🔆 Dhanyakataka as a Prominent Buddhist Centre
📍 About
✅ Dhanyakataka, also known as Dharanikota, was located on the banks of the Krishna River in present-day Andhra Pradesh.
✅ It emerged as an important Buddhist centre during the ancient and medieval periods.
📍 Foundation & Satavahana Connection
✅ Founded around the 5th century BCE.
✅ Flourished under the Satavahana dynasty.
✅ Served as the capital of the Satavahanas from the 1st to 3rd centuries CE.
📍 Importance as a Buddhist Centre
✅ Major centre of Buddhist learning and culture.
✅ Associated with the Mahasanghika school of Buddhism.
✅ Contained several monasteries and viharas.
✅ The Dharmagupta Vihara was among the largest Buddhist monasteries in India.
✅ It was also a major centre of Buddhist art and architecture.
✅ The nearby Great Stupa at Amaravati became one of the most important Buddhist monuments in India.
📍 Decline
✅ Declined after the fall of the Satavahanas in the 3rd century CE.
✅ Later sacked by the Pallavas in the 6th century CE and eventually abandoned.
📍 Prelims Fact
✅ Dhanyakataka, which flourished as a prominent Buddhist centre under the Mahasanghikas, was located in:
➡️ Andhra
#prelims
#art_and_culture
https://t.me/Studytoday1
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture
📍 About
✅ Dhanyakataka, also known as Dharanikota, was located on the banks of the Krishna River in present-day Andhra Pradesh.
✅ It emerged as an important Buddhist centre during the ancient and medieval periods.
📍 Foundation & Satavahana Connection
✅ Founded around the 5th century BCE.
✅ Flourished under the Satavahana dynasty.
✅ Served as the capital of the Satavahanas from the 1st to 3rd centuries CE.
📍 Importance as a Buddhist Centre
✅ Major centre of Buddhist learning and culture.
✅ Associated with the Mahasanghika school of Buddhism.
✅ Contained several monasteries and viharas.
✅ The Dharmagupta Vihara was among the largest Buddhist monasteries in India.
✅ It was also a major centre of Buddhist art and architecture.
✅ The nearby Great Stupa at Amaravati became one of the most important Buddhist monuments in India.
📍 Decline
✅ Declined after the fall of the Satavahanas in the 3rd century CE.
✅ Later sacked by the Pallavas in the 6th century CE and eventually abandoned.
📍 Prelims Fact
✅ Dhanyakataka, which flourished as a prominent Buddhist centre under the Mahasanghikas, was located in:
➡️ Andhra
#prelims
#art_and_culture
https://t.me/Studytoday1
https://t.me/upsc_art_and_culture
❤3
🔆 Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan (PM-SYM)
📅 Launched: 2019
🏛 Type: Central Sector Scheme
📌 Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Labour and Employment
🎯 Purpose: Social security & old-age income support for unorganised sector workers
📍 Key Highlights
✅ Target Group:
▪ Unorganised workers earning ≤ ₹15,000/month
▪ Age group: 18–40 years
✅ Pension Benefit:
▪ ₹3,000/month after attaining 60 years of age
✅ Nature of Scheme:
▪ Voluntary & contributory
▪ 50:50 contribution model (Subscriber : Government)
📍 Eligibility Criteria
✅ Must be 18–40 years old
✅ Monthly income ≤ ₹15,000
❌ Not an income tax payer
❌ Not covered under NPS / EPFO / ESIC or organised sector schemes
📍 Coverage & Beneficiaries
✅ Unorganised workers such as:
▪ Street vendors
▪ Agricultural labourers
▪ Construction workers
▪ Domestic workers
▪ Other informal sector occupations
📍 Major Features
✅ Assured Pension:
▪ ₹3,000/month via DBT after 60 years
✅ Family Pension:
▪ On death of subscriber, spouse gets 50% of pension
✅ Enrollment:
▪ Through Common Services Centres (CSCs)
▪ Requires Aadhaar, mobile number & bank account
▪ Contribution via auto-debit
✅ Exit & Withdrawal:
▪ Exit before 60 → own contribution + interest
▪ In case of death/permanent disability → spouse may continue or withdraw
✅ Grievance Redressal:
▪ 24×7 helpline
▪ Online portal/app
📍 Implementation Mechanism
✅ Implemented through:
▪ Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)
▪ CSC e-Governance Services India Ltd (CSC-SPV)
📍 Latest Update (July 2024)
✅ Over 50 lakh unorganised workers enrolled
✅ Highest registrations:
▪ Haryana: 8.25 lakh
▪ Uttar Pradesh: 6.8 lakh
▪ Maharashtra: 6.1 lakh
📌 Why Important for UPSC?
✅ GS-1: Poverty & Development
✅ GS-2: Welfare schemes, Government interventions
✅ GS-3: Inclusive growth, Social security
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
📅 Launched: 2019
🏛 Type: Central Sector Scheme
📌 Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Labour and Employment
🎯 Purpose: Social security & old-age income support for unorganised sector workers
📍 Key Highlights
✅ Target Group:
▪ Unorganised workers earning ≤ ₹15,000/month
▪ Age group: 18–40 years
✅ Pension Benefit:
▪ ₹3,000/month after attaining 60 years of age
✅ Nature of Scheme:
▪ Voluntary & contributory
▪ 50:50 contribution model (Subscriber : Government)
📍 Eligibility Criteria
✅ Must be 18–40 years old
✅ Monthly income ≤ ₹15,000
❌ Not an income tax payer
❌ Not covered under NPS / EPFO / ESIC or organised sector schemes
📍 Coverage & Beneficiaries
✅ Unorganised workers such as:
▪ Street vendors
▪ Agricultural labourers
▪ Construction workers
▪ Domestic workers
▪ Other informal sector occupations
📍 Major Features
✅ Assured Pension:
▪ ₹3,000/month via DBT after 60 years
✅ Family Pension:
▪ On death of subscriber, spouse gets 50% of pension
✅ Enrollment:
▪ Through Common Services Centres (CSCs)
▪ Requires Aadhaar, mobile number & bank account
▪ Contribution via auto-debit
✅ Exit & Withdrawal:
▪ Exit before 60 → own contribution + interest
▪ In case of death/permanent disability → spouse may continue or withdraw
✅ Grievance Redressal:
▪ 24×7 helpline
▪ Online portal/app
📍 Implementation Mechanism
✅ Implemented through:
▪ Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)
▪ CSC e-Governance Services India Ltd (CSC-SPV)
📍 Latest Update (July 2024)
✅ Over 50 lakh unorganised workers enrolled
✅ Highest registrations:
▪ Haryana: 8.25 lakh
▪ Uttar Pradesh: 6.8 lakh
▪ Maharashtra: 6.1 lakh
📌 Why Important for UPSC?
✅ GS-1: Poverty & Development
✅ GS-2: Welfare schemes, Government interventions
✅ GS-3: Inclusive growth, Social security
#goverment_schemes
Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC
https://t.me/upsc_government_scheme
❤5
Day 109: 6 April target:
Polity:
Topics - REVISION
Constitutional framework
Parliamentary system
Federal system
FR, DPSPs, FDs
Constitutionally amendments
Current Affairs: June ,july 2025
Polity part only- Revision
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Polity:
Topics - REVISION
Constitutional framework
Parliamentary system
Federal system
FR, DPSPs, FDs
Constitutionally amendments
Current Affairs: June ,july 2025
Polity part only- Revision
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
#Goodmorning
⏳48 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳137 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳244 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳111 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳104 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳90 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳63 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳56 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳20 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳19 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳6 days days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳48 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳137 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳244 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳111 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳104 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳90 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳63 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳56 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳20 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳19 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳6 days days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤3
🔆 Delhi Sultanate
📍 Designation & Responsibilities
✅ Khanzadah
🔹 Period: Sultanate period
🔹 Important Facts: One born in the house, old (Turkish) employees.
✅ Khud-kasht
🔹 Period: Medieval period
🔹 Important Facts: Owner of land who cultivates with his own ploughs and bullock and some hired labour, resident cultivator.
✅ Dam
🔹 Period: Sher Shah Suri
🔹 Important Facts: A copper coin, considered 1/40th of a silver rupee for official purposes.
✅ Dhimmis
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts: A dhimmi refers to specific individuals living in Muslim lands, who were granted special status and safety in Islamic law in return for paying the capital tax.
✅ Din
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts: Religion
✅ Diwan-i-Arz
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts: Ministry of Military affairs.
✅ Sadr Us Sadur
🔹 Period: Slave dynasty
🔹 Important Facts:
- Under the period of the slave dynasty, the head of the public charities and ecclesiastical department was the sadr-us-sudur.
- In his capacity as rasul of the Sultan, he received appeals and complaints from the public and redressed their grievances.
✅ Sondhar
🔹 Period: Tuglaq period
🔹 Important Facts: Loans to the peasants by Mohammad Bin Tughluq.
✅ Tankah
🔹 Period: Slave dynasty
🔹 Important Facts: Silver coin
✅ Ariz-i-Mustkhraj
🔹 Period: Sultanate period
🔹 Important Facts: Department of arrears.
✅ Ariz
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts:
- Arizi-i-Mamlik was the head of the department. It was he, who recruited, organized, and disciplined the army. Payment of salaries was his duty.
✅ Jarib
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts: A measurement, land measurement or survey.
#history
📍 Designation & Responsibilities
✅ Khanzadah
🔹 Period: Sultanate period
🔹 Important Facts: One born in the house, old (Turkish) employees.
✅ Khud-kasht
🔹 Period: Medieval period
🔹 Important Facts: Owner of land who cultivates with his own ploughs and bullock and some hired labour, resident cultivator.
✅ Dam
🔹 Period: Sher Shah Suri
🔹 Important Facts: A copper coin, considered 1/40th of a silver rupee for official purposes.
✅ Dhimmis
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts: A dhimmi refers to specific individuals living in Muslim lands, who were granted special status and safety in Islamic law in return for paying the capital tax.
✅ Din
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts: Religion
✅ Diwan-i-Arz
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts: Ministry of Military affairs.
✅ Sadr Us Sadur
🔹 Period: Slave dynasty
🔹 Important Facts:
- Under the period of the slave dynasty, the head of the public charities and ecclesiastical department was the sadr-us-sudur.
- In his capacity as rasul of the Sultan, he received appeals and complaints from the public and redressed their grievances.
✅ Sondhar
🔹 Period: Tuglaq period
🔹 Important Facts: Loans to the peasants by Mohammad Bin Tughluq.
✅ Tankah
🔹 Period: Slave dynasty
🔹 Important Facts: Silver coin
✅ Ariz-i-Mustkhraj
🔹 Period: Sultanate period
🔹 Important Facts: Department of arrears.
✅ Ariz
🔹 Period: Delhi Sultanate
🔹 Important Facts:
- Arizi-i-Mamlik was the head of the department. It was he, who recruited, organized, and disciplined the army. Payment of salaries was his duty.
✅ Jarib
🔹 Period: Medieval India
🔹 Important Facts: A measurement, land measurement or survey.
#history
❤7👌1
Food chains
Upsc prelims accelerator
50+ MCQ /Day
Practice is key clear prelims
Total - 4000 MCQ
Fee- 499699
Join CLICK HERE
Upsc prelims accelerator
50+ MCQ /Day
Practice is key clear prelims
Total - 4000 MCQ
Fee- 499
Join CLICK HERE
❤3
🕰 Delimitation Commissions Till Now:
1st 1952 – Based on the 1951 Census 📊
2nd 1963 – Based on 1961 Census
3rd 1973 – Based on 1971 Census
4th 2002 – Based on 2001 Census (🔒 Freeze till 2026)
1st 1952 – Based on the 1951 Census 📊
2nd 1963 – Based on 1961 Census
3rd 1973 – Based on 1971 Census
4th 2002 – Based on 2001 Census (🔒 Freeze till 2026)
👍11❤2🔥2👌2
🔆 Global Gender Gap Index 2025
📍 About the Index
✅ Released annually since 2006 by the World Economic Forum
✅ Measures gender equality on a scale from 0 to 1
➡️ 0 = complete inequality
➡️ 1 = complete equality
✅ Tracks progress towards SDG-5 (Gender Equality)
📍 Four Dimensions of the Index
1️⃣ Economic Participation and Opportunity
2️⃣ Educational Attainment
3️⃣ Health and Survival
4️⃣ Political Empowerment
📍 India’s Performance
✅ India ranked 131st out of 148 countries in 2025
➡️ India was ranked 129th in 2024
✅ In South Asia, India is among the lower-ranked countries:
➡️ Bhutan – 119
➡️ Nepal – 125
➡️ Sri Lanka – 130
✅ Bangladesh is the best performer in South Asia.
📍 Top 5 Countries
1️⃣ Iceland – 1st (for the 16th consecutive year)
2️⃣ Finland
3️⃣ Norway
4️⃣ United Kingdom
5️⃣ New Zealand
📍 Key Finding
✅ At the present pace, complete global gender parity is estimated to take 123 years.
📍 Important Notes
➡️ No country has yet achieved full gender equality.
➡️ It is the world’s longest-running index on gender parity.
📍 Do Not Confuse With
✅ Gender Inequality Index (GII)
➡️ Released by United Nations Development Programme
➡️ India ranks 102/193
✅ Gender Development Index (GDI)
➡️ Released by United Nations Development Programme
➡️ Part of the Human Development Report
✅ Gender Snapshot 2025
➡️ Released by United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
#GS2 #mains #prelims
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM
📍 About the Index
✅ Released annually since 2006 by the World Economic Forum
✅ Measures gender equality on a scale from 0 to 1
➡️ 0 = complete inequality
➡️ 1 = complete equality
✅ Tracks progress towards SDG-5 (Gender Equality)
📍 Four Dimensions of the Index
1️⃣ Economic Participation and Opportunity
2️⃣ Educational Attainment
3️⃣ Health and Survival
4️⃣ Political Empowerment
📍 India’s Performance
✅ India ranked 131st out of 148 countries in 2025
➡️ India was ranked 129th in 2024
✅ In South Asia, India is among the lower-ranked countries:
➡️ Bhutan – 119
➡️ Nepal – 125
➡️ Sri Lanka – 130
✅ Bangladesh is the best performer in South Asia.
📍 Top 5 Countries
1️⃣ Iceland – 1st (for the 16th consecutive year)
2️⃣ Finland
3️⃣ Norway
4️⃣ United Kingdom
5️⃣ New Zealand
📍 Key Finding
✅ At the present pace, complete global gender parity is estimated to take 123 years.
📍 Important Notes
➡️ No country has yet achieved full gender equality.
➡️ It is the world’s longest-running index on gender parity.
📍 Do Not Confuse With
✅ Gender Inequality Index (GII)
➡️ Released by United Nations Development Programme
➡️ India ranks 102/193
✅ Gender Development Index (GDI)
➡️ Released by United Nations Development Programme
➡️ Part of the Human Development Report
✅ Gender Snapshot 2025
➡️ Released by United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
#GS2 #mains #prelims
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM
❤11👍1
Day 110: 7 April target:
Polity: REVISION
Topics -
Central Government
State Government
Parliament
PYQs
Current Affairs: August, September 2025
Polity
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Polity: REVISION
Topics -
Central Government
State Government
Parliament
PYQs
Current Affairs: August, September 2025
Polity
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
❤2
#Goodmorning
⏳47 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳136 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳243 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳110 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳103 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳89 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳62 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳55 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳19 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳18 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳5 days days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳47 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳136 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳243 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳110 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳103 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳89 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳62 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳55 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳19 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳18 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳5 days days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤6
The Convention on Wetlands COP Timeline
✅1971: Where it all began (Ramsar, Iran) The world's first environmental treaty focused on ecosystem conservation is signed in Ramsar, Iran.
✅1975: Turning words into action (Global) The (Ramsar) Convention on Wetlands is ratified by seven countries and enters into force.
✅1980: A beginning for cooperation (Italy) The very first Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP) sets the Convention in motion, adopting procedural rules and early guidance for listing wetlands.
✅1982: Opening the door to change (France) Adopted at the first Extraordinary COP (ExCOP), the Paris Protocol adds an amendment process and official working languages.
✅1984: Policies take shape (Netherlands) In Groningen, COP2 delegates agree on early recommendations that prompt countries to develop national wetland strategies and protection frameworks.
✅1987: Building the backbone (Canada) The Regina Amendments establish the Standing Committee, Secretariat and budget system at the second ExCOP, followed by COP3.
✅1990: Eyes on the water (Switzerland) COP4's Montreux Record is launched to track Wetlands of International Importance undergoing ecological change and support their recovery.
✅1993: Science steps in (Japan) The Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP) is created at COP5 to provide expert guidance to the COP, Standing Committee and Secretariat.
✅1996: Planning ahead (Australia) At COP6 in Brisbane, Parties adopt the first Strategic Plan (1997-2002), setting measurable goals for conservation and wise use.
✅1999: Three pillars, one purpose (Costa Rica) COP7 defines the Convention's core approach with Resolution VII.8: wise use, site protection and international cooperation.
✅2002: Regional action begins (Spain) The framework for Ramsar Regional Initiatives (RRIs) is initiated at COP8, encouraging cooperation at basin and subregional levels.
✅2005: Ministers take the mic (Uganda) The Kampala Declaration, adopted at COP9, becomes the Convention's first ministerial-level political statement.
✅2008: Wetlands in a new role (Republic of Korea) Two COP10 resolutions link wetlands to climate adaptation and mitigation, with a focus on peatlands and disaster risk reduction.
✅2012: Words that matter (Romania) The role of Indigenous Peoples and traditional knowledge in wetland conservation is formally acknowledged by COP11.
✅2015: Cities join the movement (Uruguay) The Wetland City Accreditation scheme is launched to recognize cities that conserve and sustainably manage urban wetlands at COP12.
✅2018: Gender enters the agenda (United Arab Emirates) Dubai's COP13 mainstreams gender equality across wetland policy and management, strengthening inclusion in implementation worldwide.
✅2022: From Wuhan to the world (China/Switzerland) COP14, hosted jointly in Wuhan and Geneva, adopts the Wuhan Declaration linking wetlands to sustainable development, resilience and peacebuilding.
✅2025: Restoration, reaffirmed at the Falls (Zimbabwe) The Victoria Falls Declaration at COP15 reaffirms the importance of wetland protection and restoration for planetary health and the Fifth Strategic Plan sharpens the focus on implementation and accountability.
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM
✅1971: Where it all began (Ramsar, Iran) The world's first environmental treaty focused on ecosystem conservation is signed in Ramsar, Iran.
✅1975: Turning words into action (Global) The (Ramsar) Convention on Wetlands is ratified by seven countries and enters into force.
✅1980: A beginning for cooperation (Italy) The very first Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP) sets the Convention in motion, adopting procedural rules and early guidance for listing wetlands.
✅1982: Opening the door to change (France) Adopted at the first Extraordinary COP (ExCOP), the Paris Protocol adds an amendment process and official working languages.
✅1984: Policies take shape (Netherlands) In Groningen, COP2 delegates agree on early recommendations that prompt countries to develop national wetland strategies and protection frameworks.
✅1987: Building the backbone (Canada) The Regina Amendments establish the Standing Committee, Secretariat and budget system at the second ExCOP, followed by COP3.
✅1990: Eyes on the water (Switzerland) COP4's Montreux Record is launched to track Wetlands of International Importance undergoing ecological change and support their recovery.
✅1993: Science steps in (Japan) The Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP) is created at COP5 to provide expert guidance to the COP, Standing Committee and Secretariat.
✅1996: Planning ahead (Australia) At COP6 in Brisbane, Parties adopt the first Strategic Plan (1997-2002), setting measurable goals for conservation and wise use.
✅1999: Three pillars, one purpose (Costa Rica) COP7 defines the Convention's core approach with Resolution VII.8: wise use, site protection and international cooperation.
✅2002: Regional action begins (Spain) The framework for Ramsar Regional Initiatives (RRIs) is initiated at COP8, encouraging cooperation at basin and subregional levels.
✅2005: Ministers take the mic (Uganda) The Kampala Declaration, adopted at COP9, becomes the Convention's first ministerial-level political statement.
✅2008: Wetlands in a new role (Republic of Korea) Two COP10 resolutions link wetlands to climate adaptation and mitigation, with a focus on peatlands and disaster risk reduction.
✅2012: Words that matter (Romania) The role of Indigenous Peoples and traditional knowledge in wetland conservation is formally acknowledged by COP11.
✅2015: Cities join the movement (Uruguay) The Wetland City Accreditation scheme is launched to recognize cities that conserve and sustainably manage urban wetlands at COP12.
✅2018: Gender enters the agenda (United Arab Emirates) Dubai's COP13 mainstreams gender equality across wetland policy and management, strengthening inclusion in implementation worldwide.
✅2022: From Wuhan to the world (China/Switzerland) COP14, hosted jointly in Wuhan and Geneva, adopts the Wuhan Declaration linking wetlands to sustainable development, resilience and peacebuilding.
✅2025: Restoration, reaffirmed at the Falls (Zimbabwe) The Victoria Falls Declaration at COP15 reaffirms the importance of wetland protection and restoration for planetary health and the Fifth Strategic Plan sharpens the focus on implementation and accountability.
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM
❤3👏1👌1
वेटलैंड्स सम्मेलन COP टाइमलाइन
✅
✅
1971: जहां सब कुछ शुरू हुआ (रामसर, ईरान) दुनिया का पहला पर्यावरणीय संधि जो पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र संरक्षण पर केंद्रित है, रामसर, ईरान में हस्ताक्षरित हुई।
✅1975: शब्दों को क्रिया में बदलना (वैश्विक) (रामसर) वेटलैंड्स सम्मेलन को सात देशों द्वारा अनुमोदित किया गया और यह प्रभाव में आया।
✅1980: सहयोग की शुरुआत (इटली) कॉन्ट्रैक्टिंग पार्टियों की पहली बैठक (COP) ने सम्मेलन को गति दी, प्रक्रियात्मक नियम और वेटलैंड्स की सूची के लिए प्रारंभिक मार्गदर्शन अपनाया।
✅1982: परिवर्तन के द्वार खोलना (फ्रांस) पहले असाधारण COP (ExCOP) में अपनाया गया, पेरिस प्रोटोकॉल संशोधन प्रक्रिया और आधिकारिक कार्य भाषाओं को जोड़ता है।
✅1984: नीतियां आकार लेती हैं (नीदरलैंड्स) ग्रोनिंगन में, COP2 प्रतिनिधियों ने प्रारंभिक सिफारिशों पर सहमति व्यक्त की जो देशों को राष्ट्रीय वेटलैंड रणनीतियाँ और संरक्षण ढांचे विकसित करने के लिए प्रेरित करती हैं।
✅1987: रीढ़ की हड्डी बनाना (कनाडा) रेजिना संशोधनों ने दूसरे ExCOP में स्थायी समिति, सचिवालय और बजट प्रणाली स्थापित की, इसके बाद COP3 हुआ।
✅1990: पानी पर नजर (स्विट्जरलैंड) COP4 का मोंट्रू रिकॉर्ड शुरू किया गया ताकि पारिस्थितिक परिवर्तन से गुजर रहे अंतरराष्ट्रीय महत्व के वेटलैंड्स को ट्रैक किया जा सके और उनकी पुनर्प्राप्ति का समर्थन किया जा सके।
✅1993: विज्ञान की भूमिका (जापान) COP5 में वैज्ञानिक और तकनीकी समीक्षा पैनल (STRP) बनाया गया ताकि COP, स्थायी समिति और सचिवालय को विशेषज्ञ मार्गदर्शन प्रदान किया जा सके।
✅1996: आगे की योजना (ऑस्ट्रेलिया) ब्रिस्बेन में COP6 में, पार्टियों ने पहला रणनीतिक योजना (1997-2002) अपनाया, जो संरक्षण और समझदारी से उपयोग के लिए मापनीय लक्ष्य निर्धारित करता है।
✅1999: तीन स्तंभ, एक उद्देश्य (कोस्टा रिका) COP7 ने सम्मेलन के मुख्य दृष्टिकोण को परिभाषित किया: समझदारी से उपयोग, स्थल संरक्षण और अंतरराष्ट्रीय सहयोग।
✅2002: क्षेत्रीय कार्रवाई शुरू (स्पेन) COP8 में रामसर क्षेत्रीय पहलों (RRIs) के लिए ढांचा शुरू किया गया, जो बेसिन और उपक्षेत्रीय स्तर पर सहयोग को प्रोत्साहित करता है।
✅2005: मंत्री मंच पर (युगांडा) COP9 में अपनाई गई कैंपाला घोषणा, सम्मेलन का पहला मंत्री स्तरीय राजनीतिक बयान बन गई।
✅2008: वेटलैंड्स की नई भूमिका (कोरिया गणराज्य) दो COP10 प्रस्ताव वेटलैंड्स को जलवायु अनुकूलन और शमन से जोड़ते हैं, विशेष रूप से पीटलैंड्स और आपदा जोखिम न्यूनीकरण पर ध्यान केंद्रित करते हैं।
✅2012: महत्वपूर्ण शब्द (रोमानिया) COP11 द्वारा वेटलैंड संरक्षण में स्वदेशी लोगों और पारंपरिक ज्ञान की भूमिका को औपचारिक रूप से स्वीकार किया गया।
✅2015: शहर आंदोलन में शामिल (उरुग्वे) COP12 में शहरी वेटलैंड्स के संरक्षण और सतत प्रबंधन के लिए शहरों को मान्यता देने के लिए वेटलैंड सिटी मान्यता योजना शुरू की गई।
✅2018: एजेंडा में लिंग (संयुक्त अरब अमीरात) दुबई का COP13 वेटलैंड नीति और प्रबंधन में लैंगिक समानता को मुख्यधारा में लाता है, विश्व स्तर पर कार्यान्वयन में समावेशन को मजबूत करता है।
✅2022: वुहान से विश्व तक (चीन/स्विट्जरलैंड) वुहान और जेनेवा में संयुक्त रूप से आयोजित COP14 ने वेटलैंड्स को सतत विकास, लचीलापन और शांति निर्माण से जोड़ने वाला वुहान घोषणा पत्र अपनाया।
✅2025: फॉल्स में पुनर्स्थापन, पुनः पुष्टि (जिम्बाब्वे) COP15 में विक्टोरिया फॉल्स घोषणा ने ग्रह स्वास्थ्य के लिए वेटलैंड संरक्षण और पुनर्स्थापन के महत्व को पुनः पुष्टि की और पांचवीं रणनीतिक योजना ने कार्यान्वयन और जवाबदेही पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया।
❤4🔥1
🔆 Q. “The sculptors filled the Chandella artform with resilient vigor and breadth of life.” Elucidate.
📍 Introduction
✅ The Chandella dynasty (9th–13th century) ruled central India and is renowned for its contribution to temple architecture and sculpture, especially at Khajuraho. Their sculptors infused stone with vitality, movement and realism, making Chandella art one of the finest expressions of Indian culture.
📍 How Chandella Sculptors Filled Art with Vigor and Breadth of Life
✅ Dynamic and Graceful Figures
➡️ Chandella sculptures are marked by rhythmic movement and graceful postures.
➡️ Figures appear full of energy and life rather than static.
➡️ The sculptures of the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple seem to pulsate with motion.
✅ Religious and Mythological Themes
➡️ Sculptures depict Hindu deities such as Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma and Kali.
➡️ Temple walls also portray scenes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
➡️ Khajuraho temples beautifully integrate kama, artha and dharma.
✅ Intricate Detailing and Realism
➡️ Sculptors showed remarkable precision in carving anatomy, jewellery, drapery and expressions.
➡️ Hairstyles, ornaments and facial features reflect extraordinary craftsmanship.
✅ Depiction of Life in All Forms
➡️ Chandella art goes beyond gods and goddesses.
➡️ It portrays dancers, musicians, warriors, celestial beings and scenes of everyday life.
➡️ This reflects a holistic worldview where divine and worldly life are interconnected.
✅ Symbolism and Spirituality
➡️ The erotic sculptures of Khajuraho symbolize fertility, creativity and the union of divine and human energies.
➡️ They are not merely sensual, but represent deeper spiritual meanings.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Thus, Chandella sculpture combined movement, realism, spirituality and worldly life into a vibrant artistic tradition.
✅ Their art celebrated life in all its dimensions and remains a timeless symbol of India’s cultural heritage.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
📍 Introduction
✅ The Chandella dynasty (9th–13th century) ruled central India and is renowned for its contribution to temple architecture and sculpture, especially at Khajuraho. Their sculptors infused stone with vitality, movement and realism, making Chandella art one of the finest expressions of Indian culture.
📍 How Chandella Sculptors Filled Art with Vigor and Breadth of Life
✅ Dynamic and Graceful Figures
➡️ Chandella sculptures are marked by rhythmic movement and graceful postures.
➡️ Figures appear full of energy and life rather than static.
➡️ The sculptures of the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple seem to pulsate with motion.
✅ Religious and Mythological Themes
➡️ Sculptures depict Hindu deities such as Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma and Kali.
➡️ Temple walls also portray scenes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
➡️ Khajuraho temples beautifully integrate kama, artha and dharma.
✅ Intricate Detailing and Realism
➡️ Sculptors showed remarkable precision in carving anatomy, jewellery, drapery and expressions.
➡️ Hairstyles, ornaments and facial features reflect extraordinary craftsmanship.
✅ Depiction of Life in All Forms
➡️ Chandella art goes beyond gods and goddesses.
➡️ It portrays dancers, musicians, warriors, celestial beings and scenes of everyday life.
➡️ This reflects a holistic worldview where divine and worldly life are interconnected.
✅ Symbolism and Spirituality
➡️ The erotic sculptures of Khajuraho symbolize fertility, creativity and the union of divine and human energies.
➡️ They are not merely sensual, but represent deeper spiritual meanings.
📍 Conclusion
✅ Thus, Chandella sculpture combined movement, realism, spirituality and worldly life into a vibrant artistic tradition.
✅ Their art celebrated life in all its dimensions and remains a timeless symbol of India’s cultural heritage.
#history #prelims #mains
Join https://t.me/CSE_EXAM https://t.me/Upsc_4_history
✅Gross Domestic Product (GDP) : GDP is defined as total market value of all final goods and services in an economy. It is used to assess the size of economy.
✅Growth of GDP : It can be either due to increase in actual production or due to increase in prices of goods and services or combination of both the above two factors.
✅Nominal GDP : It is the value of GDP at the current prevailing prices.
✅Real GDP : It is the value of GDP at some constant set of prices.
Real GDP growth rate = Nominal rate – Inflation (GDP Deflator)
✅The GDP deflator : It is the ratio of nominal to real GDP.
GDP Deflator = Nominal GDP / Real GDP
#economy
#pre_revision
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
✅Growth of GDP : It can be either due to increase in actual production or due to increase in prices of goods and services or combination of both the above two factors.
✅Nominal GDP : It is the value of GDP at the current prevailing prices.
✅Real GDP : It is the value of GDP at some constant set of prices.
Real GDP growth rate = Nominal rate – Inflation (GDP Deflator)
✅The GDP deflator : It is the ratio of nominal to real GDP.
GDP Deflator = Nominal GDP / Real GDP
#economy
#pre_revision
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
❤4
Day 111: 8 April target:
Polity:
Topics -
Central Government
State Government
Parliament
PYQs
Current Affairs: August, September 2025
Polity
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Polity:
Topics -
Central Government
State Government
Parliament
PYQs
Current Affairs: August, September 2025
Polity
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
❤1
#Goodmorning
⏳46 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳135 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳242 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳109 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳102 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳88 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳61 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳54 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳18 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳17 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳4 days days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
⏳46 days left CSP26[ 24-05-26]
⏳135 days left CSM26 [ 21-08-26]
⏳242 days left UPPSC prelims 6 December
⏳109 days left 72nd BPSC PRELIMS 26 July
⏳102 days left CAPF AC 19 July
⏳88 days left UKPSC PRELIMS 5 July
⏳61 days Left OPSC/ GPSC prelims 07 June
⏳54 days left MPSC (MH) prelims [ 31-05-26]
⏳18 days Left MPPSC (MP)/ HCS Prelims 26 April
⏳17 days Left bpsc mains 25 April
JPSC PRELIMS 19 April
⏳4 days days Left CDS1 /NDA 12 April
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
https://t.me/anmolvachan1
❤2
🔆 Yakshi: Key Facts
📍 Historical Context
✅ Associated with Didarganj Yakshi from the Mauryan Period.
📍 Religious & Cultural Significance
✅ In Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, Yakshis are female counterparts of Yakshas.
✅ They are nature spirits, often benevolent, but sometimes mischievous or capricious.
✅ Linked with water, fertility, trees, forests, treasure, and wilderness.
📍 Depictions & Role
✅ Found in Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist texts.
✅ Commonly seen in ancient & medieval South Asian and Southeast Asian temples as guardian deities.
✅ Typically adorned with ornaments and carrying maces, swords, bows, and other weapons.
📍 Historical Context
✅ Associated with Didarganj Yakshi from the Mauryan Period.
📍 Religious & Cultural Significance
✅ In Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, Yakshis are female counterparts of Yakshas.
✅ They are nature spirits, often benevolent, but sometimes mischievous or capricious.
✅ Linked with water, fertility, trees, forests, treasure, and wilderness.
📍 Depictions & Role
✅ Found in Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist texts.
✅ Commonly seen in ancient & medieval South Asian and Southeast Asian temples as guardian deities.
✅ Typically adorned with ornaments and carrying maces, swords, bows, and other weapons.
❤3👍2👏1👌1