🔆Infrastructure for Resilient Island States (IRIS)
✅ Why in news: Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched Infrastructure for Resilient Island States (IRIS) on sidelines of climate summit in Glasgow.
✅ Infrastructure for Resilient Island States or IRIS is the first major initiative by the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) .
▪️CDRI:
✅ The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure is an international coalition of countries, United Nations agencies, multilateral development banks, the private sector, and academic institutions that aims to promote disaster-resilient
infrastructure.
✅ It was launched by the India at the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit. Headquarters: New Delhi, India.
✅ Twenty-six countries, including the US, Germany, UK, Australia, Brazil, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and Japan are already part of the coalition.
✅ The coalition will not create any new infrastructure : rather, it will serve as a ‘knowledge centre’ for member countries to share and learn best practices with respect to disaster-proofing of infra.
✅ It will work towards making existing and upcoming infrastructure in member countries more robust and resilient against climate disasters such as floods, heat, cyclones, forest fires, and rain.
✅The aim of CDRI is to minimize the damage and disruptions.
▪️Need of such coalitions:
✅ Despite the actions by countries to fight climate change, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events and disasters will likely only increase in the coming years.
✅Countries are already experiencing more intense flooding, heat waves, and forest fires every year.
✅ India’s east coast, especially Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, has for example been experiencing more powerful and frequent cyclones every year.
✅ Due to significant progress in advance warning and tracking systems, and timely evacuation of people, the loss of lives has been greatly reduced over the years. But the threat to infrastructure has persisted.
✅ So, power plants stop functioning, communication towers are damaged and street lights uprooted, and trains and flights have to be stopped.
✅ All this has cascading effects, and the monetary costs of the damage and disruption runs into billions of dollars every year.
✅According to CDRI estimates, every one dollar invested in making infrastructure more resilient in low- and middle-income countries can potentially save losses of over $4 when a disaster strikes.
▪️IRIS:
✅ IRIS is a specific work programme that seeks to operationalize the CDRI initiative in small island nations.
✅ Small island states are the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.
✅ As sea levels rise, they face a threat of being wiped off the map.
✅ According to CDRI, several small island states have lost 9 per cent of their GDPs in single disasters during the last few years.
✅ Infrastructure in these smaller countries is more critical simply because there is so little of it.
✅ The bulk of the work in IRIS would involve mobilizing and directing financial resources towards building resilient infrastructure, retrofitting existing infrastructure, development of early warning systems, and development and sharing of best practices.
#disaster_management
#mains
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✅ Why in news: Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched Infrastructure for Resilient Island States (IRIS) on sidelines of climate summit in Glasgow.
✅ Infrastructure for Resilient Island States or IRIS is the first major initiative by the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) .
▪️CDRI:
✅ The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure is an international coalition of countries, United Nations agencies, multilateral development banks, the private sector, and academic institutions that aims to promote disaster-resilient
infrastructure.
✅ It was launched by the India at the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit. Headquarters: New Delhi, India.
✅ Twenty-six countries, including the US, Germany, UK, Australia, Brazil, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and Japan are already part of the coalition.
✅ The coalition will not create any new infrastructure : rather, it will serve as a ‘knowledge centre’ for member countries to share and learn best practices with respect to disaster-proofing of infra.
✅ It will work towards making existing and upcoming infrastructure in member countries more robust and resilient against climate disasters such as floods, heat, cyclones, forest fires, and rain.
✅The aim of CDRI is to minimize the damage and disruptions.
▪️Need of such coalitions:
✅ Despite the actions by countries to fight climate change, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events and disasters will likely only increase in the coming years.
✅Countries are already experiencing more intense flooding, heat waves, and forest fires every year.
✅ India’s east coast, especially Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, has for example been experiencing more powerful and frequent cyclones every year.
✅ Due to significant progress in advance warning and tracking systems, and timely evacuation of people, the loss of lives has been greatly reduced over the years. But the threat to infrastructure has persisted.
✅ So, power plants stop functioning, communication towers are damaged and street lights uprooted, and trains and flights have to be stopped.
✅ All this has cascading effects, and the monetary costs of the damage and disruption runs into billions of dollars every year.
✅According to CDRI estimates, every one dollar invested in making infrastructure more resilient in low- and middle-income countries can potentially save losses of over $4 when a disaster strikes.
▪️IRIS:
✅ IRIS is a specific work programme that seeks to operationalize the CDRI initiative in small island nations.
✅ Small island states are the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.
✅ As sea levels rise, they face a threat of being wiped off the map.
✅ According to CDRI, several small island states have lost 9 per cent of their GDPs in single disasters during the last few years.
✅ Infrastructure in these smaller countries is more critical simply because there is so little of it.
✅ The bulk of the work in IRIS would involve mobilizing and directing financial resources towards building resilient infrastructure, retrofitting existing infrastructure, development of early warning systems, and development and sharing of best practices.
#disaster_management
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
👍15
🔆The Problem with Monsoon
✅ Why in News: The recent flash floods and landslides in Kerala is a mattern of concern as variations in the monsoon pattern and intensity are increasingly witnessed.
▪️What is the recent happening in Kerala?
✅ The torrential rain in Kerala has killed at least 35 people so far and red alert has been declared for 10 dams including Idukki.
✅It has caused alarm as the Northeast monsoon lies ahead.
✅ The IMD has issued an alert for more heavy rainfall in Kerala from October 20.
✅The Health Department has sounded an alert against the outbreak of infectious diseases due to heavy rains.
✅ The inundation of towns in 2018 and mudslides in 2019 had catastrophic effect in the State.
▪️What is causing frequent floods in Kerala?
✅Relief : Kerala hosts a vast stretch of Western Ghats with almost no break between severe spells of rainfall.
✅Cloudburst phenomenon : Mini cloud bursts are marked by intense short spells, which may not exceed 10cm in one hour.
🔸 For example, Mini cloudburst caused 2019 floods in Kerala.
✅ Human intervention : Illegal quarrying and mining activity has resulted in stones and rubble silting the streams and rivers thus increasing the magnitude of the damage.
🔸Timber felling, improper tree cutting has also had an adverse impact.
✅Premature silting up of reservoirs : Premature silting up of reservoirs especially in the steep valleys in the Western Ghats is a major concern.
✅Unplanned constructions : The construction of Athirappilly dam on the Chalakudy river in Kerala’s Thrissur district has been strongly opposed.
✅ Unscientific and improper water management : poor management of reservoirs as happened in 2018 floods aggravates the situation.
✅ Inefficient legal framework : The Kerala Conservation of Paddy Land and Wetland Act, 2008 has not been able to prevent construction of houses and other buildings in paddy fields and riverbeds.
▪️What efforts have been taken to minimise the losses?
✅ The Kerala government has upgraded its Orange Book for Disaster Management, which includes the standard operating procedures (SOP) and protocols for disaster management in the state.
✅ Disaster management at taluk-level- As part of an Incident Response System, individual officers at district and taluk level have been assigned to handle any emergencies.
✅33 hazard prone zone maps have been given to local bodies for increased preparedness.
✅Multiple weather inputs : The state is taking inputs from IMD, Skymet, IBM, etc. for situational awareness.
✅Resilient Kerala Program : The Government of India, the Government of Kerala and World Bank has signed a loan agreement of USD 250 million to boost disaster preparedness.
▪️What measures have to be taken for increased preparedness?
✅Nurturing the health of rivers by proper silting
✅Keeping the rivers free of encroachments
✅ Ending mining and deforestation in unstable areas
✅ Avoiding incompatible constructions
✅ Accurately mapping the hazard zones
✅ A more benign development policy treating nature as an asset
✅ Implementation of Madhav Gadgil committee report on Western Ghats
✅ Gadgil report (2011) recommended designating the entire hilly region of Western Ghats as an Ecologically Sensitive Area.
✅The Kasturirangan panel that was constituted to examine the Gadgil report recommended reducing the area to be protected ecologically in Western Ghats to only 37 per cent.
✅Following best practices : For instance, Hakku initiative in Hyderabad involves a team of six people to identify and visit risk-prone areas and pushes them towards solutions.
#GS3
#disaster_management
#revision_notes
#mains_2022
#mains
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✅ Why in News: The recent flash floods and landslides in Kerala is a mattern of concern as variations in the monsoon pattern and intensity are increasingly witnessed.
▪️What is the recent happening in Kerala?
✅ The torrential rain in Kerala has killed at least 35 people so far and red alert has been declared for 10 dams including Idukki.
✅It has caused alarm as the Northeast monsoon lies ahead.
✅ The IMD has issued an alert for more heavy rainfall in Kerala from October 20.
✅The Health Department has sounded an alert against the outbreak of infectious diseases due to heavy rains.
✅ The inundation of towns in 2018 and mudslides in 2019 had catastrophic effect in the State.
▪️What is causing frequent floods in Kerala?
✅Relief : Kerala hosts a vast stretch of Western Ghats with almost no break between severe spells of rainfall.
✅Cloudburst phenomenon : Mini cloud bursts are marked by intense short spells, which may not exceed 10cm in one hour.
🔸 For example, Mini cloudburst caused 2019 floods in Kerala.
✅ Human intervention : Illegal quarrying and mining activity has resulted in stones and rubble silting the streams and rivers thus increasing the magnitude of the damage.
🔸Timber felling, improper tree cutting has also had an adverse impact.
✅Premature silting up of reservoirs : Premature silting up of reservoirs especially in the steep valleys in the Western Ghats is a major concern.
✅Unplanned constructions : The construction of Athirappilly dam on the Chalakudy river in Kerala’s Thrissur district has been strongly opposed.
✅ Unscientific and improper water management : poor management of reservoirs as happened in 2018 floods aggravates the situation.
✅ Inefficient legal framework : The Kerala Conservation of Paddy Land and Wetland Act, 2008 has not been able to prevent construction of houses and other buildings in paddy fields and riverbeds.
▪️What efforts have been taken to minimise the losses?
✅ The Kerala government has upgraded its Orange Book for Disaster Management, which includes the standard operating procedures (SOP) and protocols for disaster management in the state.
✅ Disaster management at taluk-level- As part of an Incident Response System, individual officers at district and taluk level have been assigned to handle any emergencies.
✅33 hazard prone zone maps have been given to local bodies for increased preparedness.
✅Multiple weather inputs : The state is taking inputs from IMD, Skymet, IBM, etc. for situational awareness.
✅Resilient Kerala Program : The Government of India, the Government of Kerala and World Bank has signed a loan agreement of USD 250 million to boost disaster preparedness.
▪️What measures have to be taken for increased preparedness?
✅Nurturing the health of rivers by proper silting
✅Keeping the rivers free of encroachments
✅ Ending mining and deforestation in unstable areas
✅ Avoiding incompatible constructions
✅ Accurately mapping the hazard zones
✅ A more benign development policy treating nature as an asset
✅ Implementation of Madhav Gadgil committee report on Western Ghats
✅ Gadgil report (2011) recommended designating the entire hilly region of Western Ghats as an Ecologically Sensitive Area.
✅The Kasturirangan panel that was constituted to examine the Gadgil report recommended reducing the area to be protected ecologically in Western Ghats to only 37 per cent.
✅Following best practices : For instance, Hakku initiative in Hyderabad involves a team of six people to identify and visit risk-prone areas and pushes them towards solutions.
#GS3
#disaster_management
#revision_notes
#mains_2022
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
👍22🔥2❤1
🔆Early Warning System (EWS)
✅An Early Warning System (EWS) can be defined as a set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information of the possible extreme events or disasters (e.g. floods, drought, fire, earthquake and tsunamis) that threatens people‘s lives. The purpose of this information is to enable individuals, communities and organizations threatened to prepare and act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm, loss or risk.
▪️Elements of Early Warning system
✅Risk Knowledge: Risk assessment provides essential information to set priorities for mitigation and prevention strategies and designing early warning systems.
✅Monitoring and Predicting: Systems with monitoring and predicting capabilities provide timely estimates of the potential risk faced by communities, economies and the environment.
✅Disseminating Information: Communication systems are needed for delivering warning messages to the potentially affected locations to alert local and regional governmental agencies. The messages need to be reliable, synthetic and simple to be understood by authorities and public.
✅Response: Coordination, good governance and appropriate action plans are a key point in effective early warning. Likewise, public awareness and education are critical aspects of disaster mitigation.
▪️Role of early warning systems :
✅They prevent loss of life, as well as reducing the economic impact of natural hazards.
🔸Increasing the availability of multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information is one of seven global targets set by The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
🔸Warning to fishermen on coasts to not venture into seas.
✅ Disaster preparedness: Knowing about an impending danger can save lives and property. The cost of damage due to disaster in India, every year is estimated to be $87 billion due to cyclones, floods and droughts. This can be prevented to a great extent.
✅Protecting critical infrastructure: This is especially true for Onshore windmills, nuclear plants close to coast, critical bridges in border areas that are at risk of damage due to disasters. It will impact the security and safety of the nation.
✅Diplomacy: India’s Tsunami warning centre in the Indian ocean under the aegis of INCOIS, has been helpful in disseminating information for littoral states of Indian ocean. This has helped in increasing soft power diplomacy and achieve leadership of India in the Indo-Pacific.
✅ Saving biodiversity and wildlife: Many endangered Rhinos in Assam were rehabilitated due to risk of flooding of Brahmaputra. In turn it can save the whole ecosystem and the biodiversity of the place.
✅Conclusion : A complete and effective early warning system comprises four inter-related elements, spanning knowledge of hazards and vulnerabilities through to preparedness and capacity to respond. Best practice early warning systems also have strong inter-linkages and effective communication channels between all of the elements. These must be the basis for a good early warning system for various kinds of disasters.
#GS3
#disaster_management
#revision_notes
#mains_2022
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
✅An Early Warning System (EWS) can be defined as a set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information of the possible extreme events or disasters (e.g. floods, drought, fire, earthquake and tsunamis) that threatens people‘s lives. The purpose of this information is to enable individuals, communities and organizations threatened to prepare and act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm, loss or risk.
▪️Elements of Early Warning system
✅Risk Knowledge: Risk assessment provides essential information to set priorities for mitigation and prevention strategies and designing early warning systems.
✅Monitoring and Predicting: Systems with monitoring and predicting capabilities provide timely estimates of the potential risk faced by communities, economies and the environment.
✅Disseminating Information: Communication systems are needed for delivering warning messages to the potentially affected locations to alert local and regional governmental agencies. The messages need to be reliable, synthetic and simple to be understood by authorities and public.
✅Response: Coordination, good governance and appropriate action plans are a key point in effective early warning. Likewise, public awareness and education are critical aspects of disaster mitigation.
▪️Role of early warning systems :
✅They prevent loss of life, as well as reducing the economic impact of natural hazards.
🔸Increasing the availability of multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information is one of seven global targets set by The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
🔸Warning to fishermen on coasts to not venture into seas.
✅ Disaster preparedness: Knowing about an impending danger can save lives and property. The cost of damage due to disaster in India, every year is estimated to be $87 billion due to cyclones, floods and droughts. This can be prevented to a great extent.
✅Protecting critical infrastructure: This is especially true for Onshore windmills, nuclear plants close to coast, critical bridges in border areas that are at risk of damage due to disasters. It will impact the security and safety of the nation.
✅Diplomacy: India’s Tsunami warning centre in the Indian ocean under the aegis of INCOIS, has been helpful in disseminating information for littoral states of Indian ocean. This has helped in increasing soft power diplomacy and achieve leadership of India in the Indo-Pacific.
✅ Saving biodiversity and wildlife: Many endangered Rhinos in Assam were rehabilitated due to risk of flooding of Brahmaputra. In turn it can save the whole ecosystem and the biodiversity of the place.
✅Conclusion : A complete and effective early warning system comprises four inter-related elements, spanning knowledge of hazards and vulnerabilities through to preparedness and capacity to respond. Best practice early warning systems also have strong inter-linkages and effective communication channels between all of the elements. These must be the basis for a good early warning system for various kinds of disasters.
#GS3
#disaster_management
#revision_notes
#mains_2022
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
👍11
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains UPPSC mppsc bpsc
🔆cloudburst
✅A cloudburst is a sudden aggressive rainstorm falling for a short period of time, limited to a small geographical area.
✅It usually occurs in high-altitude areas due to the formation of a low-pressure area on the top of a mountain.
✅The low-pressure zone attracts clouds to the top of the mountain with great force. When they hit the peak, the moisture content is released in the form of rain.
✅It can occur during heavy rainfall with size droplets 4-6 millimetres falling at a speed of 10 metres per second.
✅Cloudbursts are associated with thunderstorms and the air currents rushing upwards in a rainstorm hold up a large amount of water.
✅If these currents suddenly cease, the entire amount of water descends onto a small area with catastrophic force all of a sudden and causes mass destruction.
✅The primary reason behind this is rising temperatures which in turn have led to an increase in precipitation across the Himalayas.
#geography
#disaster_management
#mains
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✅A cloudburst is a sudden aggressive rainstorm falling for a short period of time, limited to a small geographical area.
✅It usually occurs in high-altitude areas due to the formation of a low-pressure area on the top of a mountain.
✅The low-pressure zone attracts clouds to the top of the mountain with great force. When they hit the peak, the moisture content is released in the form of rain.
✅It can occur during heavy rainfall with size droplets 4-6 millimetres falling at a speed of 10 metres per second.
✅Cloudbursts are associated with thunderstorms and the air currents rushing upwards in a rainstorm hold up a large amount of water.
✅If these currents suddenly cease, the entire amount of water descends onto a small area with catastrophic force all of a sudden and causes mass destruction.
✅The primary reason behind this is rising temperatures which in turn have led to an increase in precipitation across the Himalayas.
#geography
#disaster_management
#mains
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
👍13
🔆Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030
✅The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 was adopted at the Third UN World Conference in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015.
✅It is the successor agreement to the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005–2015), which had been the most encompassing international accord to date on disaster risk reduction.
✅It applies to the risk of small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and slow-onset disasters caused by natural or man-made hazards, as well as related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks.
✅The Sendai Framework sets four specific priorities for action:
🔸Understanding disaster risk;
🔸Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk;
🔸Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience;
🔸Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to "Building Back Better" in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
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✅The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 was adopted at the Third UN World Conference in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015.
✅It is the successor agreement to the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005–2015), which had been the most encompassing international accord to date on disaster risk reduction.
✅It applies to the risk of small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and slow-onset disasters caused by natural or man-made hazards, as well as related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks.
✅The Sendai Framework sets four specific priorities for action:
🔸Understanding disaster risk;
🔸Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk;
🔸Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience;
🔸Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to "Building Back Better" in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
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#environment
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👍10❤1
🔆National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):
✅It is the apex statutory body for Disaster Management in India, established through the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
✅The Disaster Management Act envisaged the creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister, and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by respective Chief Ministers, to spearhead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India.
▪️National Disaster Response Force (NDRF):
✅Established in 2006, NDRF is the world's single largest force dedicated to disaster response.
✅It is functioning under the Ministry of Home Affairs, within the overall command, control and leadership of the Director-General.
✅At present, the NDRF consists of 15 battalions from the BSF, CISF, CRPF, ITBP, SSB and Assam Rifles.
✅It is a multi-skilled and high-tech force that effectively responds to all types of natural and man-made disasters, including building collapses, landslides, devastating floods, and cyclones.
#prelims
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#environment
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✅It is the apex statutory body for Disaster Management in India, established through the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
✅The Disaster Management Act envisaged the creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister, and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by respective Chief Ministers, to spearhead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India.
▪️National Disaster Response Force (NDRF):
✅Established in 2006, NDRF is the world's single largest force dedicated to disaster response.
✅It is functioning under the Ministry of Home Affairs, within the overall command, control and leadership of the Director-General.
✅At present, the NDRF consists of 15 battalions from the BSF, CISF, CRPF, ITBP, SSB and Assam Rifles.
✅It is a multi-skilled and high-tech force that effectively responds to all types of natural and man-made disasters, including building collapses, landslides, devastating floods, and cyclones.
#prelims
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#disaster_management
#environment
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👍4❤1
🔆Natural Disasters:
Natural disasters are relatively sudden that cause large-scale, widespread death, loss of property and disturbance to social systems and life over which people have little or no control. Thus, any event can be classed as a disaster when the magnitude of destruction and damage caused by it is very high.
Broadly, natural disasters can be classified under four categories:
✅Atmospheric: Blizzards, Thunderstorms, Lightning, Tornadoes, Tropical Cyclone, Drought, Hailstorm, Frost, Heat Wave or Loo, and Cold Waves, etc.
✅Terrestrial: Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruptions, Landslides, Avalanches, Subsidence, and Soil Erosion etc.
✅Aquatic: Floods, Tidal Waves, Ocean Currents, Storm Surge, and Tsunami etc.
✅Biological: Plants and Animals as colonisers (Locusts, etc.) Insects infestation— fungal, bacterial and viral diseases such as bird flu, and dengue, etc.
✅According to present norms, cyclone, drought, earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami, hailstorm, landslide, avalanche, cloudburst, pest attack, frost and cold waves are considered disasters that are covered under the SDRF.
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@Mapping_prelims_mains
Natural disasters are relatively sudden that cause large-scale, widespread death, loss of property and disturbance to social systems and life over which people have little or no control. Thus, any event can be classed as a disaster when the magnitude of destruction and damage caused by it is very high.
Broadly, natural disasters can be classified under four categories:
✅Atmospheric: Blizzards, Thunderstorms, Lightning, Tornadoes, Tropical Cyclone, Drought, Hailstorm, Frost, Heat Wave or Loo, and Cold Waves, etc.
✅Terrestrial: Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruptions, Landslides, Avalanches, Subsidence, and Soil Erosion etc.
✅Aquatic: Floods, Tidal Waves, Ocean Currents, Storm Surge, and Tsunami etc.
✅Biological: Plants and Animals as colonisers (Locusts, etc.) Insects infestation— fungal, bacterial and viral diseases such as bird flu, and dengue, etc.
✅According to present norms, cyclone, drought, earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami, hailstorm, landslide, avalanche, cloudburst, pest attack, frost and cold waves are considered disasters that are covered under the SDRF.
#disaster_management
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👍6
🔆A holistic approach to disaster management
✅ Why in News : The 3rd Session of the National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR) was held in New Delhi.
✅ It deliberated on 10-point agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction given by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and the Sendai Framework
✅Theme: “Building Local Resilience in a Changing Climate”
PM’s 10-Point Agenda:
1. Importance of Local Resilience in Disaster Risk Reduction E.g.
✅Prime Minister’s 10-Point Agenda: Building local capacities and initiatives
✅ Kutch (Gujarat): Bhunga houses of Kutch survived the earthquake to a large extent
✅ Kerala: Traditional houses known as "Nalukettu," are built with sloping roofs to prevent waterlogging during floods.
✅Local Disaster volunteers: e.g. Apada Mitra, Yuvak Mandal and Sakhi Mandal
2. Need for Development Sectors to Imbibe Principles of Disaster Risk Management
3. Importance of Risk Coverage for All
4. Women’s Leadership and Greater Involvement in Disaster Risk Management
5. Investment in Global Risk Mapping
6. Leveraging Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction
7. Developing a Network of Universities to Work on Disaster-Related Issues
8. Utilizing social media and Mobile Technologies for Disaster Risk Reduction
9. Learning from Disasters through Post-Disaster Studies
10. Need for Greater Cohesion in International Response to Disasters E.g., in wake of the
recent Earthquake in Syria and Turkey, United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT) activated its emergency GIS mapping service.
✅Disaster Risk Reduction : It is aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risks and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement of sustainable development.
Initiatives for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) :
▪️Global
✅Sendai Framework (2015): Successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)
✅Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2022
✅Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) (Under the World Meteorological Organization): It provides access to early warnings in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
✅ Sectoral Guide on Climate Information & Early Warning Systems (by Green Climate Fund): It identifies investment opportunities in him impact sector for DRR
▪️India’s Initiatives:
✅Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure Society (CDRIS): To increase the resilience of infrastructure systems to climate and disaster risks
✅ National Disaster Management Plan 2016 (NDMP): To coordinate response to natural or man-made disasters and for capacity-building in disaster resiliency and crisis response.
✅India aims to achieve zero mortality in all disasters in collaboration with state governments and response agencies
✅The Disaster Management Act, 2005, seeks to mainstream disaster risk reduction into development planning.
#disaster_management
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✅ Why in News : The 3rd Session of the National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR) was held in New Delhi.
✅ It deliberated on 10-point agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction given by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and the Sendai Framework
✅Theme: “Building Local Resilience in a Changing Climate”
PM’s 10-Point Agenda:
1. Importance of Local Resilience in Disaster Risk Reduction E.g.
✅Prime Minister’s 10-Point Agenda: Building local capacities and initiatives
✅ Kutch (Gujarat): Bhunga houses of Kutch survived the earthquake to a large extent
✅ Kerala: Traditional houses known as "Nalukettu," are built with sloping roofs to prevent waterlogging during floods.
✅Local Disaster volunteers: e.g. Apada Mitra, Yuvak Mandal and Sakhi Mandal
2. Need for Development Sectors to Imbibe Principles of Disaster Risk Management
3. Importance of Risk Coverage for All
4. Women’s Leadership and Greater Involvement in Disaster Risk Management
5. Investment in Global Risk Mapping
6. Leveraging Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction
7. Developing a Network of Universities to Work on Disaster-Related Issues
8. Utilizing social media and Mobile Technologies for Disaster Risk Reduction
9. Learning from Disasters through Post-Disaster Studies
10. Need for Greater Cohesion in International Response to Disasters E.g., in wake of the
recent Earthquake in Syria and Turkey, United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT) activated its emergency GIS mapping service.
✅Disaster Risk Reduction : It is aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risks and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement of sustainable development.
Initiatives for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) :
▪️Global
✅Sendai Framework (2015): Successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)
✅Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2022
✅Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) (Under the World Meteorological Organization): It provides access to early warnings in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
✅ Sectoral Guide on Climate Information & Early Warning Systems (by Green Climate Fund): It identifies investment opportunities in him impact sector for DRR
▪️India’s Initiatives:
✅Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure Society (CDRIS): To increase the resilience of infrastructure systems to climate and disaster risks
✅ National Disaster Management Plan 2016 (NDMP): To coordinate response to natural or man-made disasters and for capacity-building in disaster resiliency and crisis response.
✅India aims to achieve zero mortality in all disasters in collaboration with state governments and response agencies
✅The Disaster Management Act, 2005, seeks to mainstream disaster risk reduction into development planning.
#disaster_management
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
👍11👌1
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains UPPSC mppsc bpsc
🔆A holistic approach to disaster management
✅ Why in News : The 3rd Session of the National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR) was held in New Delhi.
✅ It deliberated on 10-point agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction given by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and the Sendai Framework
✅Theme: “Building Local Resilience in a Changing Climate”
PM’s 10-Point Agenda:
1. Importance of Local Resilience in Disaster Risk Reduction E.g.
✅Prime Minister’s 10-Point Agenda: Building local capacities and initiatives
✅ Kutch (Gujarat): Bhunga houses of Kutch survived the earthquake to a large extent
✅ Kerala: Traditional houses known as "Nalukettu," are built with sloping roofs to prevent waterlogging during floods.
✅Local Disaster volunteers: e.g. Apada Mitra, Yuvak Mandal and Sakhi Mandal
2. Need for Development Sectors to Imbibe Principles of Disaster Risk Management
3. Importance of Risk Coverage for All
4. Women’s Leadership and Greater Involvement in Disaster Risk Management
5. Investment in Global Risk Mapping
6. Leveraging Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction
7. Developing a Network of Universities to Work on Disaster-Related Issues
8. Utilizing social media and Mobile Technologies for Disaster Risk Reduction
9. Learning from Disasters through Post-Disaster Studies
10. Need for Greater Cohesion in International Response to Disasters E.g., in wake of the
recent Earthquake in Syria and Turkey, United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT) activated its emergency GIS mapping service.
✅Disaster Risk Reduction : It is aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risks and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement of sustainable development.
Initiatives for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) :
▪️Global
✅Sendai Framework (2015): Successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)
✅Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2022
✅Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) (Under the World Meteorological Organization): It provides access to early warnings in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
✅ Sectoral Guide on Climate Information & Early Warning Systems (by Green Climate Fund): It identifies investment opportunities in him impact sector for DRR
▪️India’s Initiatives:
✅Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure Society (CDRIS): To increase the resilience of infrastructure systems to climate and disaster risks
✅ National Disaster Management Plan 2016 (NDMP): To coordinate response to natural or man-made disasters and for capacity-building in disaster resiliency and crisis response.
✅India aims to achieve zero mortality in all disasters in collaboration with state governments and response agencies
✅The Disaster Management Act, 2005, seeks to mainstream disaster risk reduction into development planning.
#disaster_management
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
✅ Why in News : The 3rd Session of the National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR) was held in New Delhi.
✅ It deliberated on 10-point agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction given by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and the Sendai Framework
✅Theme: “Building Local Resilience in a Changing Climate”
PM’s 10-Point Agenda:
1. Importance of Local Resilience in Disaster Risk Reduction E.g.
✅Prime Minister’s 10-Point Agenda: Building local capacities and initiatives
✅ Kutch (Gujarat): Bhunga houses of Kutch survived the earthquake to a large extent
✅ Kerala: Traditional houses known as "Nalukettu," are built with sloping roofs to prevent waterlogging during floods.
✅Local Disaster volunteers: e.g. Apada Mitra, Yuvak Mandal and Sakhi Mandal
2. Need for Development Sectors to Imbibe Principles of Disaster Risk Management
3. Importance of Risk Coverage for All
4. Women’s Leadership and Greater Involvement in Disaster Risk Management
5. Investment in Global Risk Mapping
6. Leveraging Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction
7. Developing a Network of Universities to Work on Disaster-Related Issues
8. Utilizing social media and Mobile Technologies for Disaster Risk Reduction
9. Learning from Disasters through Post-Disaster Studies
10. Need for Greater Cohesion in International Response to Disasters E.g., in wake of the
recent Earthquake in Syria and Turkey, United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT) activated its emergency GIS mapping service.
✅Disaster Risk Reduction : It is aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risks and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement of sustainable development.
Initiatives for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) :
▪️Global
✅Sendai Framework (2015): Successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)
✅Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2022
✅Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) (Under the World Meteorological Organization): It provides access to early warnings in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
✅ Sectoral Guide on Climate Information & Early Warning Systems (by Green Climate Fund): It identifies investment opportunities in him impact sector for DRR
▪️India’s Initiatives:
✅Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure Society (CDRIS): To increase the resilience of infrastructure systems to climate and disaster risks
✅ National Disaster Management Plan 2016 (NDMP): To coordinate response to natural or man-made disasters and for capacity-building in disaster resiliency and crisis response.
✅India aims to achieve zero mortality in all disasters in collaboration with state governments and response agencies
✅The Disaster Management Act, 2005, seeks to mainstream disaster risk reduction into development planning.
#disaster_management
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
👍8
Forwarded from UPSC Mapping Prelims Mains UPPSC mppsc bpsc
🔆A holistic approach to disaster management
✅ Why in News : The 3rd Session of the National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR) was held in New Delhi.
✅ It deliberated on 10-point agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction given by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and the Sendai Framework
✅Theme: “Building Local Resilience in a Changing Climate”
PM’s 10-Point Agenda:
1. Importance of Local Resilience in Disaster Risk Reduction E.g.
✅Prime Minister’s 10-Point Agenda: Building local capacities and initiatives
✅ Kutch (Gujarat): Bhunga houses of Kutch survived the earthquake to a large extent
✅ Kerala: Traditional houses known as "Nalukettu," are built with sloping roofs to prevent waterlogging during floods.
✅Local Disaster volunteers: e.g. Apada Mitra, Yuvak Mandal and Sakhi Mandal
2. Need for Development Sectors to Imbibe Principles of Disaster Risk Management
3. Importance of Risk Coverage for All
4. Women’s Leadership and Greater Involvement in Disaster Risk Management
5. Investment in Global Risk Mapping
6. Leveraging Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction
7. Developing a Network of Universities to Work on Disaster-Related Issues
8. Utilizing social media and Mobile Technologies for Disaster Risk Reduction
9. Learning from Disasters through Post-Disaster Studies
10. Need for Greater Cohesion in International Response to Disasters E.g., in wake of the
recent Earthquake in Syria and Turkey, United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT) activated its emergency GIS mapping service.
✅Disaster Risk Reduction : It is aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risks and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement of sustainable development.
Initiatives for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) :
▪️Global
✅Sendai Framework (2015): Successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)
✅Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2022
✅Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) (Under the World Meteorological Organization): It provides access to early warnings in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
✅ Sectoral Guide on Climate Information & Early Warning Systems (by Green Climate Fund): It identifies investment opportunities in him impact sector for DRR
▪️India’s Initiatives:
✅Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure Society (CDRIS): To increase the resilience of infrastructure systems to climate and disaster risks
✅ National Disaster Management Plan 2016 (NDMP): To coordinate response to natural or man-made disasters and for capacity-building in disaster resiliency and crisis response.
✅India aims to achieve zero mortality in all disasters in collaboration with state governments and response agencies
✅The Disaster Management Act, 2005, seeks to mainstream disaster risk reduction into development planning.
#disaster_management
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
✅ Why in News : The 3rd Session of the National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (NPDRR) was held in New Delhi.
✅ It deliberated on 10-point agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction given by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and the Sendai Framework
✅Theme: “Building Local Resilience in a Changing Climate”
PM’s 10-Point Agenda:
1. Importance of Local Resilience in Disaster Risk Reduction E.g.
✅Prime Minister’s 10-Point Agenda: Building local capacities and initiatives
✅ Kutch (Gujarat): Bhunga houses of Kutch survived the earthquake to a large extent
✅ Kerala: Traditional houses known as "Nalukettu," are built with sloping roofs to prevent waterlogging during floods.
✅Local Disaster volunteers: e.g. Apada Mitra, Yuvak Mandal and Sakhi Mandal
2. Need for Development Sectors to Imbibe Principles of Disaster Risk Management
3. Importance of Risk Coverage for All
4. Women’s Leadership and Greater Involvement in Disaster Risk Management
5. Investment in Global Risk Mapping
6. Leveraging Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction
7. Developing a Network of Universities to Work on Disaster-Related Issues
8. Utilizing social media and Mobile Technologies for Disaster Risk Reduction
9. Learning from Disasters through Post-Disaster Studies
10. Need for Greater Cohesion in International Response to Disasters E.g., in wake of the
recent Earthquake in Syria and Turkey, United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT) activated its emergency GIS mapping service.
✅Disaster Risk Reduction : It is aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risks and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement of sustainable development.
Initiatives for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) :
▪️Global
✅Sendai Framework (2015): Successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)
✅Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2022
✅Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) (Under the World Meteorological Organization): It provides access to early warnings in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
✅ Sectoral Guide on Climate Information & Early Warning Systems (by Green Climate Fund): It identifies investment opportunities in him impact sector for DRR
▪️India’s Initiatives:
✅Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure Society (CDRIS): To increase the resilience of infrastructure systems to climate and disaster risks
✅ National Disaster Management Plan 2016 (NDMP): To coordinate response to natural or man-made disasters and for capacity-building in disaster resiliency and crisis response.
✅India aims to achieve zero mortality in all disasters in collaboration with state governments and response agencies
✅The Disaster Management Act, 2005, seeks to mainstream disaster risk reduction into development planning.
#disaster_management
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
👍9
🔆Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030
✅The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 was adopted at the Third UN World Conference in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015.
✅It is the successor agreement to the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005–2015), which had been the most encompassing international accord to date on disaster risk reduction.
✅It applies to the risk of small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and slow-onset disasters caused by natural or man-made hazards, as well as related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks.
✅The Sendai Framework sets four specific priorities for action:
🔸Understanding disaster risk;
🔸Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk;
🔸Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience;
🔸Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to "Building Back Better" in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
#prelims
#mains
#disaster_management
#environment
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
✅The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 was adopted at the Third UN World Conference in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015.
✅It is the successor agreement to the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005–2015), which had been the most encompassing international accord to date on disaster risk reduction.
✅It applies to the risk of small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and slow-onset disasters caused by natural or man-made hazards, as well as related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks.
✅The Sendai Framework sets four specific priorities for action:
🔸Understanding disaster risk;
🔸Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk;
🔸Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience;
🔸Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to "Building Back Better" in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
#prelims
#mains
#disaster_management
#environment
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
👍8🙏1
🔆National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):
✅It is the apex statutory body for Disaster Management in India, established through the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
✅The Disaster Management Act envisaged the creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister, and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by respective Chief Ministers, to spearhead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India.
▪️National Disaster Response Force (NDRF):
✅Established in 2006, NDRF is the world's single largest force dedicated to disaster response.
✅It is functioning under the Ministry of Home Affairs, within the overall command, control and leadership of the Director-General.
✅At present, the NDRF consists of 15 battalions from the BSF, CISF, CRPF, ITBP, SSB and Assam Rifles.
✅It is a multi-skilled and high-tech force that effectively responds to all types of natural and man-made disasters, including building collapses, landslides, devastating floods, and cyclones.
#prelims
#mains
#disaster_management
#environment
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
✅It is the apex statutory body for Disaster Management in India, established through the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
✅The Disaster Management Act envisaged the creation of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister, and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by respective Chief Ministers, to spearhead and implement a holistic and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India.
▪️National Disaster Response Force (NDRF):
✅Established in 2006, NDRF is the world's single largest force dedicated to disaster response.
✅It is functioning under the Ministry of Home Affairs, within the overall command, control and leadership of the Director-General.
✅At present, the NDRF consists of 15 battalions from the BSF, CISF, CRPF, ITBP, SSB and Assam Rifles.
✅It is a multi-skilled and high-tech force that effectively responds to all types of natural and man-made disasters, including building collapses, landslides, devastating floods, and cyclones.
#prelims
#mains
#disaster_management
#environment
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
👍8❤4
🔆Cloudbursts
✅A cloudburst is a localised but intense rainfall activity.
✅Not all instances of very heavy rainfall, however, are cloudbursts. A cloudburst has a very specific definition: Rainfall of 10 cm or more in an hour over a roughly 10 km x 10-km area is classified as a cloudburst event. By this definition, 5 cm of rainfall in a half- hour period over the same area would also be categorized as a cloudburst.
Causes
✅ Orographic Lift: Cloudbursts frequently occur in mountainous regions where moist air is forced to rise over a mountain, cooling and condensing rapidly.
✅ Convective Clouds: They can also result from convective clouds, such as cumulonimbus clouds, which can extend up to 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) above the ground.
✅Sudden Condensation: When warm air mixes with cooler air, it can lead to rapid condensation and precipitation.
Effects
✅Flooding: The intense rainfall can lead to flash floods, causing significant damage to infrastructure and posing risks to life.
✅Disasters: Cloudbursts can result in landslides, especially in hilly areas, further exacerbating the damage.
Detection and Forecasting :
✅Challenges: Detecting cloudbursts is challenging due to their small scale. Satellite precipitation radars often miss them, and weather models struggle to simulate them accurately.
✅Forecasting: Predicting cloudbursts remains difficult, particularly in hilly regions where the interaction between moisture and terrain is complex.
#geography
#Disaster_management
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
✅A cloudburst is a localised but intense rainfall activity.
✅Not all instances of very heavy rainfall, however, are cloudbursts. A cloudburst has a very specific definition: Rainfall of 10 cm or more in an hour over a roughly 10 km x 10-km area is classified as a cloudburst event. By this definition, 5 cm of rainfall in a half- hour period over the same area would also be categorized as a cloudburst.
Causes
✅ Orographic Lift: Cloudbursts frequently occur in mountainous regions where moist air is forced to rise over a mountain, cooling and condensing rapidly.
✅ Convective Clouds: They can also result from convective clouds, such as cumulonimbus clouds, which can extend up to 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) above the ground.
✅Sudden Condensation: When warm air mixes with cooler air, it can lead to rapid condensation and precipitation.
Effects
✅Flooding: The intense rainfall can lead to flash floods, causing significant damage to infrastructure and posing risks to life.
✅Disasters: Cloudbursts can result in landslides, especially in hilly areas, further exacerbating the damage.
Detection and Forecasting :
✅Challenges: Detecting cloudbursts is challenging due to their small scale. Satellite precipitation radars often miss them, and weather models struggle to simulate them accurately.
#geography
#Disaster_management
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
👍10👌3👏1
🔆Ahmedabad, India – Pioneering a Comprehensive Heat :
✅Action Plan Ahmedabad, experienced a severe heatwave in 2010, which led to hundreds of deaths. This prompted the development of South Asia's first comprehensive Heat Action Plan (HAP) in 2013, a pioneering step that has since been considered a global model for heatwave preparedness.
Innovative Steps Taken:
✅ Early Warning System and Public Awareness: The plan included an early warning system for upcoming heatwaves, disseminating alerts via media, text messages, and public announcements.
✅Heat-Resistant Infrastructure: Efforts were made to modify urban infrastructure, such as painting roofs white to reflect sunlight and reduce indoor temperatures.
✅ Cooling Spaces: Public spaces like temples, public buildings, and malls were designated as cooling centres, providing relief during peak heat hours.
✅ Healthcare System Preparedness: The city's healthcare facilities were equipped and trained
to deal with heat-related illnesses, including setting up special wards and training medical staff.
✅ Capacity Building and Training: Training programs for health professionals, emergency responders, and community leaders were implemented to build capacity in dealing with heat waves.
✅ Water Management: Ensuring water availability, particularly in slum areas, was prioritized to prevent dehydration and heat strokes.
✅ Impact and Global Recognition: The HAP led to a significant reduction in heat-related deaths.
The success of the Ahmedabad model prompted its adaptation in over 30 other cities across India.
Recognized globally, the Ahmedabad HAP has been highlighted by international organizations like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as an effective strategy for combating heat waves.
#Disaster_management
#case_study
#GS3
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
✅Action Plan Ahmedabad, experienced a severe heatwave in 2010, which led to hundreds of deaths. This prompted the development of South Asia's first comprehensive Heat Action Plan (HAP) in 2013, a pioneering step that has since been considered a global model for heatwave preparedness.
Innovative Steps Taken:
✅ Early Warning System and Public Awareness: The plan included an early warning system for upcoming heatwaves, disseminating alerts via media, text messages, and public announcements.
✅Heat-Resistant Infrastructure: Efforts were made to modify urban infrastructure, such as painting roofs white to reflect sunlight and reduce indoor temperatures.
✅ Cooling Spaces: Public spaces like temples, public buildings, and malls were designated as cooling centres, providing relief during peak heat hours.
✅ Healthcare System Preparedness: The city's healthcare facilities were equipped and trained
to deal with heat-related illnesses, including setting up special wards and training medical staff.
✅ Capacity Building and Training: Training programs for health professionals, emergency responders, and community leaders were implemented to build capacity in dealing with heat waves.
✅ Water Management: Ensuring water availability, particularly in slum areas, was prioritized to prevent dehydration and heat strokes.
✅ Impact and Global Recognition: The HAP led to a significant reduction in heat-related deaths.
The success of the Ahmedabad model prompted its adaptation in over 30 other cities across India.
Recognized globally, the Ahmedabad HAP has been highlighted by international organizations like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as an effective strategy for combating heat waves.
#Disaster_management
#case_study
#GS3
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
👍4🔥2👌2😁1
🔆Sendai Framework
✅Operationalize the Sendai Framework in multi-hazard risk hotspots like the Eastern Himalayas.
✅Research and understand the impacts of rapid urbanization and critical infrastructure development.
✅Strengthen risk governance using technology, like social media platforms, drones, and surveillance.
✅Build resilient water-related infrastructure in mountain regions to prevent cascading disasters. E.g, using platforms like the Coalition of Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)
✅Enhance early warning systems with dense sensor networks and online data platforms for stakeholders.
#Disaster_management
#GS3
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
✅Operationalize the Sendai Framework in multi-hazard risk hotspots like the Eastern Himalayas.
✅Research and understand the impacts of rapid urbanization and critical infrastructure development.
✅Strengthen risk governance using technology, like social media platforms, drones, and surveillance.
✅Build resilient water-related infrastructure in mountain regions to prevent cascading disasters. E.g, using platforms like the Coalition of Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)
✅Enhance early warning systems with dense sensor networks and online data platforms for stakeholders.
#Disaster_management
#GS3
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
👍7👏1
🔆 India’s Disaster Risk Profile: Key Facts & Figures
📍 Latest indicators from official sources
✅ India’s Disaster Preparedness Score = 19.2
(Source: SDG India Index 2024)
✅ India would lose 6% of working hours due to heat stress (≈ 35 million full-time jobs)
(Source: ILO)
✅ Expected financial losses due to heat stress = $2.4 trillion globally by 2030
(Source: ILO)
✅ Nearly 90% of India lies in danger zone from heatwave impact
(Source: PLOS)
✅ Drought impact reduced India’s GDP by up to 5% in the last 20 years
(Source: UNCCD report)
✅ Drought-prone areas increased by 60% in last 25 years
(Source: NIDM)
✅ 40% of India’s land and 70% of cropped area is drought-prone, affecting >40% of population
(Source: NIDM)
✅ In 60 years, floods caused ₹4.5 trillion loss and >1 lakh deaths
(Source: Down to Earth)
✅ Over 12% of land prone to floods & river erosion
(Source: NDMA)
✅ 60% of India vulnerable to earthquakes where >80% of population lives
(Source: NDMA – Earthquake Disaster Risk Index Report)
✅ 75% of coastline & 1/3rd population vulnerable to cyclone-related disasters
(Source: IMD)
✅ India is exposed to 10% of world’s tropical cyclones
(Source: IMD)
#GS3 #DisasterManagement #Data
#Disaster_management
#GS3
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
📍 Latest indicators from official sources
✅ India’s Disaster Preparedness Score = 19.2
(Source: SDG India Index 2024)
✅ India would lose 6% of working hours due to heat stress (≈ 35 million full-time jobs)
(Source: ILO)
✅ Expected financial losses due to heat stress = $2.4 trillion globally by 2030
(Source: ILO)
✅ Nearly 90% of India lies in danger zone from heatwave impact
(Source: PLOS)
✅ Drought impact reduced India’s GDP by up to 5% in the last 20 years
(Source: UNCCD report)
✅ Drought-prone areas increased by 60% in last 25 years
(Source: NIDM)
✅ 40% of India’s land and 70% of cropped area is drought-prone, affecting >40% of population
(Source: NIDM)
✅ In 60 years, floods caused ₹4.5 trillion loss and >1 lakh deaths
(Source: Down to Earth)
✅ Over 12% of land prone to floods & river erosion
(Source: NDMA)
✅ 60% of India vulnerable to earthquakes where >80% of population lives
(Source: NDMA – Earthquake Disaster Risk Index Report)
✅ 75% of coastline & 1/3rd population vulnerable to cyclone-related disasters
(Source: IMD)
✅ India is exposed to 10% of world’s tropical cyclones
(Source: IMD)
#GS3 #DisasterManagement #Data
#Disaster_management
#GS3
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
❤13👌3🙏1
🔆 Mantle Plume – Geography & Disaster Management
📍 A mantle plume is a localized, upwelling column of hot magma rising from deep within the Earth’s mantle, possibly from the core-mantle boundary. These plumes are thought to be stationary and independent of tectonic plate boundaries.
✅ Key Features
🔹 Origin: Deep mantle or core-mantle boundary (~2,900 km depth)
🔹 Nature: Buoyant and hot, it melts the overlying lithosphere, forming volcanic hotspots
🔹 Examples:
➤ Hawaiian Islands – Pacific Plate moving over a plume
➤ Deccan Traps – Result of the Réunion plume
✅ Importance
🔹 Explains intraplate volcanism (volcanoes away from plate boundaries)
🔹 Helps understand continental flood basalts and plate movements
#GS1 #Geography #MantlePlume #GS3 #DisasterManagement
#geographyoptional
#Disaster_management
Join @Upsc_4_environment
@Mapping_prelims_mains
📍 A mantle plume is a localized, upwelling column of hot magma rising from deep within the Earth’s mantle, possibly from the core-mantle boundary. These plumes are thought to be stationary and independent of tectonic plate boundaries.
✅ Key Features
🔹 Origin: Deep mantle or core-mantle boundary (~2,900 km depth)
🔹 Nature: Buoyant and hot, it melts the overlying lithosphere, forming volcanic hotspots
🔹 Examples:
➤ Hawaiian Islands – Pacific Plate moving over a plume
➤ Deccan Traps – Result of the Réunion plume
✅ Importance
🔹 Explains intraplate volcanism (volcanoes away from plate boundaries)
🔹 Helps understand continental flood basalts and plate movements
#GS1 #Geography #MantlePlume #GS3 #DisasterManagement
#geographyoptional
#Disaster_management
Join @Upsc_4_environment
@Mapping_prelims_mains
❤4
🔆 GLOFs in India – Rising Threat of Himalayan Hazards
📍 What are GLOFs?
✅ Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) are sudden, high-magnitude flash floods
✅ Occur when natural dams (ice/moraine/rock debris) holding glacial lakes breach or collapse
✅ Triggered by glacier melting, avalanches, earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity, etc.
📍 Why is India Vulnerable?
✅ India has 54,000+ glaciers in Hindukush-Himalayan region
✅ Avg. temp rose by 0.28°C per decade (1951–2020) → rapid glacial retreat
✅ Eastern Himalayas face 2x higher GLOF risk than Western Himalayas
✅ Threats are expected to triple by 2050
📍 Major GLOF Events in India
✅ 2023 – South Lhonak Lake flood, Sikkim
✅ 2021 – Chamoli disaster, Uttarakhand (Nanda Devi glacier collapse)
✅ 2013 – Chorabari GLOF, Kedarnath tragedy
📍 Steps Taken by India
✅ NDMA focus on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) via CoDRR
✅ WIHG: Glacial lake inventory for Uttarakhand & Himachal
✅ CWC: Monitoring of 902 glacial lakes using satellite data
✅ National GLOF Risk Mitigation Project (NGRMP)
• Implemented in Arunachal, Sikkim, HP, Uttarakhand
• Budget: ₹150 crore
• Focus: Early Warning Systems (EWS), community alerts
✅ EWS deployed via C-DAC, ISRO, SAC Ahmedabad
✅ Risk Indexing of glacial lakes to rank high-risk zones
#GLOF #disaster_management #ClimateChange #GS3 #Geography
📍 What are GLOFs?
✅ Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) are sudden, high-magnitude flash floods
✅ Occur when natural dams (ice/moraine/rock debris) holding glacial lakes breach or collapse
✅ Triggered by glacier melting, avalanches, earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity, etc.
📍 Why is India Vulnerable?
✅ India has 54,000+ glaciers in Hindukush-Himalayan region
✅ Avg. temp rose by 0.28°C per decade (1951–2020) → rapid glacial retreat
✅ Eastern Himalayas face 2x higher GLOF risk than Western Himalayas
✅ Threats are expected to triple by 2050
📍 Major GLOF Events in India
✅ 2023 – South Lhonak Lake flood, Sikkim
✅ 2021 – Chamoli disaster, Uttarakhand (Nanda Devi glacier collapse)
✅ 2013 – Chorabari GLOF, Kedarnath tragedy
📍 Steps Taken by India
✅ NDMA focus on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) via CoDRR
✅ WIHG: Glacial lake inventory for Uttarakhand & Himachal
✅ CWC: Monitoring of 902 glacial lakes using satellite data
✅ National GLOF Risk Mitigation Project (NGRMP)
• Implemented in Arunachal, Sikkim, HP, Uttarakhand
• Budget: ₹150 crore
• Focus: Early Warning Systems (EWS), community alerts
✅ EWS deployed via C-DAC, ISRO, SAC Ahmedabad
✅ Risk Indexing of glacial lakes to rank high-risk zones
📝 Prelims Question (2025)
Q. Consider the following statements regarding Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs):
1. GLOFs only occur due to volcanic activity in high altitudes.
2. Eastern Himalayas are more vulnerable to GLOFs than the Western Himalayas.
3. NDMA has launched a dedicated National GLOF Risk Mitigation Programme.
Which of the above is/are correct?
(a) 2 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 2 only
✅ Answer: (a)
📝 Mains Question (GS3 – Disaster Management)
Q. Examine the rising vulnerability of India’s Himalayan region to Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs). What proactive steps has the government taken to mitigate GLOF risks?
#GLOF #disaster_management #ClimateChange #GS3 #Geography
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🔆 Integrated Disaster Preparedness Drill – Key Highlights
📍 Context – India’s multi-hazard vulnerability (58% land prone to earthquakes, 68% cultivable land to drought, frequent floods, cyclones, GLOFs) necessitates simulation-based drills.
📍 Legal Framework – Disaster Management Act, 2005 establishes NDMA, SDMAs, DDMAs; mandates disaster plans, funds, and capacity building.
📍 NDMA’s DMEx Guidelines –
✅ Regular simulation exercises at all levels
✅ Align with DM Plans & Incident Response System
✅ Involve NDRF, SDRF, local bodies, NGOs, media, communities
📍 Recent Example – Exercise Suraksha Chakra (Aug 2025) – First multi-state earthquake drill in Delhi-NCR (55 locations, 18 districts) testing SOPs in schools, hospitals, metros, residential complexes.
📍 Significance –
✅ Tests preparedness & coordination
✅ Builds community resilience
✅ Aligns with Sendai Framework goals
#disaster_management #UPSCPrelims #UPSCMains
📍 Context – India’s multi-hazard vulnerability (58% land prone to earthquakes, 68% cultivable land to drought, frequent floods, cyclones, GLOFs) necessitates simulation-based drills.
📍 Legal Framework – Disaster Management Act, 2005 establishes NDMA, SDMAs, DDMAs; mandates disaster plans, funds, and capacity building.
📍 NDMA’s DMEx Guidelines –
✅ Regular simulation exercises at all levels
✅ Align with DM Plans & Incident Response System
✅ Involve NDRF, SDRF, local bodies, NGOs, media, communities
📍 Recent Example – Exercise Suraksha Chakra (Aug 2025) – First multi-state earthquake drill in Delhi-NCR (55 locations, 18 districts) testing SOPs in schools, hospitals, metros, residential complexes.
📍 Significance –
✅ Tests preparedness & coordination
✅ Builds community resilience
✅ Aligns with Sendai Framework goals
Prelims Practice Q
With reference to the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, consider the following statements:
1. It is legally binding on UN member states.
2. It emphasizes the primary role of the State while sharing responsibility with other stakeholders.
3. It covers both natural and man-made hazards.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Mains Practice Q
“India’s disaster management framework has shifted from a relief-centric to a preparedness-oriented approach.” Discuss this transformation in light of NDMA’s DMEx Guidelines and recent integrated mock drills.
#disaster_management #UPSCPrelims #UPSCMains
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🔆 Floods in India
📍 Why in Focus?
Floods remain one of the most frequent and devastating natural disasters in India, causing annual loss of lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure.
📍 Causes of Floods
✅ Natural Causes: Heavy monsoon rainfall (~75% of annual rainfall), cloudbursts (e.g., Kedarnath 2013), cyclones & storm surges (Odisha, Tamil Nadu), sedimentation (Kosi), GLOFs (Sikkim 2023), and climate change.
✅ Anthropogenic Causes: Deforestation, unplanned urbanisation (Bengaluru 2022, Gurugram), encroachment on floodplains, dam failures (Kerala 2018), unsustainable mining, and poor drainage (Delhi, Mumbai).
📍 Effects of Floods
✅ Negative Impacts:
• Loss of lives & property (~1,600 deaths/year, NDMA).
• Crop loss: 75 lakh ha farmland affected annually.
• Displacement: 5.4 million displaced in 2020 alone.
• Health hazards: Cholera, diarrhoea, typhoid.
• Economic loss: $14 billion annually (World Bank).
• Environmental degradation: Soil erosion, loss of vegetation & fauna habitat.
✅ Positive Impacts:
• Groundwater recharge in lean seasons.
• Soil fertility enhancement via nutrient-rich silt.
• Aquatic biodiversity revival – fish breeding & ecosystem rejuvenation.
✨ #Disaster_Management #Geography #Environment
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
📍 Why in Focus?
Floods remain one of the most frequent and devastating natural disasters in India, causing annual loss of lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure.
📍 Causes of Floods
✅ Natural Causes: Heavy monsoon rainfall (~75% of annual rainfall), cloudbursts (e.g., Kedarnath 2013), cyclones & storm surges (Odisha, Tamil Nadu), sedimentation (Kosi), GLOFs (Sikkim 2023), and climate change.
✅ Anthropogenic Causes: Deforestation, unplanned urbanisation (Bengaluru 2022, Gurugram), encroachment on floodplains, dam failures (Kerala 2018), unsustainable mining, and poor drainage (Delhi, Mumbai).
📍 Effects of Floods
✅ Negative Impacts:
• Loss of lives & property (~1,600 deaths/year, NDMA).
• Crop loss: 75 lakh ha farmland affected annually.
• Displacement: 5.4 million displaced in 2020 alone.
• Health hazards: Cholera, diarrhoea, typhoid.
• Economic loss: $14 billion annually (World Bank).
• Environmental degradation: Soil erosion, loss of vegetation & fauna habitat.
✅ Positive Impacts:
• Groundwater recharge in lean seasons.
• Soil fertility enhancement via nutrient-rich silt.
• Aquatic biodiversity revival – fish breeding & ecosystem rejuvenation.
✅ Mains Question
“Floods in India are as much a human-made disaster as they are natural.” Discuss the causes, impacts, and suggest long-term mitigation strategies. (250 words)
✨ #Disaster_Management #Geography #Environment
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Mapping_prelims_mains
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