Court within 30 days.

📍 Jurisdiction Exclusions
✅ Cannot hear disputes related to:
• Olympics & Asian Games
• Doping matters
• Issues under exclusive jurisdiction of international federations/sports bodies

📍 Prelims Fact
✅ CAG audits the accounts of the National Sports Board.

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Upsc source

🔆 Gupta Dynasty (Golden Age of Ancient India)

📍 Sri Gupta (Late 3rd Century CE)
✅ Founder of the Gupta Dynasty.

📍 Ghatotkacha (280/290–319 CE)
✅ Expanded the early Gupta kingdom.
✅ Used the title Maharaja.

📍 Chandragupta I (320–335 CE)
✅ Son of Ghatotkacha and first independent Gupta ruler.
✅ Expanded control over Bihar, eastern UP, and Bengal.
✅ Adopted the title Maharajadhiraja.
✅ His marriage alliance with the Lichchhavis strengthened Gupta power.

📍 Samudragupta (335–370 CE)
✅ Greatest ruler of the Gupta Dynasty.
✅ Known as the “Napoleon of India”.
✅ Expanded empire from Himalayas to southern India.
✅ Allahabad Pillar Inscription describes his achievements.
✅ Followed principles of Rajdharma and Kautilya’s Arthashastra.
✅ Patron of art, culture, and religion.

📍 Kacha (Mid 4th Century CE)
✅ Lesser-known Gupta ruler mentioned mainly through coins.

📍 Chandragupta II Vikramaditya (c. 380–415 CE)
✅ Gupta Empire reached its peak.
✅ Defeated Saka Kshatrapas of western India.
✅ Gained control over important ports like Broach and Cambay.
✅ Mehrauli Iron Pillar inscription linked to him.
✅ Chinese pilgrim Fahien visited India during his reign.
✅ His court had the famous Navaratnas.

📍 Kumaragupta I (415–455 CE)
✅ Maintained the vast Gupta Empire.
✅ Empire stretched from Gujarat to Bengal.
✅ Associated with the development of Nalanda.

📍 Skandagupta (455–467 CE)
✅ Successfully defended India against Hun invasions.
✅ Restored Gupta fortunes during crisis.
✅ Considered the last great Gupta ruler.

📍 Key Facts
✅ Gupta Age is called the Golden Age of Ancient India.
✅ Major progress in science, mathematics, literature, and art.
✅ Important scholars: Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira.

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