🔆Administration and Safeguards of Tribals
▪️Tribal Panchsheel:
✅There was a great deal of debt regarding the policy towards the tribal in India after Independence, some suggested completes isolation and other complete assimilation. But Nehru and Varrier Elvin adopted middle one which came to be known as Tribal Panchsheel.
🔸Basic Features:
🔸Tribals should develop along the lines of their own genius and imposition of alien values
should be avoided.
🔸Tribals rights in land and forest should be respected.
🔸Teams of Tribals should be trained in the work of administration and development.
✅Tribal areas should not be over administered or overwhelmed with multiplicity of schemes.
✅ Results should not be judged by statistics or the amount of money spent but by the human
character evolved.
▪️Tribal Sub Plan:
✅It is the strategy for the rapid Socio-economic development of tribal people.
✅It forms the part of annual Plan of State/ UT. The benefits under this are in addition to those that goes to the tribals from the overall plan.
✅ It was first introduced under the 5th Five Year Plan and later
expanded during 9th Five Year Plan. At present 22 states and 2 Union Territories are covered
under Tribal Sub Plan.
▪️ Basic Objectives:
✅Reduce the poverty and Unemployment.
✅Eradicate exploitation and developing remote areas.
✅ Human resource development of tribals by providing adequate health and educational services.
✅Provision of physical and financial security against all types of exploitation and oppression.
✅ Sub-schemes under TSP
✅ Integrated Tribal Development Programme (ITDP)
✅Modified Area Development Approach (MADA)
#revision_notes
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▪️Tribal Panchsheel:
✅There was a great deal of debt regarding the policy towards the tribal in India after Independence, some suggested completes isolation and other complete assimilation. But Nehru and Varrier Elvin adopted middle one which came to be known as Tribal Panchsheel.
🔸Basic Features:
🔸Tribals should develop along the lines of their own genius and imposition of alien values
should be avoided.
🔸Tribals rights in land and forest should be respected.
🔸Teams of Tribals should be trained in the work of administration and development.
✅Tribal areas should not be over administered or overwhelmed with multiplicity of schemes.
✅ Results should not be judged by statistics or the amount of money spent but by the human
character evolved.
▪️Tribal Sub Plan:
✅It is the strategy for the rapid Socio-economic development of tribal people.
✅It forms the part of annual Plan of State/ UT. The benefits under this are in addition to those that goes to the tribals from the overall plan.
✅ It was first introduced under the 5th Five Year Plan and later
expanded during 9th Five Year Plan. At present 22 states and 2 Union Territories are covered
under Tribal Sub Plan.
▪️ Basic Objectives:
✅Reduce the poverty and Unemployment.
✅Eradicate exploitation and developing remote areas.
✅ Human resource development of tribals by providing adequate health and educational services.
✅Provision of physical and financial security against all types of exploitation and oppression.
✅ Sub-schemes under TSP
✅ Integrated Tribal Development Programme (ITDP)
✅Modified Area Development Approach (MADA)
#revision_notes
#art_and_culture
#mains
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_art_and_culture
👍8
🔆M. C. Mehta v. State of Tamil Nadu (1986): Environment Law
✅Issue/dispute at the core:
🔸Industrial accidents and their liabilities. This judgment came on incident of Oleum gas (fuming sulfuric acid) leaked from a fertilizer plant of Shriram Food and Fertilisers Ltd. complex at Delhi, causing damages to several people.
✅Constitutional and legislative provisions involved: Whether hazardous industries are allowed to operate in densely populated areas? Hazardous industries regulating mechanisms? How is the liability and amount of compensation determined? What is the scope of Article 32 (Constitutional Remedies) & Article 21(no person shall be deprived of his life or personal
liberty) of the Constitution?
✅Judgment delivered:
🔸Supreme Court directed that children should not be employed in hazardous jobs in factories for manufacture of match boxes and fireworks.
🔸SC found strict liability principle inadequate to protect citizens’ rights and replaced it with the absolute liability principle.
✅Impact of the Judgment:
🔸 It also changed the scope of Environment Law in India for the first time, an industry was held responsible for an accident and forced to pay compensation.
🔸 It sought to address and rectify the miscarriage of justice and reinstate faith in the judiciary.
🔸The Supreme Court performed an extra-judicial role. The verdict was decided on taking into account the need for industrialization and the fact that accidents are an unavoidable consequence of it.
#revision_notes
#mains
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✅Issue/dispute at the core:
🔸Industrial accidents and their liabilities. This judgment came on incident of Oleum gas (fuming sulfuric acid) leaked from a fertilizer plant of Shriram Food and Fertilisers Ltd. complex at Delhi, causing damages to several people.
✅Constitutional and legislative provisions involved: Whether hazardous industries are allowed to operate in densely populated areas? Hazardous industries regulating mechanisms? How is the liability and amount of compensation determined? What is the scope of Article 32 (Constitutional Remedies) & Article 21(no person shall be deprived of his life or personal
liberty) of the Constitution?
✅Judgment delivered:
🔸Supreme Court directed that children should not be employed in hazardous jobs in factories for manufacture of match boxes and fireworks.
🔸SC found strict liability principle inadequate to protect citizens’ rights and replaced it with the absolute liability principle.
✅Impact of the Judgment:
🔸 It also changed the scope of Environment Law in India for the first time, an industry was held responsible for an accident and forced to pay compensation.
🔸 It sought to address and rectify the miscarriage of justice and reinstate faith in the judiciary.
🔸The Supreme Court performed an extra-judicial role. The verdict was decided on taking into account the need for industrialization and the fact that accidents are an unavoidable consequence of it.
#revision_notes
#mains
#prelims
#Judgment
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👍10❤1
🔆Sabarimala temple case/ Indian Young Lawyers Association vs. the State of Kerala (2018):
( Freedom of Religion)
Supreme Court Allows Women Entry into Sabarimala Temple, which it termed as a violation of women’s right to practice religion.
▪️Issue/dispute at the core:
✅ Essential religious practice, Right to Freedom of Religion vs. constitutionally-guaranteed rights.
✅Constitutional and legislative provisions involved
✅Article 14,15, 21 &25, Rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorization of Entry) Rules, 1965 (restricts the entry of women into the Sabarimala Temple)
▪️Judgment delivered:
✅SC stated that 'devotion cannot be subjected to gender discrimination'.
✅It overturned the 1951 judgment of Bombay High Court in the State of Bombay versus Narasu Appa Mali which held that personal law is not 'law' or 'law in force' under Article 13 and held that immunizing customs takes away the primacy of the constitution.
✅ It takes away the woman’s right against discrimination guaranteed under Article 15(1) of the Constitution and curtails the religious freedom assured by Article 25(1).
✅Preventing women’s entry in the temple with the irrational and obsolete notion of “purity” offends the equality clauses in the Constitution
✅SC held that prohibition founded on the notion that menstruating women are "polluted and impure" is a form of untouchability (Article 17) and the notions stigmatized women.
✅No customs can claim supremacy over the Constitution and its vision of ensuring the sanctity of dignity,
liberty, and equality and customs and personal law have a significant impact on the civil status of individuals.
#revision_notes
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#prelims
#Judgment
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( Freedom of Religion)
Supreme Court Allows Women Entry into Sabarimala Temple, which it termed as a violation of women’s right to practice religion.
▪️Issue/dispute at the core:
✅ Essential religious practice, Right to Freedom of Religion vs. constitutionally-guaranteed rights.
✅Constitutional and legislative provisions involved
✅Article 14,15, 21 &25, Rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorization of Entry) Rules, 1965 (restricts the entry of women into the Sabarimala Temple)
▪️Judgment delivered:
✅SC stated that 'devotion cannot be subjected to gender discrimination'.
✅It overturned the 1951 judgment of Bombay High Court in the State of Bombay versus Narasu Appa Mali which held that personal law is not 'law' or 'law in force' under Article 13 and held that immunizing customs takes away the primacy of the constitution.
✅ It takes away the woman’s right against discrimination guaranteed under Article 15(1) of the Constitution and curtails the religious freedom assured by Article 25(1).
✅Preventing women’s entry in the temple with the irrational and obsolete notion of “purity” offends the equality clauses in the Constitution
✅SC held that prohibition founded on the notion that menstruating women are "polluted and impure" is a form of untouchability (Article 17) and the notions stigmatized women.
✅No customs can claim supremacy over the Constitution and its vision of ensuring the sanctity of dignity,
liberty, and equality and customs and personal law have a significant impact on the civil status of individuals.
#revision_notes
#mains
#prelims
#Judgment
Join @CSE_EXAM
👍17
🔆Unresolved Constitutional Cases
✅ Why in News: There have been docketfull of cases pending in the courts that involve crucial questions about state power, accountability
and impunity.
▪️What are the cases about?
✅The cases extend to cases of constitutional questions that arise in the course of controversial state action.
✅Issues revolve around the
🔸 Violation of rights
🔸Federal structure
🔸Elections
🔸 Questions of power
🔸 Accountability
✅ Consequently, the longer they are left hanging without a decision, the greater the damage that is inflicted upon our constitutional democracy’s commitment to the rule of law.
▪️What are some of these cases?
✅ Kashmir Case : There is the constitutional challenge to the Presidential Orders of August 5, 2019, that effectively diluted Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, and bifurcated the State of Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories, controlled by the Centre.
🔸This tendency seems to have gripped the Court and the case raises certain fundamental questions about constitutional power and accountability.
🔸First, it raises the question of whether the Centre can take advantage of an Article 356 situation in a State when no elected government and Assembly is in existence to make permanent and irreversible alterations in the very structure of the State itself.
🔸Second, the case raises the question of whether the Union Legislature has the authority not simply to alter State boundaries (Article 3 of the Constitution), but degrade a State into a Union Territory.
🔸 If it turned out that the Union Legislature have this power, it would mean that India’s federal structure is at the mercy of Parliament where it could convert India from a union of States to a union of Union Territories, if wanted.
🔸 The Supreme Court’s now two-and-a-half-year delay in hearing and answering these questions is unreasonable.
✅Electoral bonds case : The electoral bonds scheme authorises limitless, anonymous corporate donations to political parties, making election funding opaque and biased towards the ruling party.
✅This impacts not only the integrity of the election process but also the constitutional right of citizens to an informed vote.
✅The Supreme Court has refused to accord a full hearing to the constitutional challenge which is pending for more than four years.
✅CBI case : In 2013, the Gauhati High Court held that the CBI was not established under any statutory authority which was immediately stayed when it was appealed to the Supreme Court but never been heard.
🔸Thus, the CBI continues to function often controversially despite a judgment by a constitutional court that has
found its very existence to be illegal.
✅ CAA case : The constitutional challenges to the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) remain unheard.
✅ UAPA case : The challenges to the much-criticised Section 43(D)(5) of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, which makes the grant of bail effectively impossible remains a concern.
🔸The challenge to Section 43(D)(5) is perhaps the case that most directly affects civil rights, as the section continues to be applied on a regular basis (as in the Bhima Koregaon case).
▪️What are the consequences of the pending of these cases?
✅ By not deciding, the Court is in effect deciding in favour of one party without a reasoned judgment that justifies its stance.
✅Judicial evasion of this kind is damaging for the accountability of the judiciary itself.
✅The Court’s inaction offers no reasoning and affects the public scrutiny and has a serious impact on the rule of law.
✅It must be acknowledged that the responsibility for constituting benches and scheduling cases rests solely with the Chief Justice of India (CJI).
✅The importance of the rule of law and the independence of the judiciary must be focused.
✅There is a need to hear and decide the important constitutional cases pending before the Court.
#polity
#revision_notes
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
✅ Why in News: There have been docketfull of cases pending in the courts that involve crucial questions about state power, accountability
and impunity.
▪️What are the cases about?
✅The cases extend to cases of constitutional questions that arise in the course of controversial state action.
✅Issues revolve around the
🔸 Violation of rights
🔸Federal structure
🔸Elections
🔸 Questions of power
🔸 Accountability
✅ Consequently, the longer they are left hanging without a decision, the greater the damage that is inflicted upon our constitutional democracy’s commitment to the rule of law.
▪️What are some of these cases?
✅ Kashmir Case : There is the constitutional challenge to the Presidential Orders of August 5, 2019, that effectively diluted Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, and bifurcated the State of Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories, controlled by the Centre.
🔸This tendency seems to have gripped the Court and the case raises certain fundamental questions about constitutional power and accountability.
🔸First, it raises the question of whether the Centre can take advantage of an Article 356 situation in a State when no elected government and Assembly is in existence to make permanent and irreversible alterations in the very structure of the State itself.
🔸Second, the case raises the question of whether the Union Legislature has the authority not simply to alter State boundaries (Article 3 of the Constitution), but degrade a State into a Union Territory.
🔸 If it turned out that the Union Legislature have this power, it would mean that India’s federal structure is at the mercy of Parliament where it could convert India from a union of States to a union of Union Territories, if wanted.
🔸 The Supreme Court’s now two-and-a-half-year delay in hearing and answering these questions is unreasonable.
✅Electoral bonds case : The electoral bonds scheme authorises limitless, anonymous corporate donations to political parties, making election funding opaque and biased towards the ruling party.
✅This impacts not only the integrity of the election process but also the constitutional right of citizens to an informed vote.
✅The Supreme Court has refused to accord a full hearing to the constitutional challenge which is pending for more than four years.
✅CBI case : In 2013, the Gauhati High Court held that the CBI was not established under any statutory authority which was immediately stayed when it was appealed to the Supreme Court but never been heard.
🔸Thus, the CBI continues to function often controversially despite a judgment by a constitutional court that has
found its very existence to be illegal.
✅ CAA case : The constitutional challenges to the Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) remain unheard.
✅ UAPA case : The challenges to the much-criticised Section 43(D)(5) of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, which makes the grant of bail effectively impossible remains a concern.
🔸The challenge to Section 43(D)(5) is perhaps the case that most directly affects civil rights, as the section continues to be applied on a regular basis (as in the Bhima Koregaon case).
▪️What are the consequences of the pending of these cases?
✅ By not deciding, the Court is in effect deciding in favour of one party without a reasoned judgment that justifies its stance.
✅Judicial evasion of this kind is damaging for the accountability of the judiciary itself.
✅The Court’s inaction offers no reasoning and affects the public scrutiny and has a serious impact on the rule of law.
✅It must be acknowledged that the responsibility for constituting benches and scheduling cases rests solely with the Chief Justice of India (CJI).
✅The importance of the rule of law and the independence of the judiciary must be focused.
✅There is a need to hear and decide the important constitutional cases pending before the Court.
#polity
#revision_notes
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
👍14❤1🔥1
🔆Concerns with Tribunals
✅Why in news : Parliament enacted the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021 which contained provisions that had been struck down by the Supreme Court in an ordinance issued earlier.
▪️What are constitutional provisions regarding tribunals?
✅Tribunals were not mentioned in the original constitution.
✅ They have been added by the 42nd constitutional amendment act based on the recommendations of Swaran Singh Committee.
✅Part XIV-A has been added to the constitution with respect to tribunals.
✅Article 323A deals with administrative tribunals which can be established only by the Parliament.
✅ Article 323B deals with other types of tribunals which can be established by both the Parliament and the State Legislature.
▪️What are the issues?
✅Government pushing the earlier struck provision on selection and tenure of Tribunal members through the new act were against the judgements of the court.
✅Unusual delay in filling up vacancies among judicial and administrative members.
✅Choosing the members from the waiting list before exhausting the names in the selection list in appointments.
✅Reducing the tenure of the Acting Chairperson of National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) by 10
days.
✅ Disagreements between the government and judiciary on the eligibility criteria and conditions of service of members of tribunal
✅Undermining the independence of tribunals.
▪️What is the Supreme Court’s view?
✅The court wants to ensure the independence of tribunals by providing reasonable tenure.
✅ It has warned that it will suomoto stay the legislation and could consider initiating the contempt of court proceedings.
✅ The Supreme Court has been repeatedly calling for the establishment of a National Tribunals Commission to make suitable appointments and evaluate the functioning of tribunals.
#polity
#revision_notes
#mains
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✅Why in news : Parliament enacted the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021 which contained provisions that had been struck down by the Supreme Court in an ordinance issued earlier.
▪️What are constitutional provisions regarding tribunals?
✅Tribunals were not mentioned in the original constitution.
✅ They have been added by the 42nd constitutional amendment act based on the recommendations of Swaran Singh Committee.
✅Part XIV-A has been added to the constitution with respect to tribunals.
✅Article 323A deals with administrative tribunals which can be established only by the Parliament.
✅ Article 323B deals with other types of tribunals which can be established by both the Parliament and the State Legislature.
▪️What are the issues?
✅Government pushing the earlier struck provision on selection and tenure of Tribunal members through the new act were against the judgements of the court.
✅Unusual delay in filling up vacancies among judicial and administrative members.
✅Choosing the members from the waiting list before exhausting the names in the selection list in appointments.
✅Reducing the tenure of the Acting Chairperson of National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) by 10
days.
✅ Disagreements between the government and judiciary on the eligibility criteria and conditions of service of members of tribunal
✅Undermining the independence of tribunals.
▪️What is the Supreme Court’s view?
✅The court wants to ensure the independence of tribunals by providing reasonable tenure.
✅ It has warned that it will suomoto stay the legislation and could consider initiating the contempt of court proceedings.
✅ The Supreme Court has been repeatedly calling for the establishment of a National Tribunals Commission to make suitable appointments and evaluate the functioning of tribunals.
#polity
#revision_notes
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
👍7❤3
🔆Supernova
✅A supernova is the largest explosion explosion of a star.
✅Supernovas are often seen in other galaxies.
✅ But supernovas are difficult to see in our own Milky Way galaxy because dust blocks our view.
✅In 1604, Johannes Kepler discovered the last observed supernova in the Milky Way.
✅ NASA‘s Chandra telescope discovered the remains of a more recent supernova.
▪️Causes
✅A supernova happens where there is a change in the core, or center, of a star.
✅A change can occur in two different ways.
▪️ First type of supernova
✅ Happens in binary star systems. Binary stars are two stars that orbit the same point.
✅ One of the stars, a carbon-oxygen white dwarf, steals matter from its companion star.
✅Eventually, the white dwarf accumulates too much matter. Having too much matter causes the star to explode, resulting in a supernova.
▪️ Second type of supernova :
✅Occurs at the end of a single star‘s lifetime.
✅ As the star runs out of nuclear fuel, some of its mass flows into its core.
✅Eventually, the core is so heavy that it cannot withstand its own gravitational force.
✅The core collapses, which results in the giant explosion of a supernova.
✅The sun is a single star, but it does not have enough mass to become a supernova.
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#prelims
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✅A supernova is the largest explosion explosion of a star.
✅Supernovas are often seen in other galaxies.
✅ But supernovas are difficult to see in our own Milky Way galaxy because dust blocks our view.
✅In 1604, Johannes Kepler discovered the last observed supernova in the Milky Way.
✅ NASA‘s Chandra telescope discovered the remains of a more recent supernova.
▪️Causes
✅A supernova happens where there is a change in the core, or center, of a star.
✅A change can occur in two different ways.
▪️ First type of supernova
✅ Happens in binary star systems. Binary stars are two stars that orbit the same point.
✅ One of the stars, a carbon-oxygen white dwarf, steals matter from its companion star.
✅Eventually, the white dwarf accumulates too much matter. Having too much matter causes the star to explode, resulting in a supernova.
▪️ Second type of supernova :
✅Occurs at the end of a single star‘s lifetime.
✅ As the star runs out of nuclear fuel, some of its mass flows into its core.
✅Eventually, the core is so heavy that it cannot withstand its own gravitational force.
✅The core collapses, which results in the giant explosion of a supernova.
✅The sun is a single star, but it does not have enough mass to become a supernova.
#revision_notes
#science_and_technology
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_science_and_technology
👍11
🔆One Candidate, One Consituentcy
✅Recently, the Chief Election Commissioner asked the Ministry of Law & Justice to limit the seats from which a
candidate can contest to just one.
✅As per Section 33(7) of the RPA (Representation of the People Act), 1951, one candidate can contest from a
maximum of two constituencies.
✅ More constituencies were allowed until 1996 when the RPA was amended to set the cap at two constituencies.
✅Since 1951, many politicians have used this factor to contest from more than one seat – sometimes to divide the opponent’s vote, sometimes to profess their party’s power across the country, sometimes to cause a ripple effect in the region surrounding the constituencies in favour of the candidate’s party and all parties have exploited Section 33(7).
✅While 33(7) allows candidates to contest from two seats, Section 70 bars candidates from representing two constituencies in the Lok Sabha/state. Assembly.
▪️Recommendations by ECI
✅The Election Commission recommended amending Section 33(7) so as to allow one candidate to contest from only one seat.
✅It did so in 2004, 2010, and 2016 and in 2018.
✅A system should be devised wherein if a candidate contested from two constituencies and won both, then he or she would bear the financial burden of conducting the subsequent by-election in one of the constituencies.
✅The amount would be Rs 5 lakh for a Vidhan Sabha election and Rs 10 lakh for a Lok Sabha election.
#polity
#revision_notes
#prelims
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✅Recently, the Chief Election Commissioner asked the Ministry of Law & Justice to limit the seats from which a
candidate can contest to just one.
✅As per Section 33(7) of the RPA (Representation of the People Act), 1951, one candidate can contest from a
maximum of two constituencies.
✅ More constituencies were allowed until 1996 when the RPA was amended to set the cap at two constituencies.
✅Since 1951, many politicians have used this factor to contest from more than one seat – sometimes to divide the opponent’s vote, sometimes to profess their party’s power across the country, sometimes to cause a ripple effect in the region surrounding the constituencies in favour of the candidate’s party and all parties have exploited Section 33(7).
✅While 33(7) allows candidates to contest from two seats, Section 70 bars candidates from representing two constituencies in the Lok Sabha/state. Assembly.
▪️Recommendations by ECI
✅The Election Commission recommended amending Section 33(7) so as to allow one candidate to contest from only one seat.
✅It did so in 2004, 2010, and 2016 and in 2018.
✅A system should be devised wherein if a candidate contested from two constituencies and won both, then he or she would bear the financial burden of conducting the subsequent by-election in one of the constituencies.
✅The amount would be Rs 5 lakh for a Vidhan Sabha election and Rs 10 lakh for a Lok Sabha election.
#polity
#revision_notes
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
👍10
🔆FOLK MUSIC LIST
✅Rasiya geet - Uttar
Pradesh : Flourished in Braj
✅Baul - Bengal ; It is not only a type of music, but a Bengali religious sect.
The music of the Bauls, Baul
Sangeet, is a particular type of folk song. Its lyrics carry influences of the Hindu Bhakti movements and the Suphi, a form of Sufi song exemplified by the songs of Kabir and is called ‘Baul Gaan’ or Baul song.
✅Wanawan - Kashmir
✅Panihari - Rajasthan : It is thematically related to water.
✅Khongjom - Parva Manipur : It is a popular ballad genre which is a musical narration of the battle of Khongjom fought between the British army and the Manipuri resistance forces in 1891.
✅Lai Haroba Festival - Manipur : Celebrated for Umang-Lai, the forest deity
✅Manganiars Northwest India - Rajasthan : Songs of Alexander, local kings and battles Saikuti Zai Mizoram Praise of brave men, hunters, etc.
✅Pankhida - Rajasthan : Its literal meaning is lover and is sung by peasants.
✅Lotia - Rajasthan : It is sung during Chaitra month.
✅Pandavani - Chhattisgarh : Tales from Mahabharat are sung.
✅Mando - Goa : Songs deal with love, tragedy and political resistance during Portuguese rule.
✅Alha - Uttar Pradesh : It is a typical ballad of Bundelkhand which narrates the heroic deeds of Alha and Udal, two warrior brothers who served Raja Parmal of Majoba.
✅Chhakri : Kashmir - Most popular form of Kashmiri folk music.
✅Tappa - Punjab : They are the folk songs of camel riders.
Qawwali Brought from Persia around 13th century. Amir Khusrau was an important innovator.
✅Bihu Assam It is meant as blessings for new year and the dance is associated with ancient fertility cult.
✅Saikuti Zai - Mizoram : Mizo is traditionally a singing tribe.
✅Burrakatha - Andhra Pradesh : Tambura is played by main performer.
#art_and_culture
#revision_notes
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@upsc_art_and_culture
✅Rasiya geet - Uttar
Pradesh : Flourished in Braj
✅Baul - Bengal ; It is not only a type of music, but a Bengali religious sect.
The music of the Bauls, Baul
Sangeet, is a particular type of folk song. Its lyrics carry influences of the Hindu Bhakti movements and the Suphi, a form of Sufi song exemplified by the songs of Kabir and is called ‘Baul Gaan’ or Baul song.
✅Wanawan - Kashmir
✅Panihari - Rajasthan : It is thematically related to water.
✅Khongjom - Parva Manipur : It is a popular ballad genre which is a musical narration of the battle of Khongjom fought between the British army and the Manipuri resistance forces in 1891.
✅Lai Haroba Festival - Manipur : Celebrated for Umang-Lai, the forest deity
✅Manganiars Northwest India - Rajasthan : Songs of Alexander, local kings and battles Saikuti Zai Mizoram Praise of brave men, hunters, etc.
✅Pankhida - Rajasthan : Its literal meaning is lover and is sung by peasants.
✅Lotia - Rajasthan : It is sung during Chaitra month.
✅Pandavani - Chhattisgarh : Tales from Mahabharat are sung.
✅Mando - Goa : Songs deal with love, tragedy and political resistance during Portuguese rule.
✅Alha - Uttar Pradesh : It is a typical ballad of Bundelkhand which narrates the heroic deeds of Alha and Udal, two warrior brothers who served Raja Parmal of Majoba.
✅Chhakri : Kashmir - Most popular form of Kashmiri folk music.
✅Tappa - Punjab : They are the folk songs of camel riders.
Qawwali Brought from Persia around 13th century. Amir Khusrau was an important innovator.
✅Bihu Assam It is meant as blessings for new year and the dance is associated with ancient fertility cult.
✅Saikuti Zai - Mizoram : Mizo is traditionally a singing tribe.
✅Burrakatha - Andhra Pradesh : Tambura is played by main performer.
#art_and_culture
#revision_notes
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@upsc_art_and_culture
❤5👍4
🔆HATE SPEECH
✅ Why in News: Panel formed to define Hate speech
1. In May 2021, a panel was constituted by the Union Home Ministry to suggest reforms to the (IPC) is likely to propose a separate Section on “offences relating to speech and expression.”
2. As there is no clear definition of what constitutes a “hate speech” in the IPC, the Committee for Reforms in Criminal Laws is attempting for the first time to define such speech. In 2019, the Ministry decided to overhaul the IPC, framed in 1860 and the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)
▪️Need for a clear definition of “hate speech”:
1. Responsible speech is the essence of the liberty granted under Article 19(a) of the Constitution. One of the greatest challenges before the principle of autonomy and free speech principle is to ensure that this liberty is not exercised to the detriment of any individual or the disadvantaged section of the society.
2. The constitution provides for reasonable restrictions through Article 19(2) on Freedom of expression and speech.
3. Critics argued that undefined ’hate speech’ gives authorities wide power and is often used to silence political dissents.
4. In a country like India, with diverse castes, creeds, religions and languages, hate speech poses a greater challenge.
▪️Legislations around hate speech:
✅Hate speech has not been defined in any law in India. However, legal provisions in certain legislations prohibit select forms of speech as an exception to freedom of speech.
1. The Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter IPC): Section 124A, Section 153A, Section 153B, Section 295A, Section 298, Section 505(1) and (2)
2. The Representation of The People Act, 1951 : Section 8 disqualifies a person from contesting election if he is convicted for indulging in acts
amounting to the illegitimate use of freedom of speech and expression.
🔸Section 123(3A) and section 125 prohibits the promotion of enmity on grounds of religion, race, caste, community or language in connection with election as a corrupt electoral practice and prohibits it.
✅Recommendations for changes in IPC:
1. The Viswanathan committee proposed inserting Sections in the IPC for incitement to commit an offence on grounds of religion, race, caste or community, sex, gender identity, etc.
2. The Bezbaruah Committee constituted by the Centre in February 2014, in a report, proposed penal amendments to Section 153C of IPC, and Section 509A IPC.
✅Way forward:
1. Democracy thrives on disagreements provided they do not cross the boundaries of civil discourse.
Critical and dissenting voices are important for a vibrant society. However, care must be taken to prevent public discourse from becoming a tool to promote speech inimical to public order.
2. A clear definition of “hate speech” will distinguish between permissible speech and hate speech.
#polity
#revision_notes
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
✅ Why in News: Panel formed to define Hate speech
1. In May 2021, a panel was constituted by the Union Home Ministry to suggest reforms to the (IPC) is likely to propose a separate Section on “offences relating to speech and expression.”
2. As there is no clear definition of what constitutes a “hate speech” in the IPC, the Committee for Reforms in Criminal Laws is attempting for the first time to define such speech. In 2019, the Ministry decided to overhaul the IPC, framed in 1860 and the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)
▪️Need for a clear definition of “hate speech”:
1. Responsible speech is the essence of the liberty granted under Article 19(a) of the Constitution. One of the greatest challenges before the principle of autonomy and free speech principle is to ensure that this liberty is not exercised to the detriment of any individual or the disadvantaged section of the society.
2. The constitution provides for reasonable restrictions through Article 19(2) on Freedom of expression and speech.
3. Critics argued that undefined ’hate speech’ gives authorities wide power and is often used to silence political dissents.
4. In a country like India, with diverse castes, creeds, religions and languages, hate speech poses a greater challenge.
▪️Legislations around hate speech:
✅Hate speech has not been defined in any law in India. However, legal provisions in certain legislations prohibit select forms of speech as an exception to freedom of speech.
1. The Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter IPC): Section 124A, Section 153A, Section 153B, Section 295A, Section 298, Section 505(1) and (2)
2. The Representation of The People Act, 1951 : Section 8 disqualifies a person from contesting election if he is convicted for indulging in acts
amounting to the illegitimate use of freedom of speech and expression.
🔸Section 123(3A) and section 125 prohibits the promotion of enmity on grounds of religion, race, caste, community or language in connection with election as a corrupt electoral practice and prohibits it.
✅Recommendations for changes in IPC:
1. The Viswanathan committee proposed inserting Sections in the IPC for incitement to commit an offence on grounds of religion, race, caste or community, sex, gender identity, etc.
2. The Bezbaruah Committee constituted by the Centre in February 2014, in a report, proposed penal amendments to Section 153C of IPC, and Section 509A IPC.
✅Way forward:
1. Democracy thrives on disagreements provided they do not cross the boundaries of civil discourse.
Critical and dissenting voices are important for a vibrant society. However, care must be taken to prevent public discourse from becoming a tool to promote speech inimical to public order.
2. A clear definition of “hate speech” will distinguish between permissible speech and hate speech.
#polity
#revision_notes
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
👍8
🔆India’s Domestic Legal Framework for Wildlife Conservation:
▪️Constitutional Provisions for Wildlife:
✅ By the 42nd Amendment Act 1976 of the Constitution "Forests" was added as Entry 17A in the Concurrent List and the "protection of wild animals and birds" was added as Entry 17B.
✅ Article 51 A (g) of the Constitution states that it shall be the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests and Wildlife.
✅ Article 48 A in the Directive Principles of State policy, mandates that the State shall
endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.
▪️Legal Framework:
✅ Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
✅ Environment Protection Act, 1986
✅The Biological Diversity Act, 2002
▪️India’s Collaboration With Global Wildlife Conservation Efforts:
✅ Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
✅ Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
✅ Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
✅World Heritage Convention
✅ Ramsar Convention
✅The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (TRAFFIC)
✅ United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF)
✅ International Whaling Commission (IWC)
✅ International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
✅ Global Tiger Forum (GTF )
#revision_notes
#environment
#prelims
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@Upsc_4_environment
▪️Constitutional Provisions for Wildlife:
✅ By the 42nd Amendment Act 1976 of the Constitution "Forests" was added as Entry 17A in the Concurrent List and the "protection of wild animals and birds" was added as Entry 17B.
✅ Article 51 A (g) of the Constitution states that it shall be the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests and Wildlife.
✅ Article 48 A in the Directive Principles of State policy, mandates that the State shall
endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.
▪️Legal Framework:
✅ Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
✅ Environment Protection Act, 1986
✅The Biological Diversity Act, 2002
▪️India’s Collaboration With Global Wildlife Conservation Efforts:
✅ Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
✅ Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
✅ Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
✅World Heritage Convention
✅ Ramsar Convention
✅The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (TRAFFIC)
✅ United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF)
✅ International Whaling Commission (IWC)
✅ International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
✅ Global Tiger Forum (GTF )
#revision_notes
#environment
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_environment
👍9
Forwarded from CSE EXAM upsc prelims mains CAPF CDS NDA
🔆Supernova
✅A supernova is the largest explosion explosion of a star.
✅Supernovas are often seen in other galaxies.
✅ But supernovas are difficult to see in our own Milky Way galaxy because dust blocks our view.
✅In 1604, Johannes Kepler discovered the last observed supernova in the Milky Way.
✅ NASA‘s Chandra telescope discovered the remains of a more recent supernova.
▪️Causes
✅A supernova happens where there is a change in the core, or center, of a star.
✅A change can occur in two different ways.
▪️ First type of supernova
✅ Happens in binary star systems. Binary stars are two stars that orbit the same point.
✅ One of the stars, a carbon-oxygen white dwarf, steals matter from its companion star.
✅Eventually, the white dwarf accumulates too much matter. Having too much matter causes the star to explode, resulting in a supernova.
▪️ Second type of supernova :
✅Occurs at the end of a single star‘s lifetime.
✅ As the star runs out of nuclear fuel, some of its mass flows into its core.
✅Eventually, the core is so heavy that it cannot withstand its own gravitational force.
✅The core collapses, which results in the giant explosion of a supernova.
✅The sun is a single star, but it does not have enough mass to become a supernova.
#revision_notes
#science_and_technology
#prelims
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@upsc_science_and_technology
✅A supernova is the largest explosion explosion of a star.
✅Supernovas are often seen in other galaxies.
✅ But supernovas are difficult to see in our own Milky Way galaxy because dust blocks our view.
✅In 1604, Johannes Kepler discovered the last observed supernova in the Milky Way.
✅ NASA‘s Chandra telescope discovered the remains of a more recent supernova.
▪️Causes
✅A supernova happens where there is a change in the core, or center, of a star.
✅A change can occur in two different ways.
▪️ First type of supernova
✅ Happens in binary star systems. Binary stars are two stars that orbit the same point.
✅ One of the stars, a carbon-oxygen white dwarf, steals matter from its companion star.
✅Eventually, the white dwarf accumulates too much matter. Having too much matter causes the star to explode, resulting in a supernova.
▪️ Second type of supernova :
✅Occurs at the end of a single star‘s lifetime.
✅ As the star runs out of nuclear fuel, some of its mass flows into its core.
✅Eventually, the core is so heavy that it cannot withstand its own gravitational force.
✅The core collapses, which results in the giant explosion of a supernova.
✅The sun is a single star, but it does not have enough mass to become a supernova.
#revision_notes
#science_and_technology
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_science_and_technology
👍4
Forwarded from CSE EXAM upsc prelims mains CAPF CDS NDA
🔆Lala Lajpat
✅Why in News: Lala Lajpat Rai’s birth anniversary is celebrated on 28th of january every year.
✅Birth: He was born on 28th January, 1865 in a small village named Dhudike in Punjab’s Ferozepur district.
✅Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the greatest freedom fighters of India.
✅He was also called ‘Punjab Kesari’ and 'Lion of Punjab'.
✅He studied law at the Government College, Lahore.
✅Was influenced by Swami Dayananda Saraswati and joined the Arya Samaj in Lahore.
✅He believed that the ideals in Hinduism combined with nationalism will lead to the establishment of a secular state.
✅Along with Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, he formed the Lal-Bal-Pal trio of extremist leaders.
✅He was also involved with the Hindu Mahasabha.
✅He fought against untouchability.
Contributions:
▪️Political:
✅He joined the Indian National Congress (INC) and participated in many political agitations in Punjab.
✅For his political agitation, he was deported to Burma without trial in 1907 but returned after a few months because of lack of evidence.
✅He was opposed to the partition of Bengal.
✅He founded the Home Rule League of America in 1917 in New York. In the US, he worked to get moral support for the Indian independence movement from the international community.
✅He was also elected President of the All India Trade Union Congress.
✅He supported the non-cooperation movement of Gandhi at the Nagpur session of the Congress in 1920.
✅He protested against the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre that followed.
✅He was elected deputy leader of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1926.
✅In 1928, he moved a resolution in the assembly refusing cooperation with the Simon Commission since the Commission had no Indian members.
▪️Social:
✅He founded Hindu Relief movement in 1897 to provide help to the famine -stricken people and thus prevent them falling into the clutches of the missionaries.
✅He founded the Servants of People Society in 1921.
✅Literary : His important literary works include Young India, England’s Debt to India, Evolution of Japan, India’s Will to Freedom, Message of the Bhagavad Gita, Political Future of India, Problem of National Education in India, The Depressed Glasses, and the travelogue ‘United States of America’.
▪️Institutional:
✅He founded several institutions and organizations such as Hisar Bar Council, Hisar Arya Samaj, Hisar Congress, National DAV Managing Committee.
✅He was the editor of the Arya Gazette, which he had founded.
He co-founded the Punjab National Bank in 1894.
✅Death: In 1928, he was leading a silent protest against the Simon Commission in Lahore when he was brutally lathi-charged by Superintendent of Police, James Scott. He died of injuries sustained a few weeks later.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
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@UPSC_4_HISTORY
✅Why in News: Lala Lajpat Rai’s birth anniversary is celebrated on 28th of january every year.
✅Birth: He was born on 28th January, 1865 in a small village named Dhudike in Punjab’s Ferozepur district.
✅Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the greatest freedom fighters of India.
✅He was also called ‘Punjab Kesari’ and 'Lion of Punjab'.
✅He studied law at the Government College, Lahore.
✅Was influenced by Swami Dayananda Saraswati and joined the Arya Samaj in Lahore.
✅He believed that the ideals in Hinduism combined with nationalism will lead to the establishment of a secular state.
✅Along with Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, he formed the Lal-Bal-Pal trio of extremist leaders.
✅He was also involved with the Hindu Mahasabha.
✅He fought against untouchability.
Contributions:
▪️Political:
✅He joined the Indian National Congress (INC) and participated in many political agitations in Punjab.
✅For his political agitation, he was deported to Burma without trial in 1907 but returned after a few months because of lack of evidence.
✅He was opposed to the partition of Bengal.
✅He founded the Home Rule League of America in 1917 in New York. In the US, he worked to get moral support for the Indian independence movement from the international community.
✅He was also elected President of the All India Trade Union Congress.
✅He supported the non-cooperation movement of Gandhi at the Nagpur session of the Congress in 1920.
✅He protested against the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre that followed.
✅He was elected deputy leader of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1926.
✅In 1928, he moved a resolution in the assembly refusing cooperation with the Simon Commission since the Commission had no Indian members.
▪️Social:
✅He founded Hindu Relief movement in 1897 to provide help to the famine -stricken people and thus prevent them falling into the clutches of the missionaries.
✅He founded the Servants of People Society in 1921.
✅Literary : His important literary works include Young India, England’s Debt to India, Evolution of Japan, India’s Will to Freedom, Message of the Bhagavad Gita, Political Future of India, Problem of National Education in India, The Depressed Glasses, and the travelogue ‘United States of America’.
▪️Institutional:
✅He founded several institutions and organizations such as Hisar Bar Council, Hisar Arya Samaj, Hisar Congress, National DAV Managing Committee.
✅He was the editor of the Arya Gazette, which he had founded.
He co-founded the Punjab National Bank in 1894.
✅Death: In 1928, he was leading a silent protest against the Simon Commission in Lahore when he was brutally lathi-charged by Superintendent of Police, James Scott. He died of injuries sustained a few weeks later.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_4_HISTORY
❤11👍9😱1
Forwarded from CSE EXAM upsc prelims mains CAPF CDS NDA
🔆Major Pre-Independence Agrarian Revolts
✅Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) : The Santhals take global pride in the Santhal rebellion where over 1,000 Santhals and leaders of Sidho and Kanho Murmu rose against domination and battled against the vast East India Company (The Britishers).
✅Indigo Revolt (1859-60) : It was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.
✅Pabna Uprisings (1872-1875) : It was a resistance movement against the oppression of the zamindars. It originated in the Yusufshahi pargana, which is now the Sirajganj district within greater Pabna, Bangladesh.
✅Deccan Riots (1875) : The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders. The ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.
✅Pagri Sambhal Movement (1907) : It was a successful farm agitation that forced the British government to repeal three laws related to agriculture. Bhagat Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh was the force behind this agitation.
✅Peasant Movement in Oudha (1918-1922) : It was led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. He led a peasant's movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords. He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.
✅Champaran Movement (1917-18) : The peasantry on the indigo plantations in the Champaran district of Bihar was excessively oppressed by the European planters and compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and sell it at prices fixed by the planters. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi reached Champaran and defied the orders of district officials for leaving Champaran.
✅Peasant Agitation in Kheda (1918) : It was chiefly directed against the Government. In 1918, the crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection. Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported the peasants and advised them to withhold payment of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.
✅Moplah Rebellion (1921): The Moplahs were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were Hindus. Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. The Moplah movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.
✅Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) :It was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
#reform_movements
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
✅Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) : The Santhals take global pride in the Santhal rebellion where over 1,000 Santhals and leaders of Sidho and Kanho Murmu rose against domination and battled against the vast East India Company (The Britishers).
✅Indigo Revolt (1859-60) : It was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.
✅Pabna Uprisings (1872-1875) : It was a resistance movement against the oppression of the zamindars. It originated in the Yusufshahi pargana, which is now the Sirajganj district within greater Pabna, Bangladesh.
✅Deccan Riots (1875) : The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders. The ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.
✅Pagri Sambhal Movement (1907) : It was a successful farm agitation that forced the British government to repeal three laws related to agriculture. Bhagat Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh was the force behind this agitation.
✅Peasant Movement in Oudha (1918-1922) : It was led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. He led a peasant's movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords. He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.
✅Champaran Movement (1917-18) : The peasantry on the indigo plantations in the Champaran district of Bihar was excessively oppressed by the European planters and compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and sell it at prices fixed by the planters. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi reached Champaran and defied the orders of district officials for leaving Champaran.
✅Peasant Agitation in Kheda (1918) : It was chiefly directed against the Government. In 1918, the crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection. Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported the peasants and advised them to withhold payment of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.
✅Moplah Rebellion (1921): The Moplahs were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were Hindus. Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. The Moplah movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.
✅Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) :It was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
#reform_movements
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
👍8
🔆Startup India Action Plan -foundation of indian startup ecosystem
✅India's startup ecosystem growth story has become a globally renowned case of a structured development and evolution of an ecosystem and community.
✅About 47% of recognised startups have at least one woman director. The inclusiveness and diversity of the Indian startup ecosystem are truly encouraging.
✅Steps Taken By Govt To Promote Startups In India
✅ Prime Minister on 16 January 2016 unveiled the Startup India Action Plan 2016.
▪️Startup India Action plan
✅The Action Plan comprises 19 action items spanning across areas such as 'Simplification and handholding', 'Funding support and incentives’, and ‘Industry- academia partnership and incubation’.
✅The Action Plan sets the tone for recognising startup as a distinct economic pillar and laid out the key interventions to be executed in a phased manner.
▪️Institutionalisation :
✅The DPIIT institutionalized Startup India Hub ('the Hub'), a one stop online portal to execute the Action Plans
✅The Hub functions in a hub-and-spoke model and enables an end-to-end digital programme execution regime. All stakeholders of the startup ecosystem can interact and collaborate with Startup India Hub.
▪️Funding Needs
✅ The DPIIT is implementing Fund of Funds for Startups(FFS), Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS), and Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS).
✅ These Schemes enable funding to startups through their entire business lifecycle.
✅ The SISFS provides funding in form of grant or debt for startups in early stages of their growth, FFS mobilises private equity capital for high growth startups and CGSS promotes collateral free debt funding for mature startups.
▪️Encouraging Participation of States
✅ The DPIIT launched States' Startup Ranking Framework (SRF), an exercise to identify good practices, foster mutual learning amongst States and UTS.
✅SRF is complimented by capacity building measures. This includes initiatives like Startup India Yatra to nurture the culture of entrepreneurship amongst the students.
▪️Promoting Culture of Startup
✅To identify the depth, quality and spread of innovation, inclusivity and diversity, and entrepreneurship in country, the DPIIT launched the National Startup Awards (NSA).
▪️Coordination Between Various Stakeholders
✅For this, Startup Advisory Council (NSAC) was formed.
✅ Chaired by the Minister of Commerce and Industry, the Council includes members from line Ministries, Departments and Organisations, and non-official members, representing various stakeholders from the startup ecosystem.
✅The Council is playing an important and active role in identifying areas of interventions for expansion of
the startup ecosystem.
✅Programmes such as MAARG National Mentorship Program, Incubator Capacity Development Program, Startup India Investor Connect portal, etc. are all ideated and incubated by this Council.
✅G20 & Startups : The institutionalization of the Startup20 Engagement Group within G20 provides India with another opportunity to lead from the front, unite the world to support the entrepreneurship ecosystem and take our startups to a global stage.
✅Conclusion : The startup ecosystem is evolving rapidly, driving the country's growth phase through digital transformation of sections of the economy encouraging private investment, transition to clean energy and providing innovative solutions.
#revision_notes
#mains_2023
#mains
#economy
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
✅India's startup ecosystem growth story has become a globally renowned case of a structured development and evolution of an ecosystem and community.
✅About 47% of recognised startups have at least one woman director. The inclusiveness and diversity of the Indian startup ecosystem are truly encouraging.
✅Steps Taken By Govt To Promote Startups In India
✅ Prime Minister on 16 January 2016 unveiled the Startup India Action Plan 2016.
▪️Startup India Action plan
✅The Action Plan comprises 19 action items spanning across areas such as 'Simplification and handholding', 'Funding support and incentives’, and ‘Industry- academia partnership and incubation’.
✅The Action Plan sets the tone for recognising startup as a distinct economic pillar and laid out the key interventions to be executed in a phased manner.
▪️Institutionalisation :
✅The DPIIT institutionalized Startup India Hub ('the Hub'), a one stop online portal to execute the Action Plans
✅The Hub functions in a hub-and-spoke model and enables an end-to-end digital programme execution regime. All stakeholders of the startup ecosystem can interact and collaborate with Startup India Hub.
▪️Funding Needs
✅ The DPIIT is implementing Fund of Funds for Startups(FFS), Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (SISFS), and Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS).
✅ These Schemes enable funding to startups through their entire business lifecycle.
✅ The SISFS provides funding in form of grant or debt for startups in early stages of their growth, FFS mobilises private equity capital for high growth startups and CGSS promotes collateral free debt funding for mature startups.
▪️Encouraging Participation of States
✅ The DPIIT launched States' Startup Ranking Framework (SRF), an exercise to identify good practices, foster mutual learning amongst States and UTS.
✅SRF is complimented by capacity building measures. This includes initiatives like Startup India Yatra to nurture the culture of entrepreneurship amongst the students.
▪️Promoting Culture of Startup
✅To identify the depth, quality and spread of innovation, inclusivity and diversity, and entrepreneurship in country, the DPIIT launched the National Startup Awards (NSA).
▪️Coordination Between Various Stakeholders
✅For this, Startup Advisory Council (NSAC) was formed.
✅ Chaired by the Minister of Commerce and Industry, the Council includes members from line Ministries, Departments and Organisations, and non-official members, representing various stakeholders from the startup ecosystem.
✅The Council is playing an important and active role in identifying areas of interventions for expansion of
the startup ecosystem.
✅Programmes such as MAARG National Mentorship Program, Incubator Capacity Development Program, Startup India Investor Connect portal, etc. are all ideated and incubated by this Council.
✅G20 & Startups : The institutionalization of the Startup20 Engagement Group within G20 provides India with another opportunity to lead from the front, unite the world to support the entrepreneurship ecosystem and take our startups to a global stage.
✅Conclusion : The startup ecosystem is evolving rapidly, driving the country's growth phase through digital transformation of sections of the economy encouraging private investment, transition to clean energy and providing innovative solutions.
#revision_notes
#mains_2023
#mains
#economy
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_economy
👍10
Forwarded from CSE EXAM upsc prelims mains CAPF CDS NDA
🔆Fundamental rights vs Directive Principle :
▪️Champakam Dorairajan (1951):
✅Judgment delivered: Supreme Court ruled that in case of any conflict between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles, the former would prevail. The SC further held that the directive principles of State policy laid down in Part IV the Constitution cannot in any way override or abridge the fundamental rights guar anteed by Part III. On the other hand, they have to conform and run as subsidiary to the fundamental rights laid down in Part III.
✅Importance of case: It was a first major verdict of the Supreme Court on the issue of Reservation.
🔸 It led to the First amendment of Indian Constitution.
🔸 The SC held that Article 37 expressly says that the directive principles are not enforceable by court.
🔸Fundamental Rights were given superiority over the Directive principles.
🔸 This continued in other cases such as Qureshi v/s State of Bihar, Sajjan Singh V/s State of Rajasthan cases court confirmed this stand.
▪️Golak Nath vs. The State
of Punjab (1967) :
✅SC said that Fundamental Rights cannot be abridged/ diluted to implement the directive principles.
✅It forced the government to amend the constitution
▪️Minerva Mills v/s Union of
India (1980) case :
✅Supreme Court struck down 42nd Amendment Act 1976 (further widened the scope of the Fundamental Rights), declaring it to be violative of the basic structure.
✅The supreme court viewed that there is no conflict between the Fundamental Rights and the DPSP and they were complimentary of each other.
✅The Court held that the Constitution exists on the balance of part III (Fundamental Rights) and Part IV (DPSP).
✅Giving absolute priority to one over other will disturb the harmony of the Constitution.
▪️Note: Other related cases :
✅The Kerala Education Bill vs Unknown (1958)
✅Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala (1973)
✅Waman Rao and Others vs Union of India and oth ers (1980) etc.
#revision_notes
#mains
#prelims
#Judgment
Join @upsc_polity_governance
▪️Champakam Dorairajan (1951):
✅Judgment delivered: Supreme Court ruled that in case of any conflict between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles, the former would prevail. The SC further held that the directive principles of State policy laid down in Part IV the Constitution cannot in any way override or abridge the fundamental rights guar anteed by Part III. On the other hand, they have to conform and run as subsidiary to the fundamental rights laid down in Part III.
✅Importance of case: It was a first major verdict of the Supreme Court on the issue of Reservation.
🔸 It led to the First amendment of Indian Constitution.
🔸 The SC held that Article 37 expressly says that the directive principles are not enforceable by court.
🔸Fundamental Rights were given superiority over the Directive principles.
🔸 This continued in other cases such as Qureshi v/s State of Bihar, Sajjan Singh V/s State of Rajasthan cases court confirmed this stand.
▪️Golak Nath vs. The State
of Punjab (1967) :
✅SC said that Fundamental Rights cannot be abridged/ diluted to implement the directive principles.
✅It forced the government to amend the constitution
▪️Minerva Mills v/s Union of
India (1980) case :
✅Supreme Court struck down 42nd Amendment Act 1976 (further widened the scope of the Fundamental Rights), declaring it to be violative of the basic structure.
✅The supreme court viewed that there is no conflict between the Fundamental Rights and the DPSP and they were complimentary of each other.
✅The Court held that the Constitution exists on the balance of part III (Fundamental Rights) and Part IV (DPSP).
✅Giving absolute priority to one over other will disturb the harmony of the Constitution.
▪️Note: Other related cases :
✅The Kerala Education Bill vs Unknown (1958)
✅Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala (1973)
✅Waman Rao and Others vs Union of India and oth ers (1980) etc.
#revision_notes
#mains
#prelims
#Judgment
Join @upsc_polity_governance
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UNESCO’S HERITAGE SITES RELATED TO BUDDHISM:
1. Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar
2. Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, MP
3. Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya, Bihar
4. Ajanta Caves Aurangabad, Maharashtra
NOTE: Heritage City Development Scheme (HRIDAY) and identification of 3 Buddhist circuits are some of the few initiatives by central government to harness the Buddhist pilgrims to both augment the Tourism and employment opportunities.
#revision_notes
1. Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar
2. Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, MP
3. Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya, Bihar
4. Ajanta Caves Aurangabad, Maharashtra
NOTE: Heritage City Development Scheme (HRIDAY) and identification of 3 Buddhist circuits are some of the few initiatives by central government to harness the Buddhist pilgrims to both augment the Tourism and employment opportunities.
#revision_notes
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🔆Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
✅It is an international agreement aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons, promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and achieving global nuclear disarmament.
✅The NPT was opened for signature in 1968 and entered into force on 5 March 1970.
✅Membership: 191 members including the five recognized nuclear-weapon states: U.S.A, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom.
✅India has not become a signatory to the NPT.
📍The treaty is built on three main pillars:
✅Non-Proliferation
✅Disarmament
✅Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy
📍Key Provisions
✅Nuclear-weapon states (NWS) commit not to transfer nuclear weapons or technology to any non-nuclear-weapon state (NNWS).
✅Non-Nuclear-Weapon States (NNWS) agree not to acquire or develop nuclear weapons.
✅International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards are applied to verify compliance through inspections and monitoring.
#IR #revision_notes
#gs2 #prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_ir
✅It is an international agreement aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons, promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and achieving global nuclear disarmament.
✅The NPT was opened for signature in 1968 and entered into force on 5 March 1970.
✅Membership: 191 members including the five recognized nuclear-weapon states: U.S.A, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom.
✅India has not become a signatory to the NPT.
📍The treaty is built on three main pillars:
✅Non-Proliferation
✅Disarmament
✅Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy
📍Key Provisions
✅Nuclear-weapon states (NWS) commit not to transfer nuclear weapons or technology to any non-nuclear-weapon state (NNWS).
✅Non-Nuclear-Weapon States (NNWS) agree not to acquire or develop nuclear weapons.
✅International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards are applied to verify compliance through inspections and monitoring.
#IR #revision_notes
#gs2 #prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_ir
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🔆KHALJI DYNASTY (1290-1320AD)
✅ Khalji nobles headed by Jalaldduin, overthrew the incompetent successors of Balban in 1290 & Est. Khalji
dynasty.
✅This event is called ‘Dynastic Revolution’ of 1290.
▪️Jalauddin Khalji (1290-1296 CE):
✅1st sultan of Delhi Sultanate to have a benevolent attitude towards Hindus.
✅He stated State should be based on the willing support of the governed and as majority of population was Hindu, state cannot become a truly Islamic.
✅Adopted the policy of tolerance and tried to win goodwill of the nobility.
✅Was murdered by his son-in-law Alauddin Khalji in 1296 and usurped throne.
#revision_notes
#history
#Medieval_History
#Delhi_sultanate
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
✅ Khalji nobles headed by Jalaldduin, overthrew the incompetent successors of Balban in 1290 & Est. Khalji
dynasty.
✅This event is called ‘Dynastic Revolution’ of 1290.
▪️Jalauddin Khalji (1290-1296 CE):
✅1st sultan of Delhi Sultanate to have a benevolent attitude towards Hindus.
✅He stated State should be based on the willing support of the governed and as majority of population was Hindu, state cannot become a truly Islamic.
✅Adopted the policy of tolerance and tried to win goodwill of the nobility.
✅Was murdered by his son-in-law Alauddin Khalji in 1296 and usurped throne.
#revision_notes
#history
#Medieval_History
#Delhi_sultanate
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
👍4
🔆Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316 CE):
✅ Was appointed as Amir-i-Tuzuk (Master of Ceremonies) and Ariz-i-Mumalik (Minister of Law) by Jalauddin Khalji.
✅ Jalauddin’s policy of tolerance was reversed by Alauddin Khalji; awarded harsh punishment who opposed him.
✅To keep hold on nobles –He prohibited to hold festivals, marriage without permission of him, banned wines & intoxicants to avoid social gathering, reorganized spy services (Barids).
✅ He was first sultan who separated religion from politics. He proclaimed “Kingship knows no kinship”.
✅Barani wrote book ‘Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi.
✅ Patronized poets like-Amir Khusrau and Mir Hasan Dehlv.
✅ Though Aladuddin was illiterate, he adopted the title of Sikander-i-Azam and gave Amir Khusrau the title of Tuti-i-Hind (Parrot of India).
✅He defeated Mongols in the battles of Jalandhar (1298), Kili (1299), Amroha (1305) and Ravi (1306).
✅Malik Kafur was his slave – general. he led a series of expeditions in the southern part of India, against the Yadavas (1308), Kakatiyas (1310), Hoysalas (1311) etc.
✅Amir Khusrau’s Khazain-ul-Futuh speaks about Alauddin’s conquests.
✅In 1303, Allauddin defeated Raja Ratan Singh of Chittor, including Rani Padmini other Rajput women performed Jauhar (self-immolation) which is written in the book 'Padmavath' by Jayasi.
#revision_notes
#history
#Medieval_History
#Delhi_sultanate
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
✅ Was appointed as Amir-i-Tuzuk (Master of Ceremonies) and Ariz-i-Mumalik (Minister of Law) by Jalauddin Khalji.
✅ Jalauddin’s policy of tolerance was reversed by Alauddin Khalji; awarded harsh punishment who opposed him.
✅To keep hold on nobles –He prohibited to hold festivals, marriage without permission of him, banned wines & intoxicants to avoid social gathering, reorganized spy services (Barids).
✅ He was first sultan who separated religion from politics. He proclaimed “Kingship knows no kinship”.
✅Barani wrote book ‘Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi.
✅ Patronized poets like-Amir Khusrau and Mir Hasan Dehlv.
✅ Though Aladuddin was illiterate, he adopted the title of Sikander-i-Azam and gave Amir Khusrau the title of Tuti-i-Hind (Parrot of India).
✅He defeated Mongols in the battles of Jalandhar (1298), Kili (1299), Amroha (1305) and Ravi (1306).
✅Malik Kafur was his slave – general. he led a series of expeditions in the southern part of India, against the Yadavas (1308), Kakatiyas (1310), Hoysalas (1311) etc.
✅Amir Khusrau’s Khazain-ul-Futuh speaks about Alauddin’s conquests.
✅In 1303, Allauddin defeated Raja Ratan Singh of Chittor, including Rani Padmini other Rajput women performed Jauhar (self-immolation) which is written in the book 'Padmavath' by Jayasi.
#revision_notes
#history
#Medieval_History
#Delhi_sultanate
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
👍11👏1
🔆Nitrogen Cycle:
✅ Nitrogen is a constituent of amino acids, proteins, hormones, chlorophylls and many of the vitamins
✅Plants compete with microbes for the limited nitrogen that is available in the soil. Thus, nitrogen is a limiting nutrient for both natural and agricultural ecosystems.
✅ Nitrogen exists as two nitrogen atoms (N2) joined by a very strong triple covalent bond (N ≡ N).
✅ In nature, lightning and ultraviolet radiation provide enough energy to convert nitrogen to nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, N2O).
✅ Industrial combustions, forest fires, automobile exhausts and power-generating stations are also sources of atmospheric nitrogen oxides.
1. Step 1: N2 Fixing ➔ Nitrogen → Ammonia or Ammonium Ions
2. Step 2: Nitrification ➔ Ammonia or Ammonium Ions (bacteria: Nitrosomonas and/or Nitrococcus) → Nitrite (Nitrobacter)→ Nitrate
3. Step 3: Ammonification ➔ Dead Matter + Animal Waste (Urea, Uric Acid) → Ammonia or Ammonium Ions
4. Step 4: Denitrification ➔ Nitrate (bacteria: Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus) → Nitrogen
#revision_notes
#prelims
#environment
#bio_geochemical_cycle
Join @CSE_EXAM
✅ Nitrogen is a constituent of amino acids, proteins, hormones, chlorophylls and many of the vitamins
✅Plants compete with microbes for the limited nitrogen that is available in the soil. Thus, nitrogen is a limiting nutrient for both natural and agricultural ecosystems.
✅ Nitrogen exists as two nitrogen atoms (N2) joined by a very strong triple covalent bond (N ≡ N).
✅ In nature, lightning and ultraviolet radiation provide enough energy to convert nitrogen to nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, N2O).
✅ Industrial combustions, forest fires, automobile exhausts and power-generating stations are also sources of atmospheric nitrogen oxides.
1. Step 1: N2 Fixing ➔ Nitrogen → Ammonia or Ammonium Ions
2. Step 2: Nitrification ➔ Ammonia or Ammonium Ions (bacteria: Nitrosomonas and/or Nitrococcus) → Nitrite (Nitrobacter)→ Nitrate
3. Step 3: Ammonification ➔ Dead Matter + Animal Waste (Urea, Uric Acid) → Ammonia or Ammonium Ions
4. Step 4: Denitrification ➔ Nitrate (bacteria: Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus) → Nitrogen
#revision_notes
#prelims
#environment
#bio_geochemical_cycle
Join @CSE_EXAM
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