🟢 IMPORTANT AMENDMENTS TO THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
👨⚖ 42nd Amendment (1976) – The ‘Mini Constitution’
- Words Added: ‘Secular’, ‘Socialist’, and ‘Integrity’ to the Preamble.
- Citizens' Duties: Introduced 10 basic duties of citizens alongside rights.
- Lok Sabha Tenure: Increased by one year.
- Policy Directive Principles: Added new elements.
- Concurrent List: Education, weights and measures, forests, and protection of wild animals and birds moved from the state list.
- Emergency Provision: Emergency under Article 352 can be imposed in the entire country or specific parts.
- Judicial Challenge: Constitutional amendments by Parliament barred from court challenges.
👨⚖ 44th Amendment (1978)
- Property Rights: Abolished as a fundamental right, made a legal right.
- Lok Sabha Tenure: Reduced back to 5 years.
- Election Disputes: Supreme and High Courts restored the right to hear election disputes involving the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, and Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
- Presidential Advice: The President can ask the Cabinet to reconsider advice, but must accept it after reconsideration.
- Right to Life and Liberty: Cannot be suspended or limited by the government, even during an emergency.
👨⚖ 52nd Amendment (1985)
- Tenth Schedule: Added to the Constitution to legally ban political defection.
👨⚖ 55th Amendment (1986)
- Arunachal Pradesh: Granted state status.
👨⚖ 56th Amendment (1987)
- Goa Statehood: Full statehood status given to Goa; 'Daman and Diu' made a new union territory.
👨⚖ 61st Amendment (1989)
- Voting Age: Reduced from 21 years to 18 years.
👨⚖ 65th Amendment (1990)
- Scheduled Castes and Tribes Commission: Formation authorized
#CGL2024 #CHSL #Railway #GK #Polity
👨⚖ 42nd Amendment (1976) – The ‘Mini Constitution’
- Words Added: ‘Secular’, ‘Socialist’, and ‘Integrity’ to the Preamble.
- Citizens' Duties: Introduced 10 basic duties of citizens alongside rights.
- Lok Sabha Tenure: Increased by one year.
- Policy Directive Principles: Added new elements.
- Concurrent List: Education, weights and measures, forests, and protection of wild animals and birds moved from the state list.
- Emergency Provision: Emergency under Article 352 can be imposed in the entire country or specific parts.
- Judicial Challenge: Constitutional amendments by Parliament barred from court challenges.
👨⚖ 44th Amendment (1978)
- Property Rights: Abolished as a fundamental right, made a legal right.
- Lok Sabha Tenure: Reduced back to 5 years.
- Election Disputes: Supreme and High Courts restored the right to hear election disputes involving the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, and Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
- Presidential Advice: The President can ask the Cabinet to reconsider advice, but must accept it after reconsideration.
- Right to Life and Liberty: Cannot be suspended or limited by the government, even during an emergency.
👨⚖ 52nd Amendment (1985)
- Tenth Schedule: Added to the Constitution to legally ban political defection.
👨⚖ 55th Amendment (1986)
- Arunachal Pradesh: Granted state status.
👨⚖ 56th Amendment (1987)
- Goa Statehood: Full statehood status given to Goa; 'Daman and Diu' made a new union territory.
👨⚖ 61st Amendment (1989)
- Voting Age: Reduced from 21 years to 18 years.
👨⚖ 65th Amendment (1990)
- Scheduled Castes and Tribes Commission: Formation authorized
#CGL2024 #CHSL #Railway #GK #Polity
👨✈️अध्यक्ष / Chairman
-राष्ट्रीय उपभोक्ता आयोग के प्रथम अध्यक्ष:- बालकृष्ण ईराड़ी
-राष्ट्रीय मानव अधिकार आयोग प्रथम अध्यक्ष:- न्यायमूर्ति रंगनाथ मिश्रा
-राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग प्रथम अध्यक्ष:- जयंती पटनायक
-राष्ट्रीय पिछड़ा वर्ग आयोग प्रथम अध्यक्ष:- न्यायमूर्ति आर. एन. प्रसाद
-राष्ट्रीय अल्पसंख्यक आयोग प्रथम अध्यक्ष:- न्यायमूर्ति मोहम्मद सरदार अली खान
-First Chairman of National Consumer Commission:- Balkrishna Eradi
-First Chairman of National Human Rights Commission:- Justice Ranganath Mishra
-First Chairman of National Women's Commission:- Jayanti Patnaik
-First Chairman of National Backward Classes Commission:- Justice R. N. Prasad
-First Chairman of National Minority Commission:- Justice Mohammad Sardar Ali Khan
#CGL2024 #CHSL #Railway #GK #GS
-राष्ट्रीय उपभोक्ता आयोग के प्रथम अध्यक्ष:- बालकृष्ण ईराड़ी
-राष्ट्रीय मानव अधिकार आयोग प्रथम अध्यक्ष:- न्यायमूर्ति रंगनाथ मिश्रा
-राष्ट्रीय महिला आयोग प्रथम अध्यक्ष:- जयंती पटनायक
-राष्ट्रीय पिछड़ा वर्ग आयोग प्रथम अध्यक्ष:- न्यायमूर्ति आर. एन. प्रसाद
-राष्ट्रीय अल्पसंख्यक आयोग प्रथम अध्यक्ष:- न्यायमूर्ति मोहम्मद सरदार अली खान
-First Chairman of National Consumer Commission:- Balkrishna Eradi
-First Chairman of National Human Rights Commission:- Justice Ranganath Mishra
-First Chairman of National Women's Commission:- Jayanti Patnaik
-First Chairman of National Backward Classes Commission:- Justice R. N. Prasad
-First Chairman of National Minority Commission:- Justice Mohammad Sardar Ali Khan
#CGL2024 #CHSL #Railway #GK #GS
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