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Biosphere Reserves in India

- 11 of the 18 biosphere reserves in India are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

List of Eleven
( Name - State - Year of Declaration)

1.Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka- 2000)

2. Gulf of Mannar (Tamil Nadu - 2001)

3. Sundarbans (West Bengal - 2001)

4. Nanda Devi (Uttarakhand - 2004)

5. Nokrek (Meghalaya - 2009)

6. Pachmarhi  (Madhya Pradesh-2009)

7. Simlipal (Odisha-2009)

8. Great Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Islands-2013)

9. Achanakmar-Amarkantak
(Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh    2012)

10. Agasthyamalai (Kerala and Tamil Nadu-2016)

11. Khangchendzonga (Sikkim - 2018)

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Remaining List of 7 Biosphere Reserves (Not being on WNBR)

(Name - State )

1. Manas (Assam)
2. Dihang-Dibang (Arunachal Pradesh)
3. Dibru-Saikhowa ( Assam)
4. Cold Desert (Himachal Pradesh )
5. Seshachalam Hills (Andhra Pradesh)
6. Great Rann of Kutch ( Gujrat)
7. Panna (Madhya Pradesh )

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Some Important Passes

1. Aghil Pass -Connects Ladakh & Xinjiang (China)   

2. Banihal Pass, Pir Panjal Range. Connects Banihal with Qazigund

3. Bara-lacha-La    Himachal Pradesh. It is situated in Zanskar range   

4. Bomdi La - Arunachal Pradesh, Connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa (Tibet)   

5. Chang La Pass, Connects Ladakh with Tibet

6. Chanshal Pass  - Himachal Pradesh   

7. Debsa Pass    Himachal Pradesh, Connects Spiti Valley and Parvati Valley   

8. Diphu Pass - Arunachal Pradesh    Provides easy and an alternate route to (Mandalay)

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Ancient India - Key Terms ( Part 1) - Maurya Empire

1. Sannidhata – Treasurer/ In charge of revenue collection
2. Samharta– Revenue collector
3. Amatyas–   civil servants to look after the day-to-day administration (similar to the IAS officers of a modern India)
4. Rajukas - authority of rewarding as well we punishing people.
5. Adhyaksas-  looked after the various departments.

6. Yuktas- subordinate official engaged largely in secretarial works and accounting
7. Gopa and Sthanika-  intermediate level of administrators between the district level and village level, 
8. Gramika- Head of the village. 
9. Grambhojaka- Helped Gramika 
10. Pramukha-  Chief of Shrenis(Guilds of Handicrafts)

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Ancient India - Key Terms ( Part 2) - Vedic Period

1. Vrajapati - Officer-in-charge of pasture land
2. Purohita- Priest of highest order
3. Jivagribha - Police official
4. Senani - Supreme commander-in-chief
5. Gramani - Head of the village

6. Kulapati - Head of the family
7. Spasas - Spies & Messengers
8. Bhagadugha - Revenue collector
9. Madhyamasi - Mediator for dispute solving
10. Palagala - Messenger

11. Sanghrahriti - Treasurer
12. Kshatri - Chamberlain
13. Sthapati - Chief Judge
14. Mahishi - Chief Queen
15. Govikartana - Keeper of forests & games
16. Akshavapa - Accountant
17. Takshan - Carpenter

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Ancient India - Key Terms (Part 03)
Gupta Period

1. Mahabaladhikrita - Commander-in-Chief
2. Mahadandanayak - Chief Justice
3. Mahapratihar - Maintenance of RoyalPalace
4. Mahasandhivigrahak - Post-war conciliation
5. Dandapashika - Police department head

6. Bhandagaradhikreta - Head of Royal treasury
7. Mahapaksha-patalik - Head of account department
8. Vinayasthitisansathapak - Head of education department
9. Sarvadhyaksha - Inspector for all central department
10. Mahashwapati - Controller of cavalry

11. Mahamahipilapati - Controller & executor of elephantry
12. Vinayapura - Official to present different guests at the King’s court
13. Yuktapurusha - Office to keep account of war booty
14. Khadyatpakika - Inspector of Royal Kitchen
15. Ranabhandagarika - Officer in charge of Army Stores
16. Mahanarpati - Head of infantry

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Medieval India - Key Terms(Part 1) - Delhi Sultanate

1. Wazir - Prime Minister and in charge of revenue & finances.
2. Ariz-i-Mumalik    - Head of military department
3. Qazi - Legal Officer, dispensing Sharia law
4. Wakil-i-dar - Controller of Royal household
5. Majlis-i-am - Council of friends and officers consulted on important affairs of the state

6. Dahir-i-mumalik - Head of Royal correspondence
7. Sadr-i-jahan - Officers in charge of religious matters and endowments
8. Amir-i-dad - Public prosecutor
9. Qazi-i-mumalik - Chief Justice
10. Amir-i-Akhur - Officer commanding Royal Horses

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Geo-Heritage Sites

- Also called as National Geological Monuments, and are declared by Geological Survey of India (GSI)
- They are geographical areas of national importance and heritage
- for protection and maintenance and Geotourism.
- GSI and the respective State governments take necessary measures to protect these sites.

List of Sites - Part 01

Andhra Pradesh
1. Volcanogenic bedded Barytes, Cuddapah
2. Eparchaean Unconformity, Chittor
3. Natural Geological Arch, Tirumala Hills, Chittor
4. Erra Matti Dibbalu ( Red Sand Hills) Visakhapatnam City

Tamil Nadu
1. Fossil wood, Thiruvakkarai, South Arcot
2. National fossil wood park, Sattanur, Tiruchirapalli
3. Charnockite, St. Thomas Mount, Madras.
4. Badlands of Karai Formation and Cretaceous fossils - Perambalur

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Medieval India - Key Terms(Part 2) - Mughal Empire

1. Diwan-i-Wazarat - Department of revenue & finances
2. Diwan-i-Arz - Military department
3. Diwan-i-Rasalatmuhtasib - Foreign affairs department
4. Diwan-i-insha - Custodian of govt. papers
5. Diwan-i-quza - Justice department

6. Diwan-i-Barid - Intelligence department
7. Diwan-i-Saman - Department in charge of royal household
8. Diwan - Responsible for all income and expenditure

9. Mir Bakshi - Head of the military department and nobility
10. Mir Saman - Incharge of imperial households (Karkhanas)
11. Diwan-i-Bayutat - Maintained roads, govt. buildings

12 Mir Manshi - Royal correspondence
13. Sadr-us-Sadr - Incharge of charitable & religious endowments
14. Qazi-ul-Quzat - Head of judicial department

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Geo-Heritage Sites - Part 02

Kerala
1. Angadipuram Laterite
2. Varkala Cliff Section, Thiruvanatapuram

Rajasthan
1. Sendra Granite, Pali 
2. Barr Conglomerate, Pali
3. Stromatolite Fossil Park, Jharmarkotra Rock Phosphate deposit, Udaipur
4. Gossan in Rajpura-Dariba, Udaipur
5. Stromatolite Park near Bhojunda, Chittaurgarh
5. Akal Fossil Wood Park, Jaisalmer
6. Kishangarh Nepheline Syenite, Ajmer
7. Welded Tuff, Jodhpur
8. Malani Igneous Suite, Jodhpur
9. Great Boundary Fault at Satur, Bundi 

Maharashtra
1. Lonar Lake, Buldana

Gujrat
1. Sedimentary Structures – Eddy Markings, Kadan Dam, Panch Mahal

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Key Terms - Medieval India (Part 03)

1. Sipahsalar - The Head executive
2. Diwan - Incharge of revenue department
3. Bakshi - Incharge of military department
4. Sadr - Incharge of judicial department

5. Fauzdar - Administrative Head
6. Amal/Amalguzar - Revenue collection
7. Kotwal - Maintenance of law & order; trial of criminal cases; price regulation
8. Muqaddam    Headman
9. Patwari    Accountant
10. CHowkidar    Watchman

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Geo-Heritage Site - Part 03

Chattisgarh
Lower Permian Marine bed at Manendragarh, Surguja

Karnataka
1. Columnar Lava, St Mary Island  Udupi
2. Pillow lavas near Mardihalli, Chitradurga
3. Peninsular Gneiss, Lalbagh, Banglore
4. Pyroclastics & Pillow lavas, Kolar Gold fields, Kolar

Himachal Pradesh
1. Siwalik Fossil Park, Saketi, Sirmur
   
Odisha
1. Pillow Lava in lron ore belt at Nomira, Keonjhar

Jharakhand
1. Plant Fossil bearing Inter-trappean beds of Rajmahal Formation and upper Gondwana sequence around Mandro, Sahibganj

Nagaland
1. Nagahill Ophiolite Site near Pungro,   

Sikkim
1. Stromatolite bearing Dolomite / Limestone of Buxa Formation at Mamley, near Namchi, South district.

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Political Organizations before Congress formation 

1. Landholders Society(Zamindari Association)
Founded - 1836 - Calcutta
By: Dwarkanath Tagore

2. British India Society
Founded - 1839 - London
By: William Adam

3. Bengal British India Society
Founded - 1843 - Calcutta 
By - George Thompson

4. British India Association
Founded - 1852 - Calcutta 
By - Dwarkanath Tagore

5. Madras Native Association
Founded - 1852 - Madras
By: Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty

6. Bombay Association
Founded - 1852 - Bombay
By - Jagannath Shankar Seth

7. East India Association
Founded - 1866 - London
By - Dadabhai Naoroji

8. National Indian Association
Founded - 1867 - London
By - Mary Carpenter

9. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
Founded - 1876 - Pune
By: Mahadev Govind Ranade, Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi, S. H. Chiplunkar 

10. Indian Society
Founded - 1872 - London
By -  Anand Mohan Bose

11. Indian Association
Founded - 1876 - Calcutta 
By: Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose

12. Madras Mahajan Sabha
Founded - 1884 - Madras
By -  M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer and P. Anandacharlu

13. Bombay Presidency Association
Founded - 1885 - Bombay
By -  Phirozshah Mehta, K.T Telang and Badruddin Tyabji

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Socio-Religious Organisations during Freedom Movement - (Part 1/3)

1. Arya Samaj - Swami Dayanand Sarswati
2. Brahmo samaj - Raja Ram Mohan Roy
3. Ramakrishna mission - Swami Vivekanand
4. Prarthana samaj - RG Bhandarkar & MG Ranade
5. Gadar party - Lala Hardayal
6. Atmiya sabha - Raja Ram Mohan Roy
7. Tattvabodhini sabha - Debendra Nath Tagore
8. Satyashodhak samaj - Jyotirao Phule
9. Harijan sevak sangh - Mahatma Gandhi
10. Missionaries of Charity - Mother Teresa
11. Bahiskrit Hitkarni Sabha - Dr BR Ambedkar
12. Dev Samaj - Swami Satyanand Agnihotri
13. Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh - Dr Baliram Hedgewar

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Socio-Religious Organizations during Freedom Movement- (Part 2/3)

1. Servants of People Society - Lala Lajpat Rai, 
2. Gyan Prasarak Mandali  - Dadabai Nouroji
3. Vishwa Bharti (Kolkata) - Rabindranath Tagore
4. Vedanta College – Raja Ram Mohan Ray
5. Ved Samaj - Acharya Keshava Chandra Sen
6. Sharada Sadan – Rama Bai
7. Scientific Society - Sir Sayyed Ahmad Khan
8. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha – S. H. Chiplunkar, Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi, Mahadev Govind Ranade

9. Paramhansa Sabha - Durgaram Mehtaji, Dadoba Pandurang
10. Mumbai Presidency Association - Feroze Shah Mehta

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Socio-Religious Organizations during Freedom Movement - Part 3/3

1. Belur Mutt - Swami Vivekanand
2. Hindu Mahasabha - Madan Mohan Malviya
3. Women Indian Association - Lady Sadashiva Ayyar
4. Asiatic Society - William Jones
5. Social Service League - Narayan Malhar Joshi
6. Banaras Hindu University – Madan Mohan Malviya
7. Swatantra Shramik Party – DR. B.R. Ambedakar
8. Hindustan Socialist Republic Association - Ram Prasad Bismil

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Revolutionary Organisations during Freedom Movement 

1. Vyayam Mandal - by Chapekar Brothers, in Pune (1896)
2. Mitra Mela by Savarkar Brothers , Nasik(1901)
(It is transformed into Abhinav Bharat Society/Young India Society in 1903) 
3. Anushilan Samiti - by Satish Chandra Basu and Pramathanath Mitra, at Calcutta (1902)
4. Swadesh Bandhab Samiti - Ashwini Kumar Dutta (1905)
5. Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) - by Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Narendra Mohan Sen, Pratul Ganguly at Kanpur (1924)

6. Bharat Naujawan Sabha - by Bhagat Singh, at Lahore (1926)
7. Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Army (HSRA)    by Chandrasekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, at New Delhi  (1928)
8. Indian Home Rule Society - by Shyamji Krishna Varma, London    (1905)
9. Indian Independence League    Taraknath Das , California (USA)    1907
10. Gadar Party, Lala Hardayal, USA & Canada (1913)

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Major Lakes of the World

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Climate Funds and Initiatives- Part 1

World Bank
1. Clean Technology Fund
2. Green Climate Fund
3. Forest Carbon Partnership facility
4. BioCarbon Fund
5. Climate Investment Fund
6. Strategic Climate Fund
7. Partnership for Market Readiness
8. Carbon Partnership facility