🔆Girl Child Protection
▪️Background
✅ Child protection is a human rights issue, and it comes under the purview of the legislative framework.
✅In 1989, an international agreement, 'The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child' (UNCRC) wasadopted, with 54 articles, that legally binds the governments of 196 countries to set out the civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights of every child.
✅UNCRC proclaims that all children must be protected against kidnapping, violence, harmful work, sexual abuse, exploitation, and trafficking.
✅ On 11 December 1992,India ratified UNCRC.
✅ Despite promising legal frameworks, violence against children is rampant. The National Crime Record Bureau reported that in the year 2019 about 33.2 per cent of the total crime (IPC + SLL) was committed against children.
▪️Issues
✅ Multidimensional poverty poses a direct threat putting cracks on girls' safety in three major forms: discriminatory attitudes resulting in poor nutrition health care; housework and care burden; and exposure to violence.
✅ Gender power relations endorse female victimisation and domestic violence which often takes the chronic and severe form of battering and withholding essential care.
✅Son preference, i.e., favouring boys' social, intellectual, and physical (including nutrition) well-being over that of girls, is widespread.
✅Worldwide, children have suffered the devastating impacts of Covid-19, and further, the impacts are and will continue to vary by gender.
🔸Socio-economic Impacts of COVID-19 are gendered, evident in the form of educational Inequality, sexual violence, child marriage, adolescent pregnancy, and increased household burden.
🔸Covid-19 has worsened the risk of girls being trafficked for sexual exploitation.
✅In the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report 'Climate Change 202l: The Physical Science',
scientists have warned about the increase in monsoon precipitation extremities and drought across India and
South Asia.
✅Such climate change events impact women and girls disproportionately, posing a hindrance to India's SDG
achievements specific to poverty, hunger, health and wellbeing, water, and sanitation.
✅ Part 1/2
#women
#mains
#prelims
Source Yojana
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▪️Background
✅ Child protection is a human rights issue, and it comes under the purview of the legislative framework.
✅In 1989, an international agreement, 'The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child' (UNCRC) wasadopted, with 54 articles, that legally binds the governments of 196 countries to set out the civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights of every child.
✅UNCRC proclaims that all children must be protected against kidnapping, violence, harmful work, sexual abuse, exploitation, and trafficking.
✅ On 11 December 1992,India ratified UNCRC.
✅ Despite promising legal frameworks, violence against children is rampant. The National Crime Record Bureau reported that in the year 2019 about 33.2 per cent of the total crime (IPC + SLL) was committed against children.
▪️Issues
✅ Multidimensional poverty poses a direct threat putting cracks on girls' safety in three major forms: discriminatory attitudes resulting in poor nutrition health care; housework and care burden; and exposure to violence.
✅ Gender power relations endorse female victimisation and domestic violence which often takes the chronic and severe form of battering and withholding essential care.
✅Son preference, i.e., favouring boys' social, intellectual, and physical (including nutrition) well-being over that of girls, is widespread.
✅Worldwide, children have suffered the devastating impacts of Covid-19, and further, the impacts are and will continue to vary by gender.
🔸Socio-economic Impacts of COVID-19 are gendered, evident in the form of educational Inequality, sexual violence, child marriage, adolescent pregnancy, and increased household burden.
🔸Covid-19 has worsened the risk of girls being trafficked for sexual exploitation.
✅In the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report 'Climate Change 202l: The Physical Science',
scientists have warned about the increase in monsoon precipitation extremities and drought across India and
South Asia.
✅Such climate change events impact women and girls disproportionately, posing a hindrance to India's SDG
achievements specific to poverty, hunger, health and wellbeing, water, and sanitation.
✅ Part 1/2
#women
#mains
#prelims
Source Yojana
Join @CSE_EXAM
👍1
▪️Initiatives Taken
1. The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act 2012, is a landmark legislation that protects children from sexual assault, sexual harassment, and the use of pornographic material for sexual offences against
children.
✅Under the Act, special courts have been established to deal with these offences.
✅This Act has been amended on 6 August2019, and the Central Government framed POCSO Rules,2020.
✅Another important legislation is the Juvenile Justice(Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000.
✅ The Act seeks to safeguard the rights of children in conflict with the law, and those in need of care and protection.
2. In 2009, the government launched a pioneer Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) to build a protective environment for children in difficult circumstances through Government and Civil Society Partnership.
✅ICPS seeks the prevention of child rights violations,
3. National Tracking System for Missing and Vulnerable Children, State Child Protection Societies District Child Protection Units, Juvenile Justice Boards, Special Courts, and Childcare Institutions (CCIs) are established across
all States/UTs.
4. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme was launched to tackle the declining sex ratio at birth, and to empower the girl child through education.
5. In 2020, the National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights launched Standard Operating Procedure for Care and Protection of Children in Street Situations.
✅Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 (Amendment Act, 2016); the Child Marriage Prohibition Act, 2006; Juvenile Justice System 2019; and the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act 1994 are
some other important legislations.
▪️Way Forward
✅Educate families about the detrimental impacts of the household burden on young girls. Enable families to empower their daughters through education and other household decision-making.
✅Overcome gender bias in education.
✅ Launch stringent measures to eliminate child marriage.
✅Build a safe environment for girls through promoting to child safeguarding practices in community, neighbourhood, family, and school- enhance systems for reporting violence. Form community networks of Endnotes whistle-blowers.
✅Educate and Empower girl child on their rights.
✅Prioritise early childhood period.
✅ Lead advocacy, campaigns, and activism to echo girl child protection and Zero Tolerance for heinous crimes against minor girl child.
✅Develop capacities of human resources and systems for child-care protection.
✅Educate girls about cyber safety.
✅A gendered approach to disaster risk mitigation.
✅ Empower young girls to act on climate change.
✅ Part 2/2
#women
#mains
#prelims
Source Yojana
Join @CSE_EXAM
1. The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act 2012, is a landmark legislation that protects children from sexual assault, sexual harassment, and the use of pornographic material for sexual offences against
children.
✅Under the Act, special courts have been established to deal with these offences.
✅This Act has been amended on 6 August2019, and the Central Government framed POCSO Rules,2020.
✅Another important legislation is the Juvenile Justice(Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000.
✅ The Act seeks to safeguard the rights of children in conflict with the law, and those in need of care and protection.
2. In 2009, the government launched a pioneer Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) to build a protective environment for children in difficult circumstances through Government and Civil Society Partnership.
✅ICPS seeks the prevention of child rights violations,
3. National Tracking System for Missing and Vulnerable Children, State Child Protection Societies District Child Protection Units, Juvenile Justice Boards, Special Courts, and Childcare Institutions (CCIs) are established across
all States/UTs.
4. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme was launched to tackle the declining sex ratio at birth, and to empower the girl child through education.
5. In 2020, the National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights launched Standard Operating Procedure for Care and Protection of Children in Street Situations.
✅Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 (Amendment Act, 2016); the Child Marriage Prohibition Act, 2006; Juvenile Justice System 2019; and the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act 1994 are
some other important legislations.
▪️Way Forward
✅Educate families about the detrimental impacts of the household burden on young girls. Enable families to empower their daughters through education and other household decision-making.
✅Overcome gender bias in education.
✅ Launch stringent measures to eliminate child marriage.
✅Build a safe environment for girls through promoting to child safeguarding practices in community, neighbourhood, family, and school- enhance systems for reporting violence. Form community networks of Endnotes whistle-blowers.
✅Educate and Empower girl child on their rights.
✅Prioritise early childhood period.
✅ Lead advocacy, campaigns, and activism to echo girl child protection and Zero Tolerance for heinous crimes against minor girl child.
✅Develop capacities of human resources and systems for child-care protection.
✅Educate girls about cyber safety.
✅A gendered approach to disaster risk mitigation.
✅ Empower young girls to act on climate change.
✅ Part 2/2
#women
#mains
#prelims
Source Yojana
Join @CSE_EXAM
👍1
🔆Women at MSME Workplace
▪️Introduction
✅ It is commonly accepted that an empowered woman is the real change maker for her family, her society, and her community.
✅The maturity of societies can be judged by the virtue of the status of women in that respective society.
✅Though India has rich cultural and social legacies, there are some rituals which were imposed on the society by
some powerful individuals.
✅The orthodox outlook towards women is something that led to social evils likegender discrimination and
women-related crime.
✅Only one thing has the potential to enhance the status of women in society and that is Empowerment of Women.
Women Empowerment and MSMEs
✅ The Government of India has taken up the Issue of Women Empowerment seriously and has created several schemes and programmes towards this issue.
✅ Motivating women entrepreneurship and the role of women at workplaces are two such elements.
✅MSMEs being one of the largest employers in India, their role in motivating women's role in workplaces is critical.
▪️Initiatives taken
✅The Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) was launched on 8 March 2018 on the occasion of International Women's Day as NITI Aayog's flagship initiative.
✅WEP has pan India coverage and does not have state-specific programme/s.
✅Registration on the portal and all subsequent services are provided free of cost for WEP users.
✅WEP caters to both aspiring and well established women in the space of entrepreneurship.
✅The Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER) came forward to provide a Viability Fund to new start-ups, it has at the same time undertaken several initiatives to encourage and supplement the efforts of women Self-help groups.
▪️Conclusion
✅ Women-led development will pave the way for Aatmanirbhar Bharat, especially in the MSME sector.
✅ India is a treasure trove of resources and has tremendous potential and capacity to encourage women entrepreneurs in micro and small businesses to help them sustain economic growth.
#women
#mains
#prelims
Source Yojana
Join @CSE_EXAM
▪️Introduction
✅ It is commonly accepted that an empowered woman is the real change maker for her family, her society, and her community.
✅The maturity of societies can be judged by the virtue of the status of women in that respective society.
✅Though India has rich cultural and social legacies, there are some rituals which were imposed on the society by
some powerful individuals.
✅The orthodox outlook towards women is something that led to social evils likegender discrimination and
women-related crime.
✅Only one thing has the potential to enhance the status of women in society and that is Empowerment of Women.
Women Empowerment and MSMEs
✅ The Government of India has taken up the Issue of Women Empowerment seriously and has created several schemes and programmes towards this issue.
✅ Motivating women entrepreneurship and the role of women at workplaces are two such elements.
✅MSMEs being one of the largest employers in India, their role in motivating women's role in workplaces is critical.
▪️Initiatives taken
✅The Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) was launched on 8 March 2018 on the occasion of International Women's Day as NITI Aayog's flagship initiative.
✅WEP has pan India coverage and does not have state-specific programme/s.
✅Registration on the portal and all subsequent services are provided free of cost for WEP users.
✅WEP caters to both aspiring and well established women in the space of entrepreneurship.
✅The Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER) came forward to provide a Viability Fund to new start-ups, it has at the same time undertaken several initiatives to encourage and supplement the efforts of women Self-help groups.
▪️Conclusion
✅ Women-led development will pave the way for Aatmanirbhar Bharat, especially in the MSME sector.
✅ India is a treasure trove of resources and has tremendous potential and capacity to encourage women entrepreneurs in micro and small businesses to help them sustain economic growth.
#women
#mains
#prelims
Source Yojana
Join @CSE_EXAM
❤1
🔆WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE
✅As per the 10th Agriculture Census (2015-16), the percentage of female operational holdings in the country has increased from about 13% percent during 2010-11 to around 14% during 2015-16.
✅Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self-employed farmers.
✅ According to NSSO Reports, about 18% of the farm families in India are headed by women.
✅According to the Economic Survey 2017-18, a rise in migration of men from rural to urban areas has resulted in feminization of agriculture.
▪️Benefits Of Increasing Women’s Ownership
✅Bring a sense of security, self-confidence, increases bargaining power and increases public participation.
✅Improved living conditions, better nutrition and food sovereignty, improved health and education outcomes.
▪️Issues And Challenges
✅Lack of Institutional Credit: Lack of ownership of land does not allow women farmers to approach banks for institutional loans as banks usually consider land as collateral.
✅ Lack of Property Rights: Women are generally not given the land rights in their name. Because of this, women lack bargaining power in the family as against the property holding male members.
✅Contract farming: Female farmers are largely excluded from modern contract-farming arrangements because they lack secure control over land, family labour and other resources required to guarantee delivery of a reliable flow of produce.
✅ Innovation in Agriculture: When a new technology is introduced to automate specific manual labour, women may lose their jobs because they are often responsible for the manual duties and also due to low skill level.
✅ Lack of Training: Attempts by the government to impart them training in poultry, apiculture and rural handicrafts is trivial given their large numbers.
▪️Government Initiatives
✅ Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP): Implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development, it is a programme exclusively for women farmers. It aims to empower women by enhancing their participation in agriculture and to create sustainable livelihood opportunities for them.
✅ ICAR-Central Institute for Women in Agriculture: First of its kind institution in India devoted to gender related research in agriculture.
✅Additional support in existings schemes such as:
🔸Agri-Clinic & Agri-Business Centre (ACABC)
🔸 Integrated Schemes of Agricultural Marketing (ISAM)
🔸Sub-Mission of Agricultural Mechanisation (SMAM)
🔸National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
#society
#agriculture
#women
#revision_notes
#mains_2022
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
✅As per the 10th Agriculture Census (2015-16), the percentage of female operational holdings in the country has increased from about 13% percent during 2010-11 to around 14% during 2015-16.
✅Agriculture sector employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour force and 48% of self-employed farmers.
✅ According to NSSO Reports, about 18% of the farm families in India are headed by women.
✅According to the Economic Survey 2017-18, a rise in migration of men from rural to urban areas has resulted in feminization of agriculture.
▪️Benefits Of Increasing Women’s Ownership
✅Bring a sense of security, self-confidence, increases bargaining power and increases public participation.
✅Improved living conditions, better nutrition and food sovereignty, improved health and education outcomes.
▪️Issues And Challenges
✅Lack of Institutional Credit: Lack of ownership of land does not allow women farmers to approach banks for institutional loans as banks usually consider land as collateral.
✅ Lack of Property Rights: Women are generally not given the land rights in their name. Because of this, women lack bargaining power in the family as against the property holding male members.
✅Contract farming: Female farmers are largely excluded from modern contract-farming arrangements because they lack secure control over land, family labour and other resources required to guarantee delivery of a reliable flow of produce.
✅ Innovation in Agriculture: When a new technology is introduced to automate specific manual labour, women may lose their jobs because they are often responsible for the manual duties and also due to low skill level.
✅ Lack of Training: Attempts by the government to impart them training in poultry, apiculture and rural handicrafts is trivial given their large numbers.
▪️Government Initiatives
✅ Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP): Implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development, it is a programme exclusively for women farmers. It aims to empower women by enhancing their participation in agriculture and to create sustainable livelihood opportunities for them.
✅ ICAR-Central Institute for Women in Agriculture: First of its kind institution in India devoted to gender related research in agriculture.
✅Additional support in existings schemes such as:
🔸Agri-Clinic & Agri-Business Centre (ACABC)
🔸 Integrated Schemes of Agricultural Marketing (ISAM)
🔸Sub-Mission of Agricultural Mechanisation (SMAM)
🔸National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
#society
#agriculture
#women
#revision_notes
#mains_2022
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
👍23🤩2
🔆Supreme Court Judgements For Women:
▪️VISHAKHA GUIDELINES, 1997:
✅Sexual harassment includes such unwelcome sexually determined behaviour as physical contact and advances; a demand or request for sexual favors; sexually colored remarks; showing pornography; any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non- verbal conduct of sexual nature.
✅Sexual harassment as defined at the work place should be notified, published and circulated.
✅Where such conduct amounts to a specific offence under law, the employer should initiate appropriate action by complaining with the appropriate authority.
✅Victims of sexual harassment should have the option to seek transfer of the perpetrator or their own transfer.
✅An appropriate mechanism should be created for redressal of the complaint.
▪️HADIYA CASE
✅The Supreme Court has observed that choice of a partner is a person’s fundamental right, and it can be a same-sex partner. The observation came on the first day of hearing by a Constitution Bench of petitions challenging the constitutionality of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.
✅Section 377 criminalises private consensual sex between adults.
Key Observations:
✅The right to sexual orientation was meaningless without the right to choose a partner.
✅The observations were drawn from the March 2018 judgment in the Hadiya case, which held that influencing an adult’s choice of partner would be a violation of the fundamental right to privacy.
✅It is to be further tested whether Section 377 stood in conformity with Articles 21 (right to life), 19 (right to liberty) and 14 (right to equality) of the Constitution.
▪️Judgement On Section 497 Of The Indian Penal Code
✅The Supreme Court had struck down Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized adultery.
✅It also declared Section 198 of the Criminal Procedure Code as unconstitutional, which deals with the procedure for filing a complaint about the offence of adultery.
✅ It said that the 158-year-old law was unconstitutional and is violative of Article 21 (Right to life and personal liberty) and Article 14 (Right to equality).
✅There is no data to back claims that abolition of adultery as a crime would result in “chaos in sexual morality” or an increase of divorce.
✅Any provision of law affecting individual dignity and equality of women invites the wrath of the Constitution.
✅It’s time to say that a husband is not the master of a wife. Legal sovereignty of one sex over other sex is wrong.
✅ Section 497 is based on the Doctrine of Coverture. This doctrine, not recognised by the Constitution, holds that a woman loses her identity and legal right with marriage, is violative of her fundamental rights.
▪️SABARIMALA CASE :
✅The Supreme Court in Indian Young Lawyers’ Association v/s State of Kerala Case declared Rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorization of Entry) Act of 1965, which authorizes restriction on women “of menstruating age”, as ultra vires the Constitution.
✅Supreme Court set aside a Kerala High Court judgment of 1991 that upheld the prohibition, pointing that the celibate nature of the deity was “a vital reason for imposing this restriction on young women”.
▪️Faith vs Right case:
✅Every citizen has equal rights in religious matters, we can’t discriminate against them on the basis of caste, race, gender etc, according to Article 15 of the constitution.
✅Assures protection to every religious denomination to.
✅ Can’t not stop women due to their biological cycle.
#society
#women
#revision_notes
#mains_2022
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
▪️VISHAKHA GUIDELINES, 1997:
✅Sexual harassment includes such unwelcome sexually determined behaviour as physical contact and advances; a demand or request for sexual favors; sexually colored remarks; showing pornography; any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non- verbal conduct of sexual nature.
✅Sexual harassment as defined at the work place should be notified, published and circulated.
✅Where such conduct amounts to a specific offence under law, the employer should initiate appropriate action by complaining with the appropriate authority.
✅Victims of sexual harassment should have the option to seek transfer of the perpetrator or their own transfer.
✅An appropriate mechanism should be created for redressal of the complaint.
▪️HADIYA CASE
✅The Supreme Court has observed that choice of a partner is a person’s fundamental right, and it can be a same-sex partner. The observation came on the first day of hearing by a Constitution Bench of petitions challenging the constitutionality of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.
✅Section 377 criminalises private consensual sex between adults.
Key Observations:
✅The right to sexual orientation was meaningless without the right to choose a partner.
✅The observations were drawn from the March 2018 judgment in the Hadiya case, which held that influencing an adult’s choice of partner would be a violation of the fundamental right to privacy.
✅It is to be further tested whether Section 377 stood in conformity with Articles 21 (right to life), 19 (right to liberty) and 14 (right to equality) of the Constitution.
▪️Judgement On Section 497 Of The Indian Penal Code
✅The Supreme Court had struck down Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized adultery.
✅It also declared Section 198 of the Criminal Procedure Code as unconstitutional, which deals with the procedure for filing a complaint about the offence of adultery.
✅ It said that the 158-year-old law was unconstitutional and is violative of Article 21 (Right to life and personal liberty) and Article 14 (Right to equality).
✅There is no data to back claims that abolition of adultery as a crime would result in “chaos in sexual morality” or an increase of divorce.
✅Any provision of law affecting individual dignity and equality of women invites the wrath of the Constitution.
✅It’s time to say that a husband is not the master of a wife. Legal sovereignty of one sex over other sex is wrong.
✅ Section 497 is based on the Doctrine of Coverture. This doctrine, not recognised by the Constitution, holds that a woman loses her identity and legal right with marriage, is violative of her fundamental rights.
▪️SABARIMALA CASE :
✅The Supreme Court in Indian Young Lawyers’ Association v/s State of Kerala Case declared Rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorization of Entry) Act of 1965, which authorizes restriction on women “of menstruating age”, as ultra vires the Constitution.
✅Supreme Court set aside a Kerala High Court judgment of 1991 that upheld the prohibition, pointing that the celibate nature of the deity was “a vital reason for imposing this restriction on young women”.
▪️Faith vs Right case:
✅Every citizen has equal rights in religious matters, we can’t discriminate against them on the basis of caste, race, gender etc, according to Article 15 of the constitution.
✅Assures protection to every religious denomination to.
✅ Can’t not stop women due to their biological cycle.
#society
#women
#revision_notes
#mains_2022
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
👍17
Forwarded from UPSC PIB NEWS current affairs polity geography science economy government schemes ir prelims mains
🔆Safety of Women
✅Why in News : To enhance the safety and security of women in the country, Ministry of Home Affairs has taken several initiatives which are funded by the Nirbhaya Fund.
✅Investigation Tracking System for Sexual Offences (ITSSO) is an online analytical tool launched to monitor and track timely completion of police investigations in sexual assault cases (currently two months as per Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2018).
✅National Database of Sexual Offenders (NDSO) has been launched to identify repeat offenders and receive alerts on sex offenders, as also in the investigation.
✅Crime Multi Agency Center (Cri-MAC) has been introduced for police stations and higher offices in all States/UTs to share information on heinous crimes and other issues related to coordination in cases of inter-state crime.
✅New citizen Services have been launched by National Crime Records Bureau for cases of Crimes against Women. These services include functionalities like ‘Missing Person Search’ that helps citizens find their missing kin from the national database of recovered unidentified found person/unidentified dead bodies.
✅Projects funded by Nirbhaya Fund are also being fast-tracked by MHA to enhance the safety and security of women.
✅‘Emergency Response Support System (ERSS)’ is an example of such initiative.
✅Delhi Police recruited Social Workers & Counsellors to encourage women to step up and report crimes without fear or shame
✅Safe City Projects in 8 cities: Among the projects funded by the Nirbhaya Fund, Safe City Projects in 8 cities (Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Lucknow and Mumbai) are under implementation. The projects involve the use of technology to improve the safety of women in India. This includes the use of drones, installation of CCTV cameras to alert Police about criminals and criminal activity.
#GS1
#WOMEN
JOIN @PIB_UPSC
✅Why in News : To enhance the safety and security of women in the country, Ministry of Home Affairs has taken several initiatives which are funded by the Nirbhaya Fund.
✅Investigation Tracking System for Sexual Offences (ITSSO) is an online analytical tool launched to monitor and track timely completion of police investigations in sexual assault cases (currently two months as per Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2018).
✅National Database of Sexual Offenders (NDSO) has been launched to identify repeat offenders and receive alerts on sex offenders, as also in the investigation.
✅Crime Multi Agency Center (Cri-MAC) has been introduced for police stations and higher offices in all States/UTs to share information on heinous crimes and other issues related to coordination in cases of inter-state crime.
✅New citizen Services have been launched by National Crime Records Bureau for cases of Crimes against Women. These services include functionalities like ‘Missing Person Search’ that helps citizens find their missing kin from the national database of recovered unidentified found person/unidentified dead bodies.
✅Projects funded by Nirbhaya Fund are also being fast-tracked by MHA to enhance the safety and security of women.
✅‘Emergency Response Support System (ERSS)’ is an example of such initiative.
✅Delhi Police recruited Social Workers & Counsellors to encourage women to step up and report crimes without fear or shame
✅Safe City Projects in 8 cities: Among the projects funded by the Nirbhaya Fund, Safe City Projects in 8 cities (Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Lucknow and Mumbai) are under implementation. The projects involve the use of technology to improve the safety of women in India. This includes the use of drones, installation of CCTV cameras to alert Police about criminals and criminal activity.
#GS1
#WOMEN
JOIN @PIB_UPSC
👍17
Forwarded from UPSC PIB NEWS current affairs polity geography science economy government schemes ir prelims mains
🔆Safety of Women
✅Why in News : To enhance the safety and security of women in the country, Ministry of Home Affairs has taken several initiatives which are funded by the Nirbhaya Fund.
✅Investigation Tracking System for Sexual Offences (ITSSO) is an online analytical tool launched to monitor and track timely completion of police investigations in sexual assault cases (currently two months as per Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2018).
✅National Database of Sexual Offenders (NDSO) has been launched to identify repeat offenders and receive alerts on sex offenders, as also in the investigation.
✅Crime Multi Agency Center (Cri-MAC) has been introduced for police stations and higher offices in all States/UTs to share information on heinous crimes and other issues related to coordination in cases of inter-state crime.
✅New citizen Services have been launched by National Crime Records Bureau for cases of Crimes against Women. These services include functionalities like ‘Missing Person Search’ that helps citizens find their missing kin from the national database of recovered unidentified found person/unidentified dead bodies.
✅Projects funded by Nirbhaya Fund are also being fast-tracked by MHA to enhance the safety and security of women.
✅‘Emergency Response Support System (ERSS)’ is an example of such initiative.
✅Delhi Police recruited Social Workers & Counsellors to encourage women to step up and report crimes without fear or shame
✅Safe City Projects in 8 cities: Among the projects funded by the Nirbhaya Fund, Safe City Projects in 8 cities (Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Lucknow and Mumbai) are under implementation. The projects involve the use of technology to improve the safety of women in India. This includes the use of drones, installation of CCTV cameras to alert Police about criminals and criminal activity.
#GS1
#WOMEN
JOIN @PIB_UPSC
✅Why in News : To enhance the safety and security of women in the country, Ministry of Home Affairs has taken several initiatives which are funded by the Nirbhaya Fund.
✅Investigation Tracking System for Sexual Offences (ITSSO) is an online analytical tool launched to monitor and track timely completion of police investigations in sexual assault cases (currently two months as per Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2018).
✅National Database of Sexual Offenders (NDSO) has been launched to identify repeat offenders and receive alerts on sex offenders, as also in the investigation.
✅Crime Multi Agency Center (Cri-MAC) has been introduced for police stations and higher offices in all States/UTs to share information on heinous crimes and other issues related to coordination in cases of inter-state crime.
✅New citizen Services have been launched by National Crime Records Bureau for cases of Crimes against Women. These services include functionalities like ‘Missing Person Search’ that helps citizens find their missing kin from the national database of recovered unidentified found person/unidentified dead bodies.
✅Projects funded by Nirbhaya Fund are also being fast-tracked by MHA to enhance the safety and security of women.
✅‘Emergency Response Support System (ERSS)’ is an example of such initiative.
✅Delhi Police recruited Social Workers & Counsellors to encourage women to step up and report crimes without fear or shame
✅Safe City Projects in 8 cities: Among the projects funded by the Nirbhaya Fund, Safe City Projects in 8 cities (Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Lucknow and Mumbai) are under implementation. The projects involve the use of technology to improve the safety of women in India. This includes the use of drones, installation of CCTV cameras to alert Police about criminals and criminal activity.
#GS1
#WOMEN
JOIN @PIB_UPSC
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STARTUP SCHEME FOR WOMEN.pdf
128.5 KB
🔆Startup scheme for women
✅To promote flow of both equity and debt to women led startups, 10% of the fund (Rs 1000 crore) in the Fund of Funds for Startups Scheme operated by SIDBI is reserved for women led startups
✅Virtual Incubation Program for Women Entrepreneurs were conducted to support 20 women-led tech startups with pro-bono acceleration support for 3 months
#GS1
#GS3
#essay
#women
Join @CSE_EXAM
@PIB_UPSC
✅To promote flow of both equity and debt to women led startups, 10% of the fund (Rs 1000 crore) in the Fund of Funds for Startups Scheme operated by SIDBI is reserved for women led startups
✅Virtual Incubation Program for Women Entrepreneurs were conducted to support 20 women-led tech startups with pro-bono acceleration support for 3 months
#GS1
#GS3
#essay
#women
Join @CSE_EXAM
@PIB_UPSC
❤2👍1
🔆Women, Marriage and Labour Force Participation
✅Participation in the labour market by women is correlated with improved economic prospects and increased decision-making power at home.
✅Macroeconomically, women's intra- and inter-household bargaining power as well as the country's overall economic growth are significantly impacted by a lower level of women's labour force participation rate (LFPR).
▪️Worldwide Trend in Female Labour Force Participation
✅Globally the level of female labour force participation remains relatively low.
✅World Bank estimates (2022) show that the worldwide LFPR for women was 47.3% in 2022.
✅Despite the remarkable advancements observed in the global economies, there has been a persistent decline in the LFPR of women in developing nations.
✅Hence, a significant disparity in labour market participation based on gender continues to persist worldwide.
▪️The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) Data for Women in India
✅The PLFS data indicates that for women in the working age group (15-59 years), LFPR is only 35.6 per cent in India.
✅The participation rate stands at 39.3 per cent and 26.5 per cent, respectively, in rural and urban areas in 2021-22.
✅However, from 2017 to 2021, women’s LFPR increased relative to men, particularly in rural areas.
✅The estimations also indicate that female labour force participation in India between 1990 and 2022 has decreased from 28% to 24%.
✅This fall has obstructed their growth and hindered their ability to achieve their maximum capabilities
▪️Reason Behind the Decline/Low Participation Rate of Women in Labour Force
✅Movement of Production
🔰Economist Goldin (1994) highlights that LFPR of adult women exhibits a U-shaped pattern during economic growth.
🔰Further, she added that the initial decline in the participation rate is due to the movement of production from the household, family farm, and small business to the wider market.
✅Marriage : According to the PLFS data (25 to 49 years), it becomes apparent that married women show a considerably lower employment proportion
✅Women also encounter gender-asymmetrical professional costs as a result of several societal constraints.
✅It leads to gender disparities in premarital career selections, income inequality, age at marriage, and decisions about fertility.
✅Women also encounter gender-asymmetrical professional costs as a result of several societal constraints.
It leads to gender disparities in premarital career selections, income inequality, age at marriage, and decisions about fertility.
#women
#GS1
#GS2
#essay
Join @CSE_EXAM
✅Participation in the labour market by women is correlated with improved economic prospects and increased decision-making power at home.
✅Macroeconomically, women's intra- and inter-household bargaining power as well as the country's overall economic growth are significantly impacted by a lower level of women's labour force participation rate (LFPR).
▪️Worldwide Trend in Female Labour Force Participation
✅Globally the level of female labour force participation remains relatively low.
✅World Bank estimates (2022) show that the worldwide LFPR for women was 47.3% in 2022.
✅Despite the remarkable advancements observed in the global economies, there has been a persistent decline in the LFPR of women in developing nations.
✅Hence, a significant disparity in labour market participation based on gender continues to persist worldwide.
▪️The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) Data for Women in India
✅The PLFS data indicates that for women in the working age group (15-59 years), LFPR is only 35.6 per cent in India.
✅The participation rate stands at 39.3 per cent and 26.5 per cent, respectively, in rural and urban areas in 2021-22.
✅However, from 2017 to 2021, women’s LFPR increased relative to men, particularly in rural areas.
✅The estimations also indicate that female labour force participation in India between 1990 and 2022 has decreased from 28% to 24%.
✅This fall has obstructed their growth and hindered their ability to achieve their maximum capabilities
▪️Reason Behind the Decline/Low Participation Rate of Women in Labour Force
✅Movement of Production
🔰Economist Goldin (1994) highlights that LFPR of adult women exhibits a U-shaped pattern during economic growth.
🔰Further, she added that the initial decline in the participation rate is due to the movement of production from the household, family farm, and small business to the wider market.
✅Marriage : According to the PLFS data (25 to 49 years), it becomes apparent that married women show a considerably lower employment proportion
✅Women also encounter gender-asymmetrical professional costs as a result of several societal constraints.
✅It leads to gender disparities in premarital career selections, income inequality, age at marriage, and decisions about fertility.
✅Women also encounter gender-asymmetrical professional costs as a result of several societal constraints.
It leads to gender disparities in premarital career selections, income inequality, age at marriage, and decisions about fertility.
#women
#GS1
#GS2
#essay
Join @CSE_EXAM
👍7
CRIME AGAINST WOMEN
✅Crimes against women have increased year on year. As per the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report 2015, every day 21 women die because of dowry in India.
✅ According to the NCRB report 2019, 4 lakh cases were registered under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC).
✅ As per the National Family Health Survey 5 (2019- 20), 30 percent of women between the ages of 18 and 49 experienced physical violence from the age of 15 ( that's over 20 crore women), while six per cent experienced sexual violence in their lifetime.
✅ In 2021, 136,000 complaints were registered under Indian Penal Code Section 498A (cruelty by husband or his relatives).
✅According to NFHS data, 87 per cent of married women who are victims of marital violence do not seek help.
#WOMEN
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
✅Crimes against women have increased year on year. As per the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report 2015, every day 21 women die because of dowry in India.
✅ According to the NCRB report 2019, 4 lakh cases were registered under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC).
✅ As per the National Family Health Survey 5 (2019- 20), 30 percent of women between the ages of 18 and 49 experienced physical violence from the age of 15 ( that's over 20 crore women), while six per cent experienced sexual violence in their lifetime.
✅ In 2021, 136,000 complaints were registered under Indian Penal Code Section 498A (cruelty by husband or his relatives).
✅According to NFHS data, 87 per cent of married women who are victims of marital violence do not seek help.
#WOMEN
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
👍4
🔶 Issues in the Role of Women in Media, Culture, and Representation in India
🟩 1. Stereotypical Portrayals
Women in Indian media (films, TV, ads) are often shown as homemakers, victims, or romantic interests. These roles reinforce patriarchal norms, limit diverse representation, and restrict women’s agency.
📌 Example: A 2021 UNESCO study found 70% of women in Bollywood films were shown in domestic roles, compared to only 20% in leadership roles.
🟩 2. Underrepresentation in Leadership
Women are significantly underrepresented in decision-making roles such as directors, editors, and producers. This results in male-dominated narratives that marginalise women’s voices in shaping media and cultural content.
🟩 3. Objectification and Sexualisation
Media often objectifies women, focusing on physical appearance over intellect or talent. This promotes unrealistic beauty standards and normalises gender-based violence.
📌 Example: A 2022 Oxfam India report found 60% of Indian ads portrayed women in sexualised roles, influencing how 45% of youth view women.
🟩 4. Cultural Reinforcement of Patriarchy
Media, literature, and festivals often glorify submissive or sacrificial female roles (e.g., Sita in Ramayana), embedding patriarchal values and limiting women’s roles in modern narratives.
🟩 5. Limited Representation of Marginalised Women
Urban, upper-caste narratives dominate, sidelining Dalit, tribal, and minority women. Their struggles and contributions receive limited visibility.
📌 Example: A 2023 CMS study found that only 5% of media coverage on women focused on Dalit or Adivasi issues, despite these groups forming ~20% of the population.
🟩 6. Barriers to Access and Voice
Due to gender discrimination, safety issues, and lack of resources, many women face hurdles in entering journalism and digital content creation.
📌 Example: A 2022 Network of Women in Media survey reported 30% of women journalists faced online harassment, with 15% quitting the profession.
🟩 7. Positive Representation Challenges
Even when women are celebrated in media (e.g., athletes, entrepreneurs), their stories are often tokenistic or commercialised. There’s a lack of depth and consistent visibility.
📌 Example: Dangal (2016) highlighted women wrestlers, yet only 2% of sports coverage in 2021 focused on women athletes (Sports Authority of India Report).
🟨 Way Forward:
✅ Gender-sensitive editorial policies
✅ Inclusive content creation from diverse backgrounds
✅ Protection for women journalists
✅ Positive, empowering, and diverse portrayals across platforms
#mains #women
🟩 1. Stereotypical Portrayals
Women in Indian media (films, TV, ads) are often shown as homemakers, victims, or romantic interests. These roles reinforce patriarchal norms, limit diverse representation, and restrict women’s agency.
📌 Example: A 2021 UNESCO study found 70% of women in Bollywood films were shown in domestic roles, compared to only 20% in leadership roles.
🟩 2. Underrepresentation in Leadership
Women are significantly underrepresented in decision-making roles such as directors, editors, and producers. This results in male-dominated narratives that marginalise women’s voices in shaping media and cultural content.
🟩 3. Objectification and Sexualisation
Media often objectifies women, focusing on physical appearance over intellect or talent. This promotes unrealistic beauty standards and normalises gender-based violence.
📌 Example: A 2022 Oxfam India report found 60% of Indian ads portrayed women in sexualised roles, influencing how 45% of youth view women.
🟩 4. Cultural Reinforcement of Patriarchy
Media, literature, and festivals often glorify submissive or sacrificial female roles (e.g., Sita in Ramayana), embedding patriarchal values and limiting women’s roles in modern narratives.
🟩 5. Limited Representation of Marginalised Women
Urban, upper-caste narratives dominate, sidelining Dalit, tribal, and minority women. Their struggles and contributions receive limited visibility.
📌 Example: A 2023 CMS study found that only 5% of media coverage on women focused on Dalit or Adivasi issues, despite these groups forming ~20% of the population.
🟩 6. Barriers to Access and Voice
Due to gender discrimination, safety issues, and lack of resources, many women face hurdles in entering journalism and digital content creation.
📌 Example: A 2022 Network of Women in Media survey reported 30% of women journalists faced online harassment, with 15% quitting the profession.
🟩 7. Positive Representation Challenges
Even when women are celebrated in media (e.g., athletes, entrepreneurs), their stories are often tokenistic or commercialised. There’s a lack of depth and consistent visibility.
📌 Example: Dangal (2016) highlighted women wrestlers, yet only 2% of sports coverage in 2021 focused on women athletes (Sports Authority of India Report).
🟨 Way Forward:
✅ Gender-sensitive editorial policies
✅ Inclusive content creation from diverse backgrounds
✅ Protection for women journalists
✅ Positive, empowering, and diverse portrayals across platforms
#mains #women
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🔆 Women in the Domestic Sphere: Hidden Labour & Policy Gaps
📍 Context
✅ Claims of “nari shakti” and “women-led development” often ignore the harsh realities of women’s lives within the domestic sphere.
📍 Violence Against Women
✅ 7,000 women die every year (2017–22) due to dowry deaths.
✅ 30% women report intimate partner violence (NFHS-5), but only 14% approach police.
✅ 1/3rd of all crimes against women are cases of domestic violence.
📍 Unpaid Work (Time Use Survey, 2024)
✅ 93% women spend ~7 hrs/day on unpaid domestic work; 41% on caregiving.
✅ Men: 70% do no domestic work; those who do spend <1.5 hrs/day.
✅ In caregiving: 79% men do none; others spend ~1 hr/day.
➡️ On average, women work more total hours than men but get less rest, leisure, and recognition.
📍 Economic Implications
✅ Millions of Anganwadi, ASHA, and mid-day meal workers = treated as “volunteers” → given honorarium, not wages.
✅ SBI Report (2023): Monetising unpaid women’s work = 7% of GDP (~₹22.5 lakh crore).
✅ Caste & class analysis reveals labouring-class women bear higher burdens.
📍 Policy Concerns & Alternatives
✅ Prevent & eliminate violence against women within families.
✅ Equal work & wages for men and women as primary workers.
✅ Universal state-supported childcare & eldercare facilities.
✅ Accessible quality healthcare & education.
✅ Cultural shift: shared domestic responsibility.
✅ Justice for scheme workers → minimum wages + recognition as govt employees.
👉 Women’s unpaid labour sustains households and the economy — yet remains invisible. Recognising and restructuring the domestic sphere is central to gender equality and inclusive growth.
🔆 UPSC Civil Services Examination – Previous Year Questions (PYQ)
📍 Prelims
Q. Which of the following gives ‘Global Gender Gap Index’ ranking to the countries of the world? (2017)
(a) World Economic Forum
(b) UN Human Rights Council
(c) UN Women
(d) World Health Organization
Ans: (a)
📍 Mains
Q.1 “Empowering women is the key to control population growth”. Discuss. (2019)
Q.2 Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on women in India? (2015)
Q.3 Male membership needs to be encouraged in order to make women’s organizations free from gender bias. Comment. (2013)
Q.4 Distinguish between ‘care economy’ and ‘monetized economy’. How can the care economy be brought into a monetized economy through women empowerment? (2023)
#GS1 #Society #Women #Empowerment
📍 Context
✅ Claims of “nari shakti” and “women-led development” often ignore the harsh realities of women’s lives within the domestic sphere.
📍 Violence Against Women
✅ 7,000 women die every year (2017–22) due to dowry deaths.
✅ 30% women report intimate partner violence (NFHS-5), but only 14% approach police.
✅ 1/3rd of all crimes against women are cases of domestic violence.
📍 Unpaid Work (Time Use Survey, 2024)
✅ 93% women spend ~7 hrs/day on unpaid domestic work; 41% on caregiving.
✅ Men: 70% do no domestic work; those who do spend <1.5 hrs/day.
✅ In caregiving: 79% men do none; others spend ~1 hr/day.
➡️ On average, women work more total hours than men but get less rest, leisure, and recognition.
📍 Economic Implications
✅ Millions of Anganwadi, ASHA, and mid-day meal workers = treated as “volunteers” → given honorarium, not wages.
✅ SBI Report (2023): Monetising unpaid women’s work = 7% of GDP (~₹22.5 lakh crore).
✅ Caste & class analysis reveals labouring-class women bear higher burdens.
📍 Policy Concerns & Alternatives
✅ Prevent & eliminate violence against women within families.
✅ Equal work & wages for men and women as primary workers.
✅ Universal state-supported childcare & eldercare facilities.
✅ Accessible quality healthcare & education.
✅ Cultural shift: shared domestic responsibility.
✅ Justice for scheme workers → minimum wages + recognition as govt employees.
👉 Women’s unpaid labour sustains households and the economy — yet remains invisible. Recognising and restructuring the domestic sphere is central to gender equality and inclusive growth.
🔆 UPSC Civil Services Examination – Previous Year Questions (PYQ)
📍 Prelims
Q. Which of the following gives ‘Global Gender Gap Index’ ranking to the countries of the world? (2017)
(a) World Economic Forum
(b) UN Human Rights Council
(c) UN Women
(d) World Health Organization
Ans: (a)
📍 Mains
Q.1 “Empowering women is the key to control population growth”. Discuss. (2019)
Q.2 Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on women in India? (2015)
Q.3 Male membership needs to be encouraged in order to make women’s organizations free from gender bias. Comment. (2013)
Q.4 Distinguish between ‘care economy’ and ‘monetized economy’. How can the care economy be brought into a monetized economy through women empowerment? (2023)
#GS1 #Society #Women #Empowerment
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🔆 Maharashtra Gives Legal Recognition to Women Farmers
📍Why in News?
✅ Maharashtra has become the first Indian state to enact the Maharashtra Women Farmers Empowerment Act, 2026, legally recognising and protecting the rights of women farmers.
📍What is it?
✅ The Act seeks to address gender inequalities in access to land, water, credit, agricultural benefits and other productive resources.
✅ It recognises women engaged in agriculture even if they do not own agricultural land.
📍Key Features
✅ Broad Definition of Farmer: Covers women involved in crop cultivation, animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries, agroforestry, vermiculture, mushroom cultivation and primary processing.
✅ Woman Farmer Certificate (WFC): Provides official recognition to women farmers without requiring land ownership.
✅ Digital Registry: Creates a centralised database of certified women farmers.
✅ Dedicated Empowerment Fund: Supports targeted welfare and development programmes.
✅ Institutional Mechanism: Provides for state-level monitoring and high-level policy oversight.
📍Significance
✅ Enables better access to institutional credit, crop insurance and government schemes.
✅ Formally recognises the contribution of landless and marginalised women to agriculture.
✅ Strengthens women’s economic independence and household decision-making power.
✅ Can promote climate-resilient and sustainable agriculture through greater participation of women.
📍Key Challenges
✅ Deep-rooted patriarchal norms and unequal land ownership.
✅ Possible delays in issuing Woman Farmer Certificates.
✅ Digital divide and limited awareness among rural women.
✅ Difficulty in identifying seasonal and migrant women agricultural workers.
✅ Need for effective inter-departmental coordination.
📍Way Forward
✅ Organise village-level WFC enrolment camps and awareness campaigns.
✅ Ensure banks recognise the WFC for accessing agricultural credit.
✅ Provide targeted skill development and agri-technology training.
✅ Strengthen monitoring to ensure benefits actually reach women farmers.
📍Conclusion
✅ Legal recognition of women as independent farmers can transform their access to resources, finance and state support, making Indian agriculture more inclusive, equitable and resilient.
📍SECURE ANSWER WRITING PRACTICE QUESTION
✅ “Women’s identity in Indian society continues to be shaped more by relational roles than by individual autonomy.” Examine. (10 Marks)
#mains #Women
📍Why in News?
✅ Maharashtra has become the first Indian state to enact the Maharashtra Women Farmers Empowerment Act, 2026, legally recognising and protecting the rights of women farmers.
📍What is it?
✅ The Act seeks to address gender inequalities in access to land, water, credit, agricultural benefits and other productive resources.
✅ It recognises women engaged in agriculture even if they do not own agricultural land.
📍Key Features
✅ Broad Definition of Farmer: Covers women involved in crop cultivation, animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries, agroforestry, vermiculture, mushroom cultivation and primary processing.
✅ Woman Farmer Certificate (WFC): Provides official recognition to women farmers without requiring land ownership.
✅ Digital Registry: Creates a centralised database of certified women farmers.
✅ Dedicated Empowerment Fund: Supports targeted welfare and development programmes.
✅ Institutional Mechanism: Provides for state-level monitoring and high-level policy oversight.
📍Significance
✅ Enables better access to institutional credit, crop insurance and government schemes.
✅ Formally recognises the contribution of landless and marginalised women to agriculture.
✅ Strengthens women’s economic independence and household decision-making power.
✅ Can promote climate-resilient and sustainable agriculture through greater participation of women.
📍Key Challenges
✅ Deep-rooted patriarchal norms and unequal land ownership.
✅ Possible delays in issuing Woman Farmer Certificates.
✅ Digital divide and limited awareness among rural women.
✅ Difficulty in identifying seasonal and migrant women agricultural workers.
✅ Need for effective inter-departmental coordination.
📍Way Forward
✅ Organise village-level WFC enrolment camps and awareness campaigns.
✅ Ensure banks recognise the WFC for accessing agricultural credit.
✅ Provide targeted skill development and agri-technology training.
✅ Strengthen monitoring to ensure benefits actually reach women farmers.
📍Conclusion
✅ Legal recognition of women as independent farmers can transform their access to resources, finance and state support, making Indian agriculture more inclusive, equitable and resilient.
📍SECURE ANSWER WRITING PRACTICE QUESTION
✅ “Women’s identity in Indian society continues to be shaped more by relational roles than by individual autonomy.” Examine. (10 Marks)
#mains #Women
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