Q1.Highlight the Central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements in the Gandhara art. (Answer in 150 words) 10 (CSE 2019)
#GS1
Ans. Gandhara school of art was the epitome of Cultural Revolution in present day’s west Pakistan and east Afghanistan during Kushana’s rule, of which Gandhara sculpture was an important part, which depicts sculpture of Buddha.
How geographical location of Gandhara art facilitated interaction of various artistic components:
✅Geographical position of the region was at the crossroads of cultural exchange, which resulted into interaction of artistic components.
✅This area witnessed the advent of number of foreign powers and political configuration ranging from the Greek, Bactrian to Kushanas. Thus, Gandhara style was amalgam of Hellenistic-Roman, Iranian and indigenous art.
The central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements in the Gandhara art:
▪️Greek Influence
✅It can be observed in the form of Buddha’s wavy hair, draperies covering both shoulders, footwear, Buddha shown under the protection of Greek God Herakles standing with his club and so on. In fact, the very concept of man-God is attributed to the Greeks. The Buddha’s mythological statue can also be related to Greeks.
✅Some examples of Gandhara art depict both Buddha and the Greek God Herakles from Greek Mythology.
✅Stucco plaster, which was commonly observed in Greek art, was widely used in Gandhara artwork for the decoration of monastic and cult buildings.
▪️Roman influence
✅It is evident from the sculpture of Gautama Buddha, with a youthful Apollo-like face, dressed in garments resembling the scenes of Roman imperial statues.
✅Gandhara sculpture incorporated many motifs and techniques from classical Roman art too, as seen from the vine scrolls, cherubs bearing garlands, tritons and centaurs.
✅Additionally, the Gandhara art drew from the anthropomorphic traditions of Roman religions. The realistic sculpture of Buddha is also associated with Romans.
▪️Central Asian influence
✅In Gandhara art, specific types of Buddhist cult structures were elaborately constructed.
✅Paintings, bas-reliefs and sculpture richly decorated
secular and especially cult buildings.
✅Columns, plasters (mainly derived from the Corinthian order) and other architectural elements usually had magnificent plastic arrangement.
✅Temples built in the area influenced by Gandhara art normally included central square structures with circumambulatory corridors (Haa, Swat, and Miran).
✅The idea of circumambulatory corridors was undoubtedly of Iranian origin, since fire temples with such corridors appear in Iran from the Achaemenid time.
✅Schemes for the ground plans of monasteries display many varieties. When the space was limited, ‘glued’ plans could be applied, combining two or three isolated parts with different functions: the sacred one (temple) with a large stupa in the middle; living quarters with monks’ cells and a prayer-hall, etc.
✅This architectural pattern was widespread in Central Asia both in the Kushana period (as in Fayay-tepe) and later (as in Ajina-tepa).
▪️Conclusion: The above influences can be well-justified because of strategic location of Gandhara school. Thus, in this regard it can be claimed that the art that flourished in the Gandhara valleys was a blend of different cultures.
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#CSE2019
Join @CSE_MAINS_PYQ
#GS1
Ans. Gandhara school of art was the epitome of Cultural Revolution in present day’s west Pakistan and east Afghanistan during Kushana’s rule, of which Gandhara sculpture was an important part, which depicts sculpture of Buddha.
How geographical location of Gandhara art facilitated interaction of various artistic components:
✅Geographical position of the region was at the crossroads of cultural exchange, which resulted into interaction of artistic components.
✅This area witnessed the advent of number of foreign powers and political configuration ranging from the Greek, Bactrian to Kushanas. Thus, Gandhara style was amalgam of Hellenistic-Roman, Iranian and indigenous art.
The central Asian and Greco-Bactrian elements in the Gandhara art:
▪️Greek Influence
✅It can be observed in the form of Buddha’s wavy hair, draperies covering both shoulders, footwear, Buddha shown under the protection of Greek God Herakles standing with his club and so on. In fact, the very concept of man-God is attributed to the Greeks. The Buddha’s mythological statue can also be related to Greeks.
✅Some examples of Gandhara art depict both Buddha and the Greek God Herakles from Greek Mythology.
✅Stucco plaster, which was commonly observed in Greek art, was widely used in Gandhara artwork for the decoration of monastic and cult buildings.
▪️Roman influence
✅It is evident from the sculpture of Gautama Buddha, with a youthful Apollo-like face, dressed in garments resembling the scenes of Roman imperial statues.
✅Gandhara sculpture incorporated many motifs and techniques from classical Roman art too, as seen from the vine scrolls, cherubs bearing garlands, tritons and centaurs.
✅Additionally, the Gandhara art drew from the anthropomorphic traditions of Roman religions. The realistic sculpture of Buddha is also associated with Romans.
▪️Central Asian influence
✅In Gandhara art, specific types of Buddhist cult structures were elaborately constructed.
✅Paintings, bas-reliefs and sculpture richly decorated
secular and especially cult buildings.
✅Columns, plasters (mainly derived from the Corinthian order) and other architectural elements usually had magnificent plastic arrangement.
✅Temples built in the area influenced by Gandhara art normally included central square structures with circumambulatory corridors (Haa, Swat, and Miran).
✅The idea of circumambulatory corridors was undoubtedly of Iranian origin, since fire temples with such corridors appear in Iran from the Achaemenid time.
✅Schemes for the ground plans of monasteries display many varieties. When the space was limited, ‘glued’ plans could be applied, combining two or three isolated parts with different functions: the sacred one (temple) with a large stupa in the middle; living quarters with monks’ cells and a prayer-hall, etc.
✅This architectural pattern was widespread in Central Asia both in the Kushana period (as in Fayay-tepe) and later (as in Ajina-tepa).
▪️Conclusion: The above influences can be well-justified because of strategic location of Gandhara school. Thus, in this regard it can be claimed that the art that flourished in the Gandhara valleys was a blend of different cultures.
#GSM1
#Art_and_culture
#CSE2019
Join @CSE_MAINS_PYQ
❤2👍1👏1
Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree?
✅ Customs are a widely accepted discourse to behave or do something that is clearly defined in a particular society, whereas traditions are about the transmission of these customs or beliefs from generation to generation.
✅ Customs are perpetuated because they are transmitted by tradition.
Obscurantism is the practice of deliberately making something difficult to understand to stop
people from knowing. This leads to blindly following customs and traditions, which is against human reason. Customs and traditions that discriminate against certain groups of people or that are based on superstition or myth can even become a source of conflict.
▪️Cases where blind following of tradition has caused exploitation
✅ Customs like Sati and child marriage were perpetuated for long because of obscurantism.
The tradition of animal sacrifice in ceremonies is still practiced in many religions. The custom of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is still practised by few communities. „Honor killings‟ in India in the name of caste.
✅ The evil traditions of nikah halala and triple talaq propagated for so long in India despite the tradition being illogical and unreasonable, just because of obscurantism by the Muslim Personal Law Board.
✅ "Values" are sometimes used to justify forced marriages in Afghanistan, virginity testing
in Indonesia, "honor crimes" in Iraq, and marital rape in Kyrgyzstan, thus, violating human rights.
✅ Caste discrimination is perpetuated even today in some places in the name of customs
and purity.
✅ Religion against the Right to Equality: For instance, the Sabarimala case or Haji Ali Dargah, where women are strictly not allowed.
✅ For LGBT people, the language of traditional values tends to cast homosexuality as a moral issue, and not a rights issue.
✅ During Covid, social distancing was a norm to maintain public health. But some religious leaders evoked customs and traditions to promote social gatherings. Similarly, the vaccine hesitancy among certain communities is traced to their belief that vaccination is against the natural will of God.
▪️But customs and traditions, if understood with reason and adapted as per changing times, are aimed at maintaining social harmony and wellbeing. This can be seen as follows:
✅ Some customs are always relevant: Indian traditions of greeting people, etiquettes like washing the hands and feet before entering the house, etc. are good practices that will always remain relevant. Even the western countries are adopting these Indian traditions post-Covid.
✅ Customs help maintain social bonds: Customs and traditions can provide a sense of identity and belonging, and can help to maintain social cohesion and stability. For instance, prostrating before parents and elders is an act of respect.
✅ Customs and traditions as sources of knowledge: Some customs and traditions may be
based on accumulated knowledge and experience, and may reflect insights and wisdom that are relevant to the community or culture in which they are practiced. For example,
traditional medical practices may be based on an understanding of the properties and uses of various herbs and other natural remedies, and may be effective in treating certain conditions.
Conclusion: The relationship between customs and reason is complex and multifaceted, and depends on a variety of factors. Customs and traditions form an important part of human civilization and help people to align themselves in closely knit bonds but they can also be sources of conflict and tension. By their very nature, customs and traditions are supposed to evolve constantly and meet the changing requirements of time and social contexts. Thus, there must not be any scope for obscurantism in customs and traditions and for that, reason must be the guiding light.
#society
#gs1
Join @CSE_MAINS_PYQ
✅ Customs are a widely accepted discourse to behave or do something that is clearly defined in a particular society, whereas traditions are about the transmission of these customs or beliefs from generation to generation.
✅ Customs are perpetuated because they are transmitted by tradition.
Obscurantism is the practice of deliberately making something difficult to understand to stop
people from knowing. This leads to blindly following customs and traditions, which is against human reason. Customs and traditions that discriminate against certain groups of people or that are based on superstition or myth can even become a source of conflict.
▪️Cases where blind following of tradition has caused exploitation
✅ Customs like Sati and child marriage were perpetuated for long because of obscurantism.
The tradition of animal sacrifice in ceremonies is still practiced in many religions. The custom of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is still practised by few communities. „Honor killings‟ in India in the name of caste.
✅ The evil traditions of nikah halala and triple talaq propagated for so long in India despite the tradition being illogical and unreasonable, just because of obscurantism by the Muslim Personal Law Board.
✅ "Values" are sometimes used to justify forced marriages in Afghanistan, virginity testing
in Indonesia, "honor crimes" in Iraq, and marital rape in Kyrgyzstan, thus, violating human rights.
✅ Caste discrimination is perpetuated even today in some places in the name of customs
and purity.
✅ Religion against the Right to Equality: For instance, the Sabarimala case or Haji Ali Dargah, where women are strictly not allowed.
✅ For LGBT people, the language of traditional values tends to cast homosexuality as a moral issue, and not a rights issue.
✅ During Covid, social distancing was a norm to maintain public health. But some religious leaders evoked customs and traditions to promote social gatherings. Similarly, the vaccine hesitancy among certain communities is traced to their belief that vaccination is against the natural will of God.
▪️But customs and traditions, if understood with reason and adapted as per changing times, are aimed at maintaining social harmony and wellbeing. This can be seen as follows:
✅ Some customs are always relevant: Indian traditions of greeting people, etiquettes like washing the hands and feet before entering the house, etc. are good practices that will always remain relevant. Even the western countries are adopting these Indian traditions post-Covid.
✅ Customs help maintain social bonds: Customs and traditions can provide a sense of identity and belonging, and can help to maintain social cohesion and stability. For instance, prostrating before parents and elders is an act of respect.
✅ Customs and traditions as sources of knowledge: Some customs and traditions may be
based on accumulated knowledge and experience, and may reflect insights and wisdom that are relevant to the community or culture in which they are practiced. For example,
traditional medical practices may be based on an understanding of the properties and uses of various herbs and other natural remedies, and may be effective in treating certain conditions.
Conclusion: The relationship between customs and reason is complex and multifaceted, and depends on a variety of factors. Customs and traditions form an important part of human civilization and help people to align themselves in closely knit bonds but they can also be sources of conflict and tension. By their very nature, customs and traditions are supposed to evolve constantly and meet the changing requirements of time and social contexts. Thus, there must not be any scope for obscurantism in customs and traditions and for that, reason must be the guiding light.
#society
#gs1
Join @CSE_MAINS_PYQ
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Q. Account for the present location of Iron and steel industries away from the source of raw material, by giving examples.
Iron and Steel Industry (ISI) forms the backbone of the industrial sector as it serves as a key input material to many industries. Today, India stands as the second largest producer of steel in the world. Initially they were located close to the source of raw materials, namely coal, water, and limestone. However, there has been a shift away from the raw material source.
▪️Reasons behind the shift:
✅ Poor quality of coal and iron ore necessitates import of better-quality raw materials. Hence located near ports. E.g.: Vizag steel plant
✅ Well-developed road and rail network enable easy transport of raw material and finished goods
✅ Location near ports for export. E.g.: Ratnagiri steel imported from goa
✅ Located closer to major domestic markets to lower transport costs and promote manufacturing
✅ Improvement in technology like electric arc furnace has removed the need to be located near raw materials
ISI is a keystone industry with tremendous economic implications in backward and forward linkages. The Government of India came up with National steel policy 2017 to create a globally competitive steel industry in India.
#gs1 2020
#geography
Iron and Steel Industry (ISI) forms the backbone of the industrial sector as it serves as a key input material to many industries. Today, India stands as the second largest producer of steel in the world. Initially they were located close to the source of raw materials, namely coal, water, and limestone. However, there has been a shift away from the raw material source.
▪️Reasons behind the shift:
✅ Poor quality of coal and iron ore necessitates import of better-quality raw materials. Hence located near ports. E.g.: Vizag steel plant
✅ Well-developed road and rail network enable easy transport of raw material and finished goods
✅ Location near ports for export. E.g.: Ratnagiri steel imported from goa
✅ Located closer to major domestic markets to lower transport costs and promote manufacturing
✅ Improvement in technology like electric arc furnace has removed the need to be located near raw materials
ISI is a keystone industry with tremendous economic implications in backward and forward linkages. The Government of India came up with National steel policy 2017 to create a globally competitive steel industry in India.
#gs1 2020
#geography
👍6
Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree?
✅ Customs are a widely accepted discourse to behave or do something that is clearly defined in a particular society, whereas traditions are about the transmission of these customs or beliefs from generation to generation.
✅ Customs are perpetuated because they are transmitted by tradition.
Obscurantism is the practice of deliberately making something difficult to understand to stop
people from knowing. This leads to blindly following customs and traditions, which is against human reason. Customs and traditions that discriminate against certain groups of people or that are based on superstition or myth can even become a source of conflict.
▪️Cases where blind following of tradition has caused exploitation
✅ Customs like Sati and child marriage were perpetuated for long because of obscurantism.
The tradition of animal sacrifice in ceremonies is still practiced in many religions. The custom of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is still practised by few communities. „Honor killings‟ in India in the name of caste.
✅ The evil traditions of nikah halala and triple talaq propagated for so long in India despite the tradition being illogical and unreasonable, just because of obscurantism by the Muslim Personal Law Board.
✅ "Values" are sometimes used to justify forced marriages in Afghanistan, virginity testing
in Indonesia, "honor crimes" in Iraq, and marital rape in Kyrgyzstan, thus, violating human rights.
✅ Caste discrimination is perpetuated even today in some places in the name of customs
and purity.
✅ Religion against the Right to Equality: For instance, the Sabarimala case or Haji Ali Dargah, where women are strictly not allowed.
✅ For LGBT people, the language of traditional values tends to cast homosexuality as a moral issue, and not a rights issue.
✅ During Covid, social distancing was a norm to maintain public health. But some religious leaders evoked customs and traditions to promote social gatherings. Similarly, the vaccine hesitancy among certain communities is traced to their belief that vaccination is against the natural will of God.
▪️But customs and traditions, if understood with reason and adapted as per changing times, are aimed at maintaining social harmony and wellbeing. This can be seen as follows:
✅ Some customs are always relevant: Indian traditions of greeting people, etiquettes like washing the hands and feet before entering the house, etc. are good practices that will always remain relevant. Even the western countries are adopting these Indian traditions post-Covid.
✅ Customs help maintain social bonds: Customs and traditions can provide a sense of identity and belonging, and can help to maintain social cohesion and stability. For instance, prostrating before parents and elders is an act of respect.
✅ Customs and traditions as sources of knowledge: Some customs and traditions may be
based on accumulated knowledge and experience, and may reflect insights and wisdom that are relevant to the community or culture in which they are practiced. For example,
traditional medical practices may be based on an understanding of the properties and uses of various herbs and other natural remedies, and may be effective in treating certain conditions.
Conclusion: The relationship between customs and reason is complex and multifaceted, and depends on a variety of factors. Customs and traditions form an important part of human civilization and help people to align themselves in closely knit bonds but they can also be sources of conflict and tension. By their very nature, customs and traditions are supposed to evolve constantly and meet the changing requirements of time and social contexts. Thus, there must not be any scope for obscurantism in customs and traditions and for that, reason must be the guiding light.
#society
#gs1
Join @CSE_MAINS_PYQ
✅ Customs are a widely accepted discourse to behave or do something that is clearly defined in a particular society, whereas traditions are about the transmission of these customs or beliefs from generation to generation.
✅ Customs are perpetuated because they are transmitted by tradition.
Obscurantism is the practice of deliberately making something difficult to understand to stop
people from knowing. This leads to blindly following customs and traditions, which is against human reason. Customs and traditions that discriminate against certain groups of people or that are based on superstition or myth can even become a source of conflict.
▪️Cases where blind following of tradition has caused exploitation
✅ Customs like Sati and child marriage were perpetuated for long because of obscurantism.
The tradition of animal sacrifice in ceremonies is still practiced in many religions. The custom of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is still practised by few communities. „Honor killings‟ in India in the name of caste.
✅ The evil traditions of nikah halala and triple talaq propagated for so long in India despite the tradition being illogical and unreasonable, just because of obscurantism by the Muslim Personal Law Board.
✅ "Values" are sometimes used to justify forced marriages in Afghanistan, virginity testing
in Indonesia, "honor crimes" in Iraq, and marital rape in Kyrgyzstan, thus, violating human rights.
✅ Caste discrimination is perpetuated even today in some places in the name of customs
and purity.
✅ Religion against the Right to Equality: For instance, the Sabarimala case or Haji Ali Dargah, where women are strictly not allowed.
✅ For LGBT people, the language of traditional values tends to cast homosexuality as a moral issue, and not a rights issue.
✅ During Covid, social distancing was a norm to maintain public health. But some religious leaders evoked customs and traditions to promote social gatherings. Similarly, the vaccine hesitancy among certain communities is traced to their belief that vaccination is against the natural will of God.
▪️But customs and traditions, if understood with reason and adapted as per changing times, are aimed at maintaining social harmony and wellbeing. This can be seen as follows:
✅ Some customs are always relevant: Indian traditions of greeting people, etiquettes like washing the hands and feet before entering the house, etc. are good practices that will always remain relevant. Even the western countries are adopting these Indian traditions post-Covid.
✅ Customs help maintain social bonds: Customs and traditions can provide a sense of identity and belonging, and can help to maintain social cohesion and stability. For instance, prostrating before parents and elders is an act of respect.
✅ Customs and traditions as sources of knowledge: Some customs and traditions may be
based on accumulated knowledge and experience, and may reflect insights and wisdom that are relevant to the community or culture in which they are practiced. For example,
traditional medical practices may be based on an understanding of the properties and uses of various herbs and other natural remedies, and may be effective in treating certain conditions.
Conclusion: The relationship between customs and reason is complex and multifaceted, and depends on a variety of factors. Customs and traditions form an important part of human civilization and help people to align themselves in closely knit bonds but they can also be sources of conflict and tension. By their very nature, customs and traditions are supposed to evolve constantly and meet the changing requirements of time and social contexts. Thus, there must not be any scope for obscurantism in customs and traditions and for that, reason must be the guiding light.
#society
#gs1
Join @CSE_MAINS_PYQ
❤1👍1
Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree?
✅ Customs are a widely accepted discourse to behave or do something that is clearly defined in a particular society, whereas traditions are about the transmission of these customs or beliefs from generation to generation.
✅ Customs are perpetuated because they are transmitted by tradition.
Obscurantism is the practice of deliberately making something difficult to understand to stop
people from knowing. This leads to blindly following customs and traditions, which is against human reason. Customs and traditions that discriminate against certain groups of people or that are based on superstition or myth can even become a source of conflict.
▪️Cases where blind following of tradition has caused exploitation
✅ Customs like Sati and child marriage were perpetuated for long because of obscurantism.
The tradition of animal sacrifice in ceremonies is still practiced in many religions. The custom of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is still practised by few communities. „Honor killings‟ in India in the name of caste.
✅ The evil traditions of nikah halala and triple talaq propagated for so long in India despite the tradition being illogical and unreasonable, just because of obscurantism by the Muslim Personal Law Board.
✅ "Values" are sometimes used to justify forced marriages in Afghanistan, virginity testing
in Indonesia, "honor crimes" in Iraq, and marital rape in Kyrgyzstan, thus, violating human rights.
✅ Caste discrimination is perpetuated even today in some places in the name of customs
and purity.
✅ Religion against the Right to Equality: For instance, the Sabarimala case or Haji Ali Dargah, where women are strictly not allowed.
✅ For LGBT people, the language of traditional values tends to cast homosexuality as a moral issue, and not a rights issue.
✅ During Covid, social distancing was a norm to maintain public health. But some religious leaders evoked customs and traditions to promote social gatherings. Similarly, the vaccine hesitancy among certain communities is traced to their belief that vaccination is against the natural will of God.
▪️But customs and traditions, if understood with reason and adapted as per changing times, are aimed at maintaining social harmony and wellbeing. This can be seen as follows:
✅ Some customs are always relevant: Indian traditions of greeting people, etiquettes like washing the hands and feet before entering the house, etc. are good practices that will always remain relevant. Even the western countries are adopting these Indian traditions post-Covid.
✅ Customs help maintain social bonds: Customs and traditions can provide a sense of identity and belonging, and can help to maintain social cohesion and stability. For instance, prostrating before parents and elders is an act of respect.
✅ Customs and traditions as sources of knowledge: Some customs and traditions may be
based on accumulated knowledge and experience, and may reflect insights and wisdom that are relevant to the community or culture in which they are practiced. For example,
traditional medical practices may be based on an understanding of the properties and uses of various herbs and other natural remedies, and may be effective in treating certain conditions.
Conclusion: The relationship between customs and reason is complex and multifaceted, and depends on a variety of factors. Customs and traditions form an important part of human civilization and help people to align themselves in closely knit bonds but they can also be sources of conflict and tension. By their very nature, customs and traditions are supposed to evolve constantly and meet the changing requirements of time and social contexts. Thus, there must not be any scope for obscurantism in customs and traditions and for that, reason must be the guiding light.
#society
#gs1
Join @CSE_MAINS_PYQ
✅ Customs are a widely accepted discourse to behave or do something that is clearly defined in a particular society, whereas traditions are about the transmission of these customs or beliefs from generation to generation.
✅ Customs are perpetuated because they are transmitted by tradition.
Obscurantism is the practice of deliberately making something difficult to understand to stop
people from knowing. This leads to blindly following customs and traditions, which is against human reason. Customs and traditions that discriminate against certain groups of people or that are based on superstition or myth can even become a source of conflict.
▪️Cases where blind following of tradition has caused exploitation
✅ Customs like Sati and child marriage were perpetuated for long because of obscurantism.
The tradition of animal sacrifice in ceremonies is still practiced in many religions. The custom of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is still practised by few communities. „Honor killings‟ in India in the name of caste.
✅ The evil traditions of nikah halala and triple talaq propagated for so long in India despite the tradition being illogical and unreasonable, just because of obscurantism by the Muslim Personal Law Board.
✅ "Values" are sometimes used to justify forced marriages in Afghanistan, virginity testing
in Indonesia, "honor crimes" in Iraq, and marital rape in Kyrgyzstan, thus, violating human rights.
✅ Caste discrimination is perpetuated even today in some places in the name of customs
and purity.
✅ Religion against the Right to Equality: For instance, the Sabarimala case or Haji Ali Dargah, where women are strictly not allowed.
✅ For LGBT people, the language of traditional values tends to cast homosexuality as a moral issue, and not a rights issue.
✅ During Covid, social distancing was a norm to maintain public health. But some religious leaders evoked customs and traditions to promote social gatherings. Similarly, the vaccine hesitancy among certain communities is traced to their belief that vaccination is against the natural will of God.
▪️But customs and traditions, if understood with reason and adapted as per changing times, are aimed at maintaining social harmony and wellbeing. This can be seen as follows:
✅ Some customs are always relevant: Indian traditions of greeting people, etiquettes like washing the hands and feet before entering the house, etc. are good practices that will always remain relevant. Even the western countries are adopting these Indian traditions post-Covid.
✅ Customs help maintain social bonds: Customs and traditions can provide a sense of identity and belonging, and can help to maintain social cohesion and stability. For instance, prostrating before parents and elders is an act of respect.
✅ Customs and traditions as sources of knowledge: Some customs and traditions may be
based on accumulated knowledge and experience, and may reflect insights and wisdom that are relevant to the community or culture in which they are practiced. For example,
traditional medical practices may be based on an understanding of the properties and uses of various herbs and other natural remedies, and may be effective in treating certain conditions.
Conclusion: The relationship between customs and reason is complex and multifaceted, and depends on a variety of factors. Customs and traditions form an important part of human civilization and help people to align themselves in closely knit bonds but they can also be sources of conflict and tension. By their very nature, customs and traditions are supposed to evolve constantly and meet the changing requirements of time and social contexts. Thus, there must not be any scope for obscurantism in customs and traditions and for that, reason must be the guiding light.
#society
#gs1
Join @CSE_MAINS_PYQ
👍7❤2
Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree?
✅ Customs are a widely accepted discourse to behave or do something that is clearly defined in a particular society, whereas traditions are about the transmission of these customs or beliefs from generation to generation.
✅ Customs are perpetuated because they are transmitted by tradition.
Obscurantism is the practice of deliberately making something difficult to understand to stop
people from knowing. This leads to blindly following customs and traditions, which is against human reason. Customs and traditions that discriminate against certain groups of people or that are based on superstition or myth can even become a source of conflict.
▪️Cases where blind following of tradition has caused exploitation
✅ Customs like Sati and child marriage were perpetuated for long because of obscurantism.
The tradition of animal sacrifice in ceremonies is still practiced in many religions. The custom of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is still practised by few communities. „Honor killings‟ in India in the name of caste.
✅ The evil traditions of nikah halala and triple talaq propagated for so long in India despite the tradition being illogical and unreasonable, just because of obscurantism by the Muslim Personal Law Board.
✅ "Values" are sometimes used to justify forced marriages in Afghanistan, virginity testing
in Indonesia, "honor crimes" in Iraq, and marital rape in Kyrgyzstan, thus, violating human rights.
✅ Caste discrimination is perpetuated even today in some places in the name of customs
and purity.
✅ Religion against the Right to Equality: For instance, the Sabarimala case or Haji Ali Dargah, where women are strictly not allowed.
✅ For LGBT people, the language of traditional values tends to cast homosexuality as a moral issue, and not a rights issue.
✅ During Covid, social distancing was a norm to maintain public health. But some religious leaders evoked customs and traditions to promote social gatherings. Similarly, the vaccine hesitancy among certain communities is traced to their belief that vaccination is against the natural will of God.
▪️But customs and traditions, if understood with reason and adapted as per changing times, are aimed at maintaining social harmony and wellbeing. This can be seen as follows:
✅ Some customs are always relevant: Indian traditions of greeting people, etiquettes like washing the hands and feet before entering the house, etc. are good practices that will always remain relevant. Even the western countries are adopting these Indian traditions post-Covid.
✅ Customs help maintain social bonds: Customs and traditions can provide a sense of identity and belonging, and can help to maintain social cohesion and stability. For instance, prostrating before parents and elders is an act of respect.
✅ Customs and traditions as sources of knowledge: Some customs and traditions may be
based on accumulated knowledge and experience, and may reflect insights and wisdom that are relevant to the community or culture in which they are practiced. For example,
traditional medical practices may be based on an understanding of the properties and uses of various herbs and other natural remedies, and may be effective in treating certain conditions.
Conclusion: The relationship between customs and reason is complex and multifaceted, and depends on a variety of factors. Customs and traditions form an important part of human civilization and help people to align themselves in closely knit bonds but they can also be sources of conflict and tension. By their very nature, customs and traditions are supposed to evolve constantly and meet the changing requirements of time and social contexts. Thus, there must not be any scope for obscurantism in customs and traditions and for that, reason must be the guiding light.
#society
#gs1
Join @CSE_MAINS_PYQ
✅ Customs are a widely accepted discourse to behave or do something that is clearly defined in a particular society, whereas traditions are about the transmission of these customs or beliefs from generation to generation.
✅ Customs are perpetuated because they are transmitted by tradition.
Obscurantism is the practice of deliberately making something difficult to understand to stop
people from knowing. This leads to blindly following customs and traditions, which is against human reason. Customs and traditions that discriminate against certain groups of people or that are based on superstition or myth can even become a source of conflict.
▪️Cases where blind following of tradition has caused exploitation
✅ Customs like Sati and child marriage were perpetuated for long because of obscurantism.
The tradition of animal sacrifice in ceremonies is still practiced in many religions. The custom of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is still practised by few communities. „Honor killings‟ in India in the name of caste.
✅ The evil traditions of nikah halala and triple talaq propagated for so long in India despite the tradition being illogical and unreasonable, just because of obscurantism by the Muslim Personal Law Board.
✅ "Values" are sometimes used to justify forced marriages in Afghanistan, virginity testing
in Indonesia, "honor crimes" in Iraq, and marital rape in Kyrgyzstan, thus, violating human rights.
✅ Caste discrimination is perpetuated even today in some places in the name of customs
and purity.
✅ Religion against the Right to Equality: For instance, the Sabarimala case or Haji Ali Dargah, where women are strictly not allowed.
✅ For LGBT people, the language of traditional values tends to cast homosexuality as a moral issue, and not a rights issue.
✅ During Covid, social distancing was a norm to maintain public health. But some religious leaders evoked customs and traditions to promote social gatherings. Similarly, the vaccine hesitancy among certain communities is traced to their belief that vaccination is against the natural will of God.
▪️But customs and traditions, if understood with reason and adapted as per changing times, are aimed at maintaining social harmony and wellbeing. This can be seen as follows:
✅ Some customs are always relevant: Indian traditions of greeting people, etiquettes like washing the hands and feet before entering the house, etc. are good practices that will always remain relevant. Even the western countries are adopting these Indian traditions post-Covid.
✅ Customs help maintain social bonds: Customs and traditions can provide a sense of identity and belonging, and can help to maintain social cohesion and stability. For instance, prostrating before parents and elders is an act of respect.
✅ Customs and traditions as sources of knowledge: Some customs and traditions may be
based on accumulated knowledge and experience, and may reflect insights and wisdom that are relevant to the community or culture in which they are practiced. For example,
traditional medical practices may be based on an understanding of the properties and uses of various herbs and other natural remedies, and may be effective in treating certain conditions.
Conclusion: The relationship between customs and reason is complex and multifaceted, and depends on a variety of factors. Customs and traditions form an important part of human civilization and help people to align themselves in closely knit bonds but they can also be sources of conflict and tension. By their very nature, customs and traditions are supposed to evolve constantly and meet the changing requirements of time and social contexts. Thus, there must not be any scope for obscurantism in customs and traditions and for that, reason must be the guiding light.
#society
#gs1
Join @CSE_MAINS_PYQ
👍5❤1
Que.The Harappan culture represented a great sense of town planning. In light of this statement discuss the main features of the town planning of the Indus valley Civilization.
#GS1
✅Approach :
▪️Start your answer by giving a brief about the Indus valley Civilization.
▪️Discuss the features of the Town Planning of the Indus valley Civilization.
▪️Conclude suitably
Answer
✅The history of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as Harappan Civilization.It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, in contemporary Pakistan and Western India.The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China. The Harappan culture was distinguished by its system of town planning.
✅Main Features of the Town Planning of the Indus valley Civilization:
▪️Grid pattern: The streets of Mohen-Jo Dero and Harappa were laid out in a grid pattern and ran from east to west. Each crossing had a light post at the intersection and was vertical. Homes were built on either side of the roads.
▪️A Well-Established Drainage system: On both sides of the highways, huge sewers were dug, and they were built from burned bricks. Due to their covering, the drains were not apparent. These drains connected with a sizable well as they passed through the town and continued outside.
There was a big drain that went across the front of each house, and the little drains in each house were connected to it. The outcome was that eventually the sewage and refuges from each residence were dumped into a sizable well outside of town. Bad odours and contamination can be avoided with the help of technology.
▪️Baked Bricks Buildings: The residential structures had an open terrace surrounded by rooms and were primarily composed of brick. The bricks used to build these constructions were uniformly baked and sun-dried. In some of the homes, there were even multiple stories and paved floors.
▪️Lower and Upper town:
A typical city would be split into two sections, with each one being protected differently.
The upper level was on a man-made hill, while the bottom level was on flat ground (also termed an acropolis).
The most significant buildings of the city, such as assembly halls, religious buildings, granaries, and, in the case of Mohenjo-Daro, the big bath and the lower town, were located on the acropolis.
✅Conclusion: Town planning in Harappan society was actually highly sophisticated and eloquent. Their infrastructure reflects a vibrant civic life.
Share 👉 @upsc_answer_written
#GS1
✅Approach :
▪️Start your answer by giving a brief about the Indus valley Civilization.
▪️Discuss the features of the Town Planning of the Indus valley Civilization.
▪️Conclude suitably
Answer
✅The history of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as Harappan Civilization.It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, in contemporary Pakistan and Western India.The Indus Valley was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China. The Harappan culture was distinguished by its system of town planning.
✅Main Features of the Town Planning of the Indus valley Civilization:
▪️Grid pattern: The streets of Mohen-Jo Dero and Harappa were laid out in a grid pattern and ran from east to west. Each crossing had a light post at the intersection and was vertical. Homes were built on either side of the roads.
▪️A Well-Established Drainage system: On both sides of the highways, huge sewers were dug, and they were built from burned bricks. Due to their covering, the drains were not apparent. These drains connected with a sizable well as they passed through the town and continued outside.
There was a big drain that went across the front of each house, and the little drains in each house were connected to it. The outcome was that eventually the sewage and refuges from each residence were dumped into a sizable well outside of town. Bad odours and contamination can be avoided with the help of technology.
▪️Baked Bricks Buildings: The residential structures had an open terrace surrounded by rooms and were primarily composed of brick. The bricks used to build these constructions were uniformly baked and sun-dried. In some of the homes, there were even multiple stories and paved floors.
▪️Lower and Upper town:
A typical city would be split into two sections, with each one being protected differently.
The upper level was on a man-made hill, while the bottom level was on flat ground (also termed an acropolis).
The most significant buildings of the city, such as assembly halls, religious buildings, granaries, and, in the case of Mohenjo-Daro, the big bath and the lower town, were located on the acropolis.
✅Conclusion: Town planning in Harappan society was actually highly sophisticated and eloquent. Their infrastructure reflects a vibrant civic life.
Share 👉 @upsc_answer_written
👍15
Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree?
✅ Customs are a widely accepted discourse to behave or do something that is clearly defined in a particular society, whereas traditions are about the transmission of these customs or beliefs from generation to generation.
✅ Customs are perpetuated because they are transmitted by tradition.
Obscurantism is the practice of deliberately making something difficult to understand to stop
people from knowing. This leads to blindly following customs and traditions, which is against human reason. Customs and traditions that discriminate against certain groups of people or that are based on superstition or myth can even become a source of conflict.
▪️Cases where blind following of tradition has caused exploitation
✅ Customs like Sati and child marriage were perpetuated for long because of obscurantism.
The tradition of animal sacrifice in ceremonies is still practiced in many religions. The custom of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is still practised by few communities. „Honor killings‟ in India in the name of caste.
✅ The evil traditions of nikah halala and triple talaq propagated for so long in India despite the tradition being illogical and unreasonable, just because of obscurantism by the Muslim Personal Law Board.
✅ "Values" are sometimes used to justify forced marriages in Afghanistan, virginity testing
in Indonesia, "honor crimes" in Iraq, and marital rape in Kyrgyzstan, thus, violating human rights.
✅ Caste discrimination is perpetuated even today in some places in the name of customs
and purity.
✅ Religion against the Right to Equality: For instance, the Sabarimala case or Haji Ali Dargah, where women are strictly not allowed.
✅ For LGBT people, the language of traditional values tends to cast homosexuality as a moral issue, and not a rights issue.
✅ During Covid, social distancing was a norm to maintain public health. But some religious leaders evoked customs and traditions to promote social gatherings. Similarly, the vaccine hesitancy among certain communities is traced to their belief that vaccination is against the natural will of God.
▪️But customs and traditions, if understood with reason and adapted as per changing times, are aimed at maintaining social harmony and wellbeing. This can be seen as follows:
✅ Some customs are always relevant: Indian traditions of greeting people, etiquettes like washing the hands and feet before entering the house, etc. are good practices that will always remain relevant. Even the western countries are adopting these Indian traditions post-Covid.
✅ Customs help maintain social bonds: Customs and traditions can provide a sense of identity and belonging, and can help to maintain social cohesion and stability. For instance, prostrating before parents and elders is an act of respect.
✅ Customs and traditions as sources of knowledge: Some customs and traditions may be
based on accumulated knowledge and experience, and may reflect insights and wisdom that are relevant to the community or culture in which they are practiced. For example,
traditional medical practices may be based on an understanding of the properties and uses of various herbs and other natural remedies, and may be effective in treating certain conditions.
Conclusion: The relationship between customs and reason is complex and multifaceted, and depends on a variety of factors. Customs and traditions form an important part of human civilization and help people to align themselves in closely knit bonds but they can also be sources of conflict and tension. By their very nature, customs and traditions are supposed to evolve constantly and meet the changing requirements of time and social contexts. Thus, there must not be any scope for obscurantism in customs and traditions and for that, reason must be the guiding light.
#society
#gs1
Join @CSE_MAINS_PYQ
✅ Customs are a widely accepted discourse to behave or do something that is clearly defined in a particular society, whereas traditions are about the transmission of these customs or beliefs from generation to generation.
✅ Customs are perpetuated because they are transmitted by tradition.
Obscurantism is the practice of deliberately making something difficult to understand to stop
people from knowing. This leads to blindly following customs and traditions, which is against human reason. Customs and traditions that discriminate against certain groups of people or that are based on superstition or myth can even become a source of conflict.
▪️Cases where blind following of tradition has caused exploitation
✅ Customs like Sati and child marriage were perpetuated for long because of obscurantism.
The tradition of animal sacrifice in ceremonies is still practiced in many religions. The custom of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is still practised by few communities. „Honor killings‟ in India in the name of caste.
✅ The evil traditions of nikah halala and triple talaq propagated for so long in India despite the tradition being illogical and unreasonable, just because of obscurantism by the Muslim Personal Law Board.
✅ "Values" are sometimes used to justify forced marriages in Afghanistan, virginity testing
in Indonesia, "honor crimes" in Iraq, and marital rape in Kyrgyzstan, thus, violating human rights.
✅ Caste discrimination is perpetuated even today in some places in the name of customs
and purity.
✅ Religion against the Right to Equality: For instance, the Sabarimala case or Haji Ali Dargah, where women are strictly not allowed.
✅ For LGBT people, the language of traditional values tends to cast homosexuality as a moral issue, and not a rights issue.
✅ During Covid, social distancing was a norm to maintain public health. But some religious leaders evoked customs and traditions to promote social gatherings. Similarly, the vaccine hesitancy among certain communities is traced to their belief that vaccination is against the natural will of God.
▪️But customs and traditions, if understood with reason and adapted as per changing times, are aimed at maintaining social harmony and wellbeing. This can be seen as follows:
✅ Some customs are always relevant: Indian traditions of greeting people, etiquettes like washing the hands and feet before entering the house, etc. are good practices that will always remain relevant. Even the western countries are adopting these Indian traditions post-Covid.
✅ Customs help maintain social bonds: Customs and traditions can provide a sense of identity and belonging, and can help to maintain social cohesion and stability. For instance, prostrating before parents and elders is an act of respect.
✅ Customs and traditions as sources of knowledge: Some customs and traditions may be
based on accumulated knowledge and experience, and may reflect insights and wisdom that are relevant to the community or culture in which they are practiced. For example,
traditional medical practices may be based on an understanding of the properties and uses of various herbs and other natural remedies, and may be effective in treating certain conditions.
Conclusion: The relationship between customs and reason is complex and multifaceted, and depends on a variety of factors. Customs and traditions form an important part of human civilization and help people to align themselves in closely knit bonds but they can also be sources of conflict and tension. By their very nature, customs and traditions are supposed to evolve constantly and meet the changing requirements of time and social contexts. Thus, there must not be any scope for obscurantism in customs and traditions and for that, reason must be the guiding light.
#society
#gs1
Join @CSE_MAINS_PYQ
👍2❤1👨💻1
🔆 Model Q&A – GS1 (Geography / Disaster Management)
📍Q. Identify the causes behind landslides in India. What steps have been taken by the government to mitigate the impact of landslides in India?
📌 Approach:
✅ Define landslides and mention key statistics
✅ Explain various causes behind landslides in India
✅ Highlight government measures for mitigation
✅ Conclude with suggestions
📝 Answer:
Landslides are the mass movement of rock, debris, or earth down a slope, often triggered by earthquakes, floods, and volcanoes. Landslides impact ~15% of India’s land area, placing it among the top five landslide-prone countries globally.
✅ Causes behind Landslides in India:
🟩 Seismic Factors:
• Himalayan region lies in a high seismic zone
• Experiences frequent ground-shaking, destabilizing slopes
• Triggers landslides after earthquakes
🟩 Geological Factors:
• Himalayas made of sedimentary rocks prone to erosion
• Steep slopes + rapid rivers → toe erosion → slope instability
🟩 Rainfall:
• Intense weathering due to heavy monsoonal rains
• Creates regolith (loose soil layer) → prone to mudslides
🔸 E.g. August 2018: 300+ landslides in Kerala due to prolonged rainfall
🟩 Deforestation:
• Urbanization, roads, tourism → removes slope vegetation
• Unchecked runoff + erosion
🔸 E.g. Land subsidence events in Joshimath, Uttarakhand
✅ Govt. Steps to Mitigate Impact:
🟩 National Landslide Risk Management Strategy:
• Released by NDMA
• Focuses on hazard zonation, early warning systems (EWS), capacity building, & preparedness
🟩 National Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (NLSM):
• Conducted by Geological Survey of India
• Mapped 4.3 lakh sq. km of vulnerable areas
🟩 Landslide Atlas of India:
• Prepared by NRSC (ISRO)
• Covers vulnerable regions in 17 States + 2 UTs (Himalayas + Western Ghats)
🟩 Awareness Generation:
• NDMA conducts media outreach (e.g. ‘Aapda Ka Samna’)
• Promotes education + preparedness
📌 Way Forward:
✅ Enforce area-specific construction regulations
✅ Ensure afforestation & eco-sensitive planning
✅ Focus on technology-driven mitigation like GIS, satellite tracking, and sensors
🧠 #GS1 #Geography #DisasterManagement
📍Q. Identify the causes behind landslides in India. What steps have been taken by the government to mitigate the impact of landslides in India?
📌 Approach:
✅ Define landslides and mention key statistics
✅ Explain various causes behind landslides in India
✅ Highlight government measures for mitigation
✅ Conclude with suggestions
📝 Answer:
Landslides are the mass movement of rock, debris, or earth down a slope, often triggered by earthquakes, floods, and volcanoes. Landslides impact ~15% of India’s land area, placing it among the top five landslide-prone countries globally.
✅ Causes behind Landslides in India:
🟩 Seismic Factors:
• Himalayan region lies in a high seismic zone
• Experiences frequent ground-shaking, destabilizing slopes
• Triggers landslides after earthquakes
🟩 Geological Factors:
• Himalayas made of sedimentary rocks prone to erosion
• Steep slopes + rapid rivers → toe erosion → slope instability
🟩 Rainfall:
• Intense weathering due to heavy monsoonal rains
• Creates regolith (loose soil layer) → prone to mudslides
🔸 E.g. August 2018: 300+ landslides in Kerala due to prolonged rainfall
🟩 Deforestation:
• Urbanization, roads, tourism → removes slope vegetation
• Unchecked runoff + erosion
🔸 E.g. Land subsidence events in Joshimath, Uttarakhand
✅ Govt. Steps to Mitigate Impact:
🟩 National Landslide Risk Management Strategy:
• Released by NDMA
• Focuses on hazard zonation, early warning systems (EWS), capacity building, & preparedness
🟩 National Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (NLSM):
• Conducted by Geological Survey of India
• Mapped 4.3 lakh sq. km of vulnerable areas
🟩 Landslide Atlas of India:
• Prepared by NRSC (ISRO)
• Covers vulnerable regions in 17 States + 2 UTs (Himalayas + Western Ghats)
🟩 Awareness Generation:
• NDMA conducts media outreach (e.g. ‘Aapda Ka Samna’)
• Promotes education + preparedness
📌 Way Forward:
✅ Enforce area-specific construction regulations
✅ Ensure afforestation & eco-sensitive planning
✅ Focus on technology-driven mitigation like GIS, satellite tracking, and sensors
🧠 #GS1 #Geography #DisasterManagement
❤3
🔆 Q. Discuss how the Self-Respect Movement pioneered social reforms like self-respect marriages and women’s empowerment, and evaluate its relevance in contemporary India (150 Words) (10 Marks)
Approach
• Introduction: Write a brief introduction about the Self-Respect Movement.
• Body: Discuss how the Self-Respect Movement pioneered social reforms and its relevance in contemporary India.
• Conclusion: Emphasis on SRM serves as a guiding light for contemporary.
📍 UPSC GS Paper 1 | Society | 150 Words | 10 Marks
✅ Introduction:
The Self-Respect Movement (SRM), founded by E.V. Ramasamy ‘Periyar’ in 1925, emerged as a social reform movement in Tamil Nadu to challenge caste hierarchy, patriarchy, and religious orthodoxy. It sought to promote rationalism, equality, and dignity among all sections of society.
✅ Body:
The SRM pioneered transformative reforms like Self-Respect Marriages (1928) — ceremonies conducted without Brahmin priests or Sanskrit rituals — symbolising equality and rationality. It promoted women’s empowerment through advocacy for widow remarriage, divorce rights, property ownership, and bodily autonomy.
Educational reforms emphasised Tamil language, scientific temper, and universal education, while inter-caste marriages advanced social integration. The movement laid the ideological foundation for Dravidian politics, shaping Tamil Nadu’s social justice model.
✅ Relevance Today:
The SRM’s ideals resonate in contemporary India through initiatives like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, reservation policies, and promotion of scientific temper (Article 51A(h)), reinforcing equality, inclusivity, and rationalism in governance and society.
✅ Conclusion:
The Self-Respect Movement continues to inspire India’s pursuit of social justice, gender equality, and rational progress, serving as a guiding light for an inclusive and equitable Viksit Bharat.
#GS1 #SocialReformMovements #Answer
Approach
• Introduction: Write a brief introduction about the Self-Respect Movement.
• Body: Discuss how the Self-Respect Movement pioneered social reforms and its relevance in contemporary India.
• Conclusion: Emphasis on SRM serves as a guiding light for contemporary.
📍 UPSC GS Paper 1 | Society | 150 Words | 10 Marks
✅ Introduction:
The Self-Respect Movement (SRM), founded by E.V. Ramasamy ‘Periyar’ in 1925, emerged as a social reform movement in Tamil Nadu to challenge caste hierarchy, patriarchy, and religious orthodoxy. It sought to promote rationalism, equality, and dignity among all sections of society.
✅ Body:
The SRM pioneered transformative reforms like Self-Respect Marriages (1928) — ceremonies conducted without Brahmin priests or Sanskrit rituals — symbolising equality and rationality. It promoted women’s empowerment through advocacy for widow remarriage, divorce rights, property ownership, and bodily autonomy.
Educational reforms emphasised Tamil language, scientific temper, and universal education, while inter-caste marriages advanced social integration. The movement laid the ideological foundation for Dravidian politics, shaping Tamil Nadu’s social justice model.
✅ Relevance Today:
The SRM’s ideals resonate in contemporary India through initiatives like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, reservation policies, and promotion of scientific temper (Article 51A(h)), reinforcing equality, inclusivity, and rationalism in governance and society.
✅ Conclusion:
The Self-Respect Movement continues to inspire India’s pursuit of social justice, gender equality, and rational progress, serving as a guiding light for an inclusive and equitable Viksit Bharat.
#GS1 #SocialReformMovements #Answer
❤3
🔆 Why Large Cities Attract More Migrants than Smaller Towns
📘 A Developing Country Perspective – UPSC 2024
📍 Migration is skewed towards big cities due to:
✅ Diverse & abundant employment in formal/informal sectors
• Example: Mumbai & Bengaluru attract rural youth in tech, finance, construction
✅ Better access to education & healthcare
• Example: Delhi’s DU and AIIMS draw families for advancement
✅ Superior infrastructure & logistics
• Example: Metro, airports, 24×7 power in Chennai enhance urban appeal
✅ Urban informal economy absorbs unskilled labor
• Example: Bihar & UP migrants work in Mumbai’s construction/domestic sectors
✅ Presence of migrant networks & support systems
• Example: Malayali migrants in Kochi facilitate Gulf migration links
✅ Urban aspirations & perceived mobility
• Example: Media portrayals of progress create a strong “pull effect”
#GS1 #geography
Join https://t.me/Mapping_prelims_mains
📘 A Developing Country Perspective – UPSC 2024
📍 Migration is skewed towards big cities due to:
✅ Diverse & abundant employment in formal/informal sectors
• Example: Mumbai & Bengaluru attract rural youth in tech, finance, construction
✅ Better access to education & healthcare
• Example: Delhi’s DU and AIIMS draw families for advancement
✅ Superior infrastructure & logistics
• Example: Metro, airports, 24×7 power in Chennai enhance urban appeal
✅ Urban informal economy absorbs unskilled labor
• Example: Bihar & UP migrants work in Mumbai’s construction/domestic sectors
✅ Presence of migrant networks & support systems
• Example: Malayali migrants in Kochi facilitate Gulf migration links
✅ Urban aspirations & perceived mobility
• Example: Media portrayals of progress create a strong “pull effect”
📝 Mains GS1 Question
Explain the economic and socio-cultural factors that make large Indian cities preferred migration destinations compared to smaller towns.
#GS1 #geography
Join https://t.me/Mapping_prelims_mains
❤4
🔆 UPSC CSE MAINS 2023
📍 Q. Distinguish between ‘Care Economy’ and ‘Monetized Economy’. How can care economy be brought into monetized economy through women empowerment? (15 Marks)
📍 Introduction
✅ Care Economy refers to unpaid or underpaid activities such as childcare, elderly care, household maintenance and emotional labour.
✅ Monetized Economy includes all paid economic activities that generate income and contribute to GDP.
📍 Key Features of Care Economy
✅ Human-Centred
✅ Labour-Intensive
✅ Predominantly Informal Sector
📍 Fact File
✅ Care work contributes around 15–17% of India’s GDP equivalent value.
✅ Women perform nearly 84% of unpaid care work.
✅ Global care investments can create 475 million jobs by 2030.
📍 Care Economy vs Monetized Economy
✅ Care Economy
• Unpaid caregiving, domestic work and emotional labour
• Not counted in GDP or national accounts
• Largely invisible and undervalued
• Performed mostly by women
• Informal and unrecognized skills
• No wages or financial return
• Seen as a natural duty or responsibility
✅ Monetized Economy
• Paid labour producing goods and services
• Direct contributor to GDP and economic growth
• Highly visible and economically recognized
• Formal skills, training and certifications
• Generates income and employment
• Seen as productive economic activity
📍 Bringing Care Economy into Monetized Economy through Women Empowerment
✅ Increase Investment in Care Economy
• Raising investment to 2% of GDP can generate nearly 11 million jobs for women.
✅ Womenomics Approach
• Draw lessons from Japan’s Womenomics Model to boost female labour force participation.
✅ PPP & CSR Participation
• Expand affordable childcare, eldercare and community-care infrastructure.
✅ Skill Development & Certification
• Childcare, geriatric care, nursing, early childhood education and nutrition services.
✅ Formalisation of Care Services
• Expand Creches, Anganwadis, Elderly Care Centres and community caregiving services.
✅ Women-Led Care Entrepreneurship
• Promote day-care centres, tiffin services and home-care services through credit, SHGs, digital platforms and market linkages.
✅ Social Protection
• Recognise care work under minimum wage laws and social security frameworks.
✅ Digital Monetisation
• Online caregiving services, home-nursing apps and domestic worker registries.
✅ Time-Saving Infrastructure
• Clean cooking fuel, piped water supply and public transport to reduce unpaid care burden.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Integrating the care economy into the monetized economy requires recognition, valuation and formalisation of care work.
✅ Adopting the 3R Framework — Recognize, Reduce and Redistribute can advance SDG-5 (Gender Equality) and promote inclusive growth.
#GS1 #UPSCMains #Answer
📍 Q. Distinguish between ‘Care Economy’ and ‘Monetized Economy’. How can care economy be brought into monetized economy through women empowerment? (15 Marks)
📍 Introduction
✅ Care Economy refers to unpaid or underpaid activities such as childcare, elderly care, household maintenance and emotional labour.
✅ Monetized Economy includes all paid economic activities that generate income and contribute to GDP.
📍 Key Features of Care Economy
✅ Human-Centred
✅ Labour-Intensive
✅ Predominantly Informal Sector
📍 Fact File
✅ Care work contributes around 15–17% of India’s GDP equivalent value.
✅ Women perform nearly 84% of unpaid care work.
✅ Global care investments can create 475 million jobs by 2030.
📍 Care Economy vs Monetized Economy
✅ Care Economy
• Unpaid caregiving, domestic work and emotional labour
• Not counted in GDP or national accounts
• Largely invisible and undervalued
• Performed mostly by women
• Informal and unrecognized skills
• No wages or financial return
• Seen as a natural duty or responsibility
✅ Monetized Economy
• Paid labour producing goods and services
• Direct contributor to GDP and economic growth
• Highly visible and economically recognized
• Formal skills, training and certifications
• Generates income and employment
• Seen as productive economic activity
📍 Bringing Care Economy into Monetized Economy through Women Empowerment
✅ Increase Investment in Care Economy
• Raising investment to 2% of GDP can generate nearly 11 million jobs for women.
✅ Womenomics Approach
• Draw lessons from Japan’s Womenomics Model to boost female labour force participation.
✅ PPP & CSR Participation
• Expand affordable childcare, eldercare and community-care infrastructure.
✅ Skill Development & Certification
• Childcare, geriatric care, nursing, early childhood education and nutrition services.
✅ Formalisation of Care Services
• Expand Creches, Anganwadis, Elderly Care Centres and community caregiving services.
✅ Women-Led Care Entrepreneurship
• Promote day-care centres, tiffin services and home-care services through credit, SHGs, digital platforms and market linkages.
✅ Social Protection
• Recognise care work under minimum wage laws and social security frameworks.
✅ Digital Monetisation
• Online caregiving services, home-nursing apps and domestic worker registries.
✅ Time-Saving Infrastructure
• Clean cooking fuel, piped water supply and public transport to reduce unpaid care burden.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Integrating the care economy into the monetized economy requires recognition, valuation and formalisation of care work.
✅ Adopting the 3R Framework — Recognize, Reduce and Redistribute can advance SDG-5 (Gender Equality) and promote inclusive growth.
#GS1 #UPSCMains #Answer
❤6
🔆 UPSC CSE MAINS 2023
📍 Q. Distinguish between ‘Care Economy’ and ‘Monetized Economy’. How can care economy be brought into monetized economy through women empowerment? (15 Marks)
📍 Introduction
✅ Care Economy refers to unpaid or underpaid activities such as childcare, elderly care, household maintenance and emotional labour.
✅ Monetized Economy includes all paid economic activities that generate income and contribute to GDP.
📍 Key Features of Care Economy
✅ Human-Centred
✅ Labour-Intensive
✅ Predominantly Informal Sector
📍 Fact File
✅ Care work contributes around 15–17% of India’s GDP equivalent value.
✅ Women perform nearly 84% of unpaid care work.
✅ Global care investments can create 475 million jobs by 2030.
📍 Care Economy vs Monetized Economy
✅ Care Economy
• Unpaid caregiving, domestic work and emotional labour
• Not counted in GDP or national accounts
• Largely invisible and undervalued
• Performed mostly by women
• Informal and unrecognized skills
• No wages or financial return
• Seen as a natural duty or responsibility
✅ Monetized Economy
• Paid labour producing goods and services
• Direct contributor to GDP and economic growth
• Highly visible and economically recognized
• Formal skills, training and certifications
• Generates income and employment
• Seen as productive economic activity
📍 Bringing Care Economy into Monetized Economy through Women Empowerment
✅ Increase Investment in Care Economy
• Raising investment to 2% of GDP can generate nearly 11 million jobs for women.
✅ Womenomics Approach
• Draw lessons from Japan’s Womenomics Model to boost female labour force participation.
✅ PPP & CSR Participation
• Expand affordable childcare, eldercare and community-care infrastructure.
✅ Skill Development & Certification
• Childcare, geriatric care, nursing, early childhood education and nutrition services.
✅ Formalisation of Care Services
• Expand Creches, Anganwadis, Elderly Care Centres and community caregiving services.
✅ Women-Led Care Entrepreneurship
• Promote day-care centres, tiffin services and home-care services through credit, SHGs, digital platforms and market linkages.
✅ Social Protection
• Recognise care work under minimum wage laws and social security frameworks.
✅ Digital Monetisation
• Online caregiving services, home-nursing apps and domestic worker registries.
✅ Time-Saving Infrastructure
• Clean cooking fuel, piped water supply and public transport to reduce unpaid care burden.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Integrating the care economy into the monetized economy requires recognition, valuation and formalisation of care work.
✅ Adopting the 3R Framework — Recognize, Reduce and Redistribute can advance SDG-5 (Gender Equality) and promote inclusive growth.
#GS1 #UPSCMains #Answer
📍 Q. Distinguish between ‘Care Economy’ and ‘Monetized Economy’. How can care economy be brought into monetized economy through women empowerment? (15 Marks)
📍 Introduction
✅ Care Economy refers to unpaid or underpaid activities such as childcare, elderly care, household maintenance and emotional labour.
✅ Monetized Economy includes all paid economic activities that generate income and contribute to GDP.
📍 Key Features of Care Economy
✅ Human-Centred
✅ Labour-Intensive
✅ Predominantly Informal Sector
📍 Fact File
✅ Care work contributes around 15–17% of India’s GDP equivalent value.
✅ Women perform nearly 84% of unpaid care work.
✅ Global care investments can create 475 million jobs by 2030.
📍 Care Economy vs Monetized Economy
✅ Care Economy
• Unpaid caregiving, domestic work and emotional labour
• Not counted in GDP or national accounts
• Largely invisible and undervalued
• Performed mostly by women
• Informal and unrecognized skills
• No wages or financial return
• Seen as a natural duty or responsibility
✅ Monetized Economy
• Paid labour producing goods and services
• Direct contributor to GDP and economic growth
• Highly visible and economically recognized
• Formal skills, training and certifications
• Generates income and employment
• Seen as productive economic activity
📍 Bringing Care Economy into Monetized Economy through Women Empowerment
✅ Increase Investment in Care Economy
• Raising investment to 2% of GDP can generate nearly 11 million jobs for women.
✅ Womenomics Approach
• Draw lessons from Japan’s Womenomics Model to boost female labour force participation.
✅ PPP & CSR Participation
• Expand affordable childcare, eldercare and community-care infrastructure.
✅ Skill Development & Certification
• Childcare, geriatric care, nursing, early childhood education and nutrition services.
✅ Formalisation of Care Services
• Expand Creches, Anganwadis, Elderly Care Centres and community caregiving services.
✅ Women-Led Care Entrepreneurship
• Promote day-care centres, tiffin services and home-care services through credit, SHGs, digital platforms and market linkages.
✅ Social Protection
• Recognise care work under minimum wage laws and social security frameworks.
✅ Digital Monetisation
• Online caregiving services, home-nursing apps and domestic worker registries.
✅ Time-Saving Infrastructure
• Clean cooking fuel, piped water supply and public transport to reduce unpaid care burden.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Integrating the care economy into the monetized economy requires recognition, valuation and formalisation of care work.
✅ Adopting the 3R Framework — Recognize, Reduce and Redistribute can advance SDG-5 (Gender Equality) and promote inclusive growth.
#GS1 #UPSCMains #Answer
❤5
🔆 UPSC CSE MAINS 2023
📍 Q. Distinguish between ‘Care Economy’ and ‘Monetized Economy’. How can care economy be brought into monetized economy through women empowerment? (15 Marks)
📍 Introduction
✅ Care Economy refers to unpaid or underpaid activities such as childcare, elderly care, household maintenance and emotional labour.
✅ Monetized Economy includes all paid economic activities that generate income and contribute to GDP.
📍 Key Features of Care Economy
✅ Human-Centred
✅ Labour-Intensive
✅ Predominantly Informal Sector
📍 Fact File
✅ Care work contributes around 15–17% of India’s GDP equivalent value.
✅ Women perform nearly 84% of unpaid care work.
✅ Global care investments can create 475 million jobs by 2030.
📍 Care Economy vs Monetized Economy
✅ Care Economy
• Unpaid caregiving, domestic work and emotional labour
• Not counted in GDP or national accounts
• Largely invisible and undervalued
• Performed mostly by women
• Informal and unrecognized skills
• No wages or financial return
• Seen as a natural duty or responsibility
✅ Monetized Economy
• Paid labour producing goods and services
• Direct contributor to GDP and economic growth
• Highly visible and economically recognized
• Formal skills, training and certifications
• Generates income and employment
• Seen as productive economic activity
📍 Bringing Care Economy into Monetized Economy through Women Empowerment
✅ Increase Investment in Care Economy
• Raising investment to 2% of GDP can generate nearly 11 million jobs for women.
✅ Womenomics Approach
• Draw lessons from Japan’s Womenomics Model to boost female labour force participation.
✅ PPP & CSR Participation
• Expand affordable childcare, eldercare and community-care infrastructure.
✅ Skill Development & Certification
• Childcare, geriatric care, nursing, early childhood education and nutrition services.
✅ Formalisation of Care Services
• Expand Creches, Anganwadis, Elderly Care Centres and community caregiving services.
✅ Women-Led Care Entrepreneurship
• Promote day-care centres, tiffin services and home-care services through credit, SHGs, digital platforms and market linkages.
✅ Social Protection
• Recognise care work under minimum wage laws and social security frameworks.
✅ Digital Monetisation
• Online caregiving services, home-nursing apps and domestic worker registries.
✅ Time-Saving Infrastructure
• Clean cooking fuel, piped water supply and public transport to reduce unpaid care burden.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Integrating the care economy into the monetized economy requires recognition, valuation and formalisation of care work.
✅ Adopting the 3R Framework — Recognize, Reduce and Redistribute can advance SDG-5 (Gender Equality) and promote inclusive growth.
#GS1 #UPSCMains #Answer
📍 Q. Distinguish between ‘Care Economy’ and ‘Monetized Economy’. How can care economy be brought into monetized economy through women empowerment? (15 Marks)
📍 Introduction
✅ Care Economy refers to unpaid or underpaid activities such as childcare, elderly care, household maintenance and emotional labour.
✅ Monetized Economy includes all paid economic activities that generate income and contribute to GDP.
📍 Key Features of Care Economy
✅ Human-Centred
✅ Labour-Intensive
✅ Predominantly Informal Sector
📍 Fact File
✅ Care work contributes around 15–17% of India’s GDP equivalent value.
✅ Women perform nearly 84% of unpaid care work.
✅ Global care investments can create 475 million jobs by 2030.
📍 Care Economy vs Monetized Economy
✅ Care Economy
• Unpaid caregiving, domestic work and emotional labour
• Not counted in GDP or national accounts
• Largely invisible and undervalued
• Performed mostly by women
• Informal and unrecognized skills
• No wages or financial return
• Seen as a natural duty or responsibility
✅ Monetized Economy
• Paid labour producing goods and services
• Direct contributor to GDP and economic growth
• Highly visible and economically recognized
• Formal skills, training and certifications
• Generates income and employment
• Seen as productive economic activity
📍 Bringing Care Economy into Monetized Economy through Women Empowerment
✅ Increase Investment in Care Economy
• Raising investment to 2% of GDP can generate nearly 11 million jobs for women.
✅ Womenomics Approach
• Draw lessons from Japan’s Womenomics Model to boost female labour force participation.
✅ PPP & CSR Participation
• Expand affordable childcare, eldercare and community-care infrastructure.
✅ Skill Development & Certification
• Childcare, geriatric care, nursing, early childhood education and nutrition services.
✅ Formalisation of Care Services
• Expand Creches, Anganwadis, Elderly Care Centres and community caregiving services.
✅ Women-Led Care Entrepreneurship
• Promote day-care centres, tiffin services and home-care services through credit, SHGs, digital platforms and market linkages.
✅ Social Protection
• Recognise care work under minimum wage laws and social security frameworks.
✅ Digital Monetisation
• Online caregiving services, home-nursing apps and domestic worker registries.
✅ Time-Saving Infrastructure
• Clean cooking fuel, piped water supply and public transport to reduce unpaid care burden.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Integrating the care economy into the monetized economy requires recognition, valuation and formalisation of care work.
✅ Adopting the 3R Framework — Recognize, Reduce and Redistribute can advance SDG-5 (Gender Equality) and promote inclusive growth.
#GS1 #UPSCMains #Answer
❤4
🔆 Q. Discuss how the Self-Respect Movement pioneered social reforms like self-respect marriages and women’s empowerment, and evaluate its relevance in contemporary India (150 Words) (10 Marks)
Approach
• Introduction: Write a brief introduction about the Self-Respect Movement.
• Body: Discuss how the Self-Respect Movement pioneered social reforms and its relevance in contemporary India.
• Conclusion: Emphasis on SRM serves as a guiding light for contemporary.
📍 UPSC GS Paper 1 | Society | 150 Words | 10 Marks
✅ Introduction:
The Self-Respect Movement (SRM), founded by E.V. Ramasamy ‘Periyar’ in 1925, emerged as a social reform movement in Tamil Nadu to challenge caste hierarchy, patriarchy, and religious orthodoxy. It sought to promote rationalism, equality, and dignity among all sections of society.
✅ Body:
The SRM pioneered transformative reforms like Self-Respect Marriages (1928) — ceremonies conducted without Brahmin priests or Sanskrit rituals — symbolising equality and rationality. It promoted women’s empowerment through advocacy for widow remarriage, divorce rights, property ownership, and bodily autonomy.
Educational reforms emphasised Tamil language, scientific temper, and universal education, while inter-caste marriages advanced social integration. The movement laid the ideological foundation for Dravidian politics, shaping Tamil Nadu’s social justice model.
✅ Relevance Today:
The SRM’s ideals resonate in contemporary India through initiatives like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, reservation policies, and promotion of scientific temper (Article 51A(h)), reinforcing equality, inclusivity, and rationalism in governance and society.
✅ Conclusion:
The Self-Respect Movement continues to inspire India’s pursuit of social justice, gender equality, and rational progress, serving as a guiding light for an inclusive and equitable Viksit Bharat.
#GS1 #SocialReformMovements #Answer
Approach
• Introduction: Write a brief introduction about the Self-Respect Movement.
• Body: Discuss how the Self-Respect Movement pioneered social reforms and its relevance in contemporary India.
• Conclusion: Emphasis on SRM serves as a guiding light for contemporary.
📍 UPSC GS Paper 1 | Society | 150 Words | 10 Marks
✅ Introduction:
The Self-Respect Movement (SRM), founded by E.V. Ramasamy ‘Periyar’ in 1925, emerged as a social reform movement in Tamil Nadu to challenge caste hierarchy, patriarchy, and religious orthodoxy. It sought to promote rationalism, equality, and dignity among all sections of society.
✅ Body:
The SRM pioneered transformative reforms like Self-Respect Marriages (1928) — ceremonies conducted without Brahmin priests or Sanskrit rituals — symbolising equality and rationality. It promoted women’s empowerment through advocacy for widow remarriage, divorce rights, property ownership, and bodily autonomy.
Educational reforms emphasised Tamil language, scientific temper, and universal education, while inter-caste marriages advanced social integration. The movement laid the ideological foundation for Dravidian politics, shaping Tamil Nadu’s social justice model.
✅ Relevance Today:
The SRM’s ideals resonate in contemporary India through initiatives like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, reservation policies, and promotion of scientific temper (Article 51A(h)), reinforcing equality, inclusivity, and rationalism in governance and society.
✅ Conclusion:
The Self-Respect Movement continues to inspire India’s pursuit of social justice, gender equality, and rational progress, serving as a guiding light for an inclusive and equitable Viksit Bharat.
#GS1 #SocialReformMovements #Answer