#PT2020 #Polity_current #Mains2020-21
NEP 2020 (Part 03/04)
10. New Curricular and Pedagogical Structure:
proposes change in existing 10+2
New structure = 5+3+3+4 (for 3-18 yrs age group)
A. 5-years( Foundational Stage)
- 3 years of pre-primary school
- Grades 1, 2;
B. 3-years( Preparatory/Latter Primary Stage)
- Grades 3, 4, 5
C. 3- years(Middle/Upper Primary Stage)
- Grades 6 to 8
D. 4- years( Higher SecondaryStage)
- Grades 9 to 12
11. New School governance
a new accreditation framework and an independent authority to regulate both public and private schools.
@Digicate
NEP 2020 (Part 03/04)
10. New Curricular and Pedagogical Structure:
proposes change in existing 10+2
New structure = 5+3+3+4 (for 3-18 yrs age group)
A. 5-years( Foundational Stage)
- 3 years of pre-primary school
- Grades 1, 2;
B. 3-years( Preparatory/Latter Primary Stage)
- Grades 3, 4, 5
C. 3- years(Middle/Upper Primary Stage)
- Grades 6 to 8
D. 4- years( Higher SecondaryStage)
- Grades 9 to 12
11. New School governance
a new accreditation framework and an independent authority to regulate both public and private schools.
@Digicate
#PT2020 #Polity_current #Mains2020-21
NEP 2020 (Part 04/04)
12. Higher Education
i) 4-Year Undergraduate degree
With multiple entry and exit options to be introduced.
ii) Phil degree will be abolished.
iii) New umbrella regulator
- for all higher education except medical, legal courses.
iv) Academic Bank of Credit
will be set up to make it easier to transfer between institutions.
v) College affiliation system to be phased out in 15 years.
colleges to be developed into an autonomous degree-granting institution, or a constituent college of a university.
vi) Gross Enrolment Ratio to be doubled
from 26.3% in 2018 to 50% by 2035, with an additional 3.5 crore new seats.
13. Traditional knowledge
Indian knowledge systems, including tribal and indigenous knowledge, will be incorporated into the curriculum in an accurate and scientific manner.
14. Special Provisions
i) ‘Special Educational Zones’.
Regions such as aspirational districts, having large number of students facing economic, social or caste barriers
ii) Gender Inclusion Fund
to provide equitable quality education to all girls and transgender students.
iii) Financial support
To meritorious students belonging to SC, ST, OBC and other socially and economically disadvantaged groups
@Digicate
NEP 2020 (Part 04/04)
12. Higher Education
i) 4-Year Undergraduate degree
With multiple entry and exit options to be introduced.
ii) Phil degree will be abolished.
iii) New umbrella regulator
- for all higher education except medical, legal courses.
iv) Academic Bank of Credit
will be set up to make it easier to transfer between institutions.
v) College affiliation system to be phased out in 15 years.
colleges to be developed into an autonomous degree-granting institution, or a constituent college of a university.
vi) Gross Enrolment Ratio to be doubled
from 26.3% in 2018 to 50% by 2035, with an additional 3.5 crore new seats.
13. Traditional knowledge
Indian knowledge systems, including tribal and indigenous knowledge, will be incorporated into the curriculum in an accurate and scientific manner.
14. Special Provisions
i) ‘Special Educational Zones’.
Regions such as aspirational districts, having large number of students facing economic, social or caste barriers
ii) Gender Inclusion Fund
to provide equitable quality education to all girls and transgender students.
iii) Financial support
To meritorious students belonging to SC, ST, OBC and other socially and economically disadvantaged groups
@Digicate
#5MinRead #Mains2020 #Topic01
National Digital Health Mission (Part 01/02)
- It is a digital health ecosystem
- part of the Ayushman Bharat-PMJAY
- Implemented by National Health Authority.
Features
1. Unique health IDs for all
2. Digitization of health records of all and its accessibility for health facilities
3. Six Digital systems included - HealthID, DigiDoctor, Health Facility Registry, Personal Health Records, e-Pharmacy & Telemedicine
4. Comprehensive Health Profile - Doctor appointment, medication prescribed, etc to be maintained.
National Digital Health Mission (Part 01/02)
- It is a digital health ecosystem
- part of the Ayushman Bharat-PMJAY
- Implemented by National Health Authority.
Features
1. Unique health IDs for all
2. Digitization of health records of all and its accessibility for health facilities
3. Six Digital systems included - HealthID, DigiDoctor, Health Facility Registry, Personal Health Records, e-Pharmacy & Telemedicine
4. Comprehensive Health Profile - Doctor appointment, medication prescribed, etc to be maintained.
#5MinRead #Mains2020 #Topic01
NDHM - Part 02/02
Significance of this mission
- Improves efficiency, effectiveness and transparency of health service delivery.
- reduces the gap among stakeholders such as patients, doctors, hospitals, pharmacies etc
- Digital health infrastructure improved
- Helps towards the achievement of the UN SDG 3.8 of Universal Health Coverage.
Recommendations
- NDHM should also recognize ‘Health’ as a justiciable right, as prescribed in the National Health Policy, 2017.
- data security and privacy of patients must be ensured.
Concluding Remarks
This scheme will revolutionize the health care system, and help in realizing the dream of 'Health for All' envisaged by founding fathers of our country.
NDHM - Part 02/02
Significance of this mission
- Improves efficiency, effectiveness and transparency of health service delivery.
- reduces the gap among stakeholders such as patients, doctors, hospitals, pharmacies etc
- Digital health infrastructure improved
- Helps towards the achievement of the UN SDG 3.8 of Universal Health Coverage.
Recommendations
- NDHM should also recognize ‘Health’ as a justiciable right, as prescribed in the National Health Policy, 2017.
- data security and privacy of patients must be ensured.
Concluding Remarks
This scheme will revolutionize the health care system, and help in realizing the dream of 'Health for All' envisaged by founding fathers of our country.
#PT2021 #Mains2020
Aquaponics
- It is a system that combines hydroponics and aquaculture.
Hydroponics - a method of growing plants in a water-based(Soil-less), nutrient-rich solution.
Hydroponics does not use soil, instead, the root system is supported using an inert medium such as clay pellets.
Aquaculture: Breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, and aquatic plants.
Benefits
- Extremely water efficient.
- Does not require soil.
- Does not use fertilizers or chemical pesticides.
- Prevents aquaculture waste from polluting nearby watersheds.
- Higher control on production leading to lower losses.
Aquaponics
- It is a system that combines hydroponics and aquaculture.
Hydroponics - a method of growing plants in a water-based(Soil-less), nutrient-rich solution.
Hydroponics does not use soil, instead, the root system is supported using an inert medium such as clay pellets.
Aquaculture: Breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, and aquatic plants.
Benefits
- Extremely water efficient.
- Does not require soil.
- Does not use fertilizers or chemical pesticides.
- Prevents aquaculture waste from polluting nearby watersheds.
- Higher control on production leading to lower losses.
#SchemesInNews #PT2021 #MAINS2020
National Supercomputing Mission
- Launched in 2015
- aims to connect national academic and R&D institutions with a grid of more than 70 high-performance computing facilities.
- Budget Rs 4,500 crores over a period of seven years.
It supports 'Digital India' and 'Make in India' initiatives.
- implemented by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY) through C-DAC and Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore.
Objectives
- To improve the number of supercomputers owned by India.
- To build a strong base of 20,000 skilled persons equipped to handle the complexities of supercomputers.
National Supercomputing Mission
- Launched in 2015
- aims to connect national academic and R&D institutions with a grid of more than 70 high-performance computing facilities.
- Budget Rs 4,500 crores over a period of seven years.
It supports 'Digital India' and 'Make in India' initiatives.
- implemented by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY) through C-DAC and Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore.
Objectives
- To improve the number of supercomputers owned by India.
- To build a strong base of 20,000 skilled persons equipped to handle the complexities of supercomputers.
#5MinRead #Mains2020 #Topic03 #GS2
ONLINE JUSTICE DELIVERY
(Part 01/02)
News:
The Supreme Court recently passed directions(under Art 142) for all courts across the country to extensively use videoconferencing for delivering justice during COVID-19.
Advantages of Online Justice Delivery
1. Reduce pendency of cases: 2006 -2019 → 22% increase in pendency
2. Enhanced efficiency of courts:
3. Tackling infrastructural constraints: saves huge investment cost of
building, staff, security, etc.
4. Justice for All - Accessibility, availability and affordability of justice from home.
5. Transparency and accountability of Judiciary increased.
(Through audio- video recordings of court proceedings)
6. Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) increased, thus boost to investments in India.
ONLINE JUSTICE DELIVERY
(Part 01/02)
News:
The Supreme Court recently passed directions(under Art 142) for all courts across the country to extensively use videoconferencing for delivering justice during COVID-19.
Advantages of Online Justice Delivery
1. Reduce pendency of cases: 2006 -2019 → 22% increase in pendency
2. Enhanced efficiency of courts:
3. Tackling infrastructural constraints: saves huge investment cost of
building, staff, security, etc.
4. Justice for All - Accessibility, availability and affordability of justice from home.
5. Transparency and accountability of Judiciary increased.
(Through audio- video recordings of court proceedings)
6. Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) increased, thus boost to investments in India.
#5MinRead #Mains2020 #Topic03 #GS2
ONLINE JUSTICE DELIVERY
(Part 02/02)
Challenges
1. Technological challenges:
a. Technical glitches during proceedings
b. Internet connectivity issue especially in rural areas.
2. Lack of technical knowledge amongst the Judicial staff and the judges.
3. Loss of personal connect: cyber threats and privacy issues may make Victims uncomfortable.
4. Digital Divide - Justice may become distant for digitally excluded people.
5. Cyber security threats
6. Threat to Right to Privacy: If there is absence of any data protection
Recommendations
1. Blockchain powered platform: To ensure transparency and reduce cyber security threats.
2. Tapping Artificial Intelligence: for fast tracking of pending cases.
3. Data privacy laws and rules: making more Clear and stringent laws.
Concluding Remarks
Online justice can be a complimentary option for Speedy justice for all. It will help to protect the fundamental human right of Justice, as enshrined in our constitution.
ONLINE JUSTICE DELIVERY
(Part 02/02)
Challenges
1. Technological challenges:
a. Technical glitches during proceedings
b. Internet connectivity issue especially in rural areas.
2. Lack of technical knowledge amongst the Judicial staff and the judges.
3. Loss of personal connect: cyber threats and privacy issues may make Victims uncomfortable.
4. Digital Divide - Justice may become distant for digitally excluded people.
5. Cyber security threats
6. Threat to Right to Privacy: If there is absence of any data protection
Recommendations
1. Blockchain powered platform: To ensure transparency and reduce cyber security threats.
2. Tapping Artificial Intelligence: for fast tracking of pending cases.
3. Data privacy laws and rules: making more Clear and stringent laws.
Concluding Remarks
Online justice can be a complimentary option for Speedy justice for all. It will help to protect the fundamental human right of Justice, as enshrined in our constitution.
#IR_InNews #PT2021 #Mains2020
New START treaty
News:
Recently, Putin has proposed a 1-year extension of the treaty unconditionally.
it's a nuclear arms reduction treaty between Russia and the U.S.
- formal name of 'Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms'.
- Signed in 2010
- Replaced the Treaty of Moscow (SORT).
Terms of the treaty
- Number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by half.
- A new inspection and verification regime will be established, replacing the SORT mechanism.
- The number of deployed strategic nuclear warheads is limited to 1,550.
- Number of deployed and non-deployed inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM) launchers, submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers, and heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments to 800 will be limited.
- These obligations must be met within seven years from the date the treaty enters into force.
- The treaty will last ten years, with an option to renew it for up to five years upon agreement of both parties
New START treaty
News:
Recently, Putin has proposed a 1-year extension of the treaty unconditionally.
it's a nuclear arms reduction treaty between Russia and the U.S.
- formal name of 'Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms'.
- Signed in 2010
- Replaced the Treaty of Moscow (SORT).
Terms of the treaty
- Number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by half.
- A new inspection and verification regime will be established, replacing the SORT mechanism.
- The number of deployed strategic nuclear warheads is limited to 1,550.
- Number of deployed and non-deployed inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM) launchers, submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers, and heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments to 800 will be limited.
- These obligations must be met within seven years from the date the treaty enters into force.
- The treaty will last ten years, with an option to renew it for up to five years upon agreement of both parties
#5MinRead #Mains2020 #Topic04
Compulsory Voting (Part 01/02)
Context
It's been widely debated in Indian media since last 2 years and a private members Compulsory Voting Bill, 2019, was introduced in Lok sabha in July 2019.
What is it?
It requires eligible citizens to register and vote in elections, and may impose penalties on those who fail to do so.
Pro-Arguments
1.Higher voter turnout leads to greater political legitimacy.
2. civil education and political stimulation will result in a better informed citizenry.
3. No disenfranchisement of marginalized people
4. Reduction in outside influences like muscle power, money power etc
Compulsory Voting (Part 01/02)
Context
It's been widely debated in Indian media since last 2 years and a private members Compulsory Voting Bill, 2019, was introduced in Lok sabha in July 2019.
What is it?
It requires eligible citizens to register and vote in elections, and may impose penalties on those who fail to do so.
Pro-Arguments
1.Higher voter turnout leads to greater political legitimacy.
2. civil education and political stimulation will result in a better informed citizenry.
3. No disenfranchisement of marginalized people
4. Reduction in outside influences like muscle power, money power etc
#5MinRead #Mains2020 #Topic04
Compulsory Voting (Part 02/02)
Against-Arguments
1.Its against Right to freedom and Voice of dissent guaranteed in a democracy.
2.may lead to state oppressions, and give rise to separatism and regionalism.
3. Poors - basic needs priority and not Voting
4. Not feasible to implement, as state machinery is inadequate for imposing punishments.
5. It violates freedom of speech because the freedom to speak necessarily includes the freedom not to speak.
6. International experiences as in Australia, reflects, increased in Voterturn out does not ensure Quality of voting. People votes without even looking at whom they are voting(Donkey Voting).
Concluding Remarks
Not practical in India, which has also been highlighted by the 255th Law commission report.
India should work on increasing voter turnout through encouraging Political education and mass sensitization about Civic duty of voting.
Compulsory Voting (Part 02/02)
Against-Arguments
1.Its against Right to freedom and Voice of dissent guaranteed in a democracy.
2.may lead to state oppressions, and give rise to separatism and regionalism.
3. Poors - basic needs priority and not Voting
4. Not feasible to implement, as state machinery is inadequate for imposing punishments.
5. It violates freedom of speech because the freedom to speak necessarily includes the freedom not to speak.
6. International experiences as in Australia, reflects, increased in Voterturn out does not ensure Quality of voting. People votes without even looking at whom they are voting(Donkey Voting).
Concluding Remarks
Not practical in India, which has also been highlighted by the 255th Law commission report.
India should work on increasing voter turnout through encouraging Political education and mass sensitization about Civic duty of voting.
#PT2021 #MAINS2020
Kala Sanskriti Vikas Yojana
- Its an umbrella scheme
- under Ministry of Culture for the promotion of art and culture in the country.
- financial assistance is provided to cultural organizations
sub-schemes
1. Scheme of Financial Assistance for Promotion of Art and Culture.
2. Scheme of Financial Assistance for Creation of Cultural Infrastructure.
3. Scheme for Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage.
News
Recently Culture Ministry has issued guidelines - artists to avail benefits in virtual mode also and continue financial assistance to tide over the present crisis.
Kala Sanskriti Vikas Yojana
- Its an umbrella scheme
- under Ministry of Culture for the promotion of art and culture in the country.
- financial assistance is provided to cultural organizations
sub-schemes
1. Scheme of Financial Assistance for Promotion of Art and Culture.
2. Scheme of Financial Assistance for Creation of Cultural Infrastructure.
3. Scheme for Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage.
News
Recently Culture Ministry has issued guidelines - artists to avail benefits in virtual mode also and continue financial assistance to tide over the present crisis.
#5MinRead #Mains2020 #Topic05
Fourth Industrial Revolution
(Part 01/02)
- Term coined by Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum.
- It refers to how technologies like artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles and the internet of things are merging with humans' physical lives.
- It includes
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
2. Blockchain
3. Quantum computing
4. Nanotechnology
5. Robotics
6. The Internet of Things (IoT)
7. 3-D printing
8. Self-driving cars, and materials storage
Benefits
- It helps relieve poverty and improve people’s standard of living.
- With Artificial Intelligence, there will be better diagnosis, cheaper and better medical services.
- better security, surveillance and search and rescue operations.
- It will help connect every last village in the country to ensure better government services and improved infrastructure for all.
- Potential can be tapped for dealing with Climate change and achieve Sustainable Development.
Fourth Industrial Revolution
(Part 01/02)
- Term coined by Klaus Schwab, founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum.
- It refers to how technologies like artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles and the internet of things are merging with humans' physical lives.
- It includes
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
2. Blockchain
3. Quantum computing
4. Nanotechnology
5. Robotics
6. The Internet of Things (IoT)
7. 3-D printing
8. Self-driving cars, and materials storage
Benefits
- It helps relieve poverty and improve people’s standard of living.
- With Artificial Intelligence, there will be better diagnosis, cheaper and better medical services.
- better security, surveillance and search and rescue operations.
- It will help connect every last village in the country to ensure better government services and improved infrastructure for all.
- Potential can be tapped for dealing with Climate change and achieve Sustainable Development.
#5MinRead #Mains2020 #Topic05
Fourth Industrial Revolution
(Part 02/02)
Challenges:
Economic
- High economic costs
- Business model adaptation
- Unclear economic benefits/excessive investment
Social
- It could yield greater inequality
- disrupt labor markets
- Cause Social tension
- Can increase middle classes dissatisfaction and unfairness.
- Privacy concerns
- Surveillance and distrust
Political
- Lack of regulation, standards and forms of certifications
- Unclear legal issues and data security
Conclusion
It can take India to new heights of development, and improve the quality of life of its citizens, and bring a significant social transformation.
Fourth Industrial Revolution
(Part 02/02)
Challenges:
Economic
- High economic costs
- Business model adaptation
- Unclear economic benefits/excessive investment
Social
- It could yield greater inequality
- disrupt labor markets
- Cause Social tension
- Can increase middle classes dissatisfaction and unfairness.
- Privacy concerns
- Surveillance and distrust
Political
- Lack of regulation, standards and forms of certifications
- Unclear legal issues and data security
Conclusion
It can take India to new heights of development, and improve the quality of life of its citizens, and bring a significant social transformation.
#PT2021 #Mains2020
Asteroid Bennu
- discovered by a team from the NASA-funded Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research team in 1999.
- Scientists believe that it was formed in the first 10 million years of the solar system’s formation.
Because of Bennu’s age, it is likely to contain material that contains molecules that were present when life first formed on Earth, where life forms are based on carbon atom chains.
It classified as a Near Earth Object (NEO), might strike the Earth in the next century, between the years 2175 and 2199.
Asteroid Bennu
- discovered by a team from the NASA-funded Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research team in 1999.
- Scientists believe that it was formed in the first 10 million years of the solar system’s formation.
Because of Bennu’s age, it is likely to contain material that contains molecules that were present when life first formed on Earth, where life forms are based on carbon atom chains.
It classified as a Near Earth Object (NEO), might strike the Earth in the next century, between the years 2175 and 2199.
#5MinRead #Mains2020 #Topic06
Role of Parliamentary Committee
In the Indian Parliament, a Parliamentary Standing committee is a committee consisting of Members of Parliament.
Features:
It is a permanent or temporary regular committee which is constituted from time to time
Committees draw their authority from Article 105 and Article 118
Role of committees
- Executive Accountability
- Support Parliament’s work.
- Examine ministerial budgets
- Examine Bills
- Consideration of Annual Reports.
Significance
- Help in obtaining public feedback
- building political consensus on contentious issues
- develop expertise in subjects
- detailed scrutiny of bills
- Increase the efficiency and expertise of Parliament.
Measures to strengthencommittee
- Linking Financial departments to Outcomes
- Establishing Parliamentary Budget Office(PBO)
- Strengthening Public Accounts Committee
- Strengthening Estimates Committee
- Scrutiny of Supplementary Demands for Grants
Although parliamentary and cabinet committees are not a part of the Constitution, they ensure healthy democracy and governance through scrutiny and better policies.
Role of Parliamentary Committee
In the Indian Parliament, a Parliamentary Standing committee is a committee consisting of Members of Parliament.
Features:
It is a permanent or temporary regular committee which is constituted from time to time
Committees draw their authority from Article 105 and Article 118
Role of committees
- Executive Accountability
- Support Parliament’s work.
- Examine ministerial budgets
- Examine Bills
- Consideration of Annual Reports.
Significance
- Help in obtaining public feedback
- building political consensus on contentious issues
- develop expertise in subjects
- detailed scrutiny of bills
- Increase the efficiency and expertise of Parliament.
Measures to strengthencommittee
- Linking Financial departments to Outcomes
- Establishing Parliamentary Budget Office(PBO)
- Strengthening Public Accounts Committee
- Strengthening Estimates Committee
- Scrutiny of Supplementary Demands for Grants
Although parliamentary and cabinet committees are not a part of the Constitution, they ensure healthy democracy and governance through scrutiny and better policies.
#5MinRead #Mains2020 #Topic07 #GS2 #GS3
Fiscal Council
A fiscal council is a permanent agency with a mandate to assess the government’s fiscal plans and projections against parameters of macroeconomic sustainability.
- It puts out its findings in the public domain.
- It recommended by both 13th and 14th Finance Commission
Significance:
- Raises the level of debate.
- Boost accuracy.
- Greater transparency and accountability.
- Raises the public awareness
- Understand the nature of budgetary constraint.
- More accurate macroeconomic and budgetary forecasts.
Need for Fiscal Council?
- Tax maladministration
- Lack of coordination between GST and Finance Commission
- Overestimated revenue growth and underestimated expenditure growth.
- Limiting on the Center’s borrowing
- Fixing up fiscal deficit
Conclusion
FC ensures the checks and balances in the system for greater good and will help in improving comprehensiveness, transparency and accountability of budgetary data.
Fiscal Council
A fiscal council is a permanent agency with a mandate to assess the government’s fiscal plans and projections against parameters of macroeconomic sustainability.
- It puts out its findings in the public domain.
- It recommended by both 13th and 14th Finance Commission
Significance:
- Raises the level of debate.
- Boost accuracy.
- Greater transparency and accountability.
- Raises the public awareness
- Understand the nature of budgetary constraint.
- More accurate macroeconomic and budgetary forecasts.
Need for Fiscal Council?
- Tax maladministration
- Lack of coordination between GST and Finance Commission
- Overestimated revenue growth and underestimated expenditure growth.
- Limiting on the Center’s borrowing
- Fixing up fiscal deficit
Conclusion
FC ensures the checks and balances in the system for greater good and will help in improving comprehensiveness, transparency and accountability of budgetary data.
#PT2021 #Mains2020
Warli Art
News: Artists in Hyderabad are using traditional Warli art (Maharashtra) form not just to beautify Hyderabad, but also to create awareness on important issues.
Features:
- Traditional art form of Maharashtra.
- Started in the 10th century A.D
- It includes geometric shapes like circles, triangles and squares.
- These geometric shapes stand as a symbol of natural elements in our environment.
- The central theme: scenes portraying hunting, fishing, farming, festival etc.
- It shows daily and social events of the life.
Warli Art
News: Artists in Hyderabad are using traditional Warli art (Maharashtra) form not just to beautify Hyderabad, but also to create awareness on important issues.
Features:
- Traditional art form of Maharashtra.
- Started in the 10th century A.D
- It includes geometric shapes like circles, triangles and squares.
- These geometric shapes stand as a symbol of natural elements in our environment.
- The central theme: scenes portraying hunting, fishing, farming, festival etc.
- It shows daily and social events of the life.