🔆 History of Glassware in India

📍 Early References
✅ Mentioned in Mahabharata; term kanch/kaca in Satapatha Brahmana
✅ No Harappan evidence
✅ First material proof: Painted Grey Ware (1000 BC) → glass beads in Ganga Valley

📍 Ancient Glass Industry
✅ Brahmapuri & Kolhapur (2nd BC–2nd AD) → specialised lenticular beads
✅ References to spectacles in Vyasayogacharita → early optical use

📍 Archaeological Sites with Glass
✅ Maski (Deccan)
✅ Ahar (Rajasthan)
✅ Hastinapur & Ahichachhatra (UP)
✅ Eran & Ujjain (MP)

📍 Medieval Period – Mughals
✅ Patronised glass art
✅ Used in Sheesh Mahal
✅ Produced glass hukkas, ittardans, engraved glassware

📍 Modern Glass Craft Traditions
✅ Hyderabad: Famous glass bangles (Churi ka jodas)
✅ Firozabad: Chandeliers, décor glass
✅ Saharanpur (UP): Panchkora → glass toys
✅ Patna (Bihar): Tikuli beads, still worn by Santhal tribes
➡️ Tikuli art now revived through glazed hardboard designs

#history

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PPSC GS Official Key

Human Development Report 2025

🔆 Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary

📍 Key Highlights

✅ Red Panda Sighting – A Red Panda was recently captured on camera in Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary (EWS), Arunachal Pradesh.

✅ Location – Situated in the Himalayan foothills of West Kameng District.

✅ Bordering Areas –
• Northeast – Sessa Orchid Sanctuary 🌿
• East – Pakhui Tiger Reserve 🐅

🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS — 9 DEC 2025

🔆 REGULATORY / RBI / SEBI
✅ SEBI launches PaRRVA – Past Risk & Return Verification Agency to curb mis-selling
✅ Retail CBDC crosses 120 million transactions; value ₹28,000 crore, 80+ lakh active users
✅ RBI exploring programmable CBDCs for DBT, subsidies, sector-specific payments

🔆 INTERNATIONAL
✅ Niger becomes 1st African country to eliminate onchocerciasis (river blindness) – confirmed by WHO

🔆 NATIONAL
✅ India hosts UNESCO ICH Committee meeting (20th session) at Red Fort, New Delhi
– India nominates Chhath Mahaparva & Diwali for inscription

✅ UMEED Portal for Waqf properties officially closed after 6-month registration window

✅ Right to Disconnect Bill 2025 introduced in Lok Sabha
– Legal right to refuse work communication after office hours
– No disciplinary action for non-response

🔆 ENERGY / INFRA
✅ India to cross 1 TW power capacity by 2034–35 – CEA blueprint
• Current: ~505 GW
• 2047 Mix: 1200 GW solar, 400–450 GW wind, 100 GW nuclear
✅ PM Surya Ghar reaches 23.96 lakh households (≈24% of target)

🔆 DEFENCE
✅ 125 BRO projects inaugurated across 7 states & 2 UTs; key highlight: Shyok Tunnel (Ladakh)
✅ Indian Army makes first-ever ascent of Mount Kangto (7,042 m, Arunachal Pradesh)
✅ Tata Advanced Systems + Lockheed Martin begin work on new C-130J MRO facility (Bengaluru)

🔆 TECH / DIGITAL
✅ DMRC + IIT Hyderabad (TiHAN) sign MoU for autonomous navigation solutions

🔆 HEALTH / SCIENCE
✅ DBT–BIRAC–CEPI renew partnership for vaccine R&D
✅ World’s largest cockroach: Megaloblatta longipennis (97 mm, 20 cm wingspan)

🔆 STATES
✅ Assam launches “Sainik Tujhe Salaam” for 90+ veterans, Veer Naris & Veer Mothers
✅ Maharashtra launches Project Mahadeva – trains 60 rural U-13 footballers
✅ Rajasthan becomes 1st state to fully digitise voter rolls under SIR

🔆 SCHEMES
✅ MISSION MAUSAM – ₹2,000 cr (MoES) to make India “Weather Ready & Climate Smart”
✅ PM-FME Scheme (food processing): 35% subsidy; ₹10k crore outlay; support to individual units, FPOs & SHGs

🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS
✅ Armed Forces Flag Day – 7 December
✅ International Civil Aviation Day – 7 December
• Theme 2025: “Safe Skies & Sustainable Future for All”

🔆 OBITUARIES
✅ Veteran actor Kalyan Chattopadhyay passes away (82)
✅ Tata Steel UISL MD Ritu Raj Sinha passes away (58)

🔆 BOOKS
✅ IGNCA releases Abhijeet Joag’s book “Bharat: That Is India – Reclaiming Our Real Identity”

🔆 SPORTS
✅ Khelo India University Games 2025 conclude in Jaipur — Chandigarh University tops medals
✅ Anahat Singh defeats Joshna Chinappa to win Chennai Squash Title
✅ Indian pacer Mohit Sharma retires from all formats

#CurrentAffairs

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🔆 Internal Migration in India

📍 Historical Roots
✅ Marwaris → eastern India (19th c.)
✅ Marathas → NW & South (warriors)
✅ Bengalis, Tamils, Telugus → jobs under EIC/British
➡️ Migration long driven by trade, war, employment

📍 Recent Trends
✅ Increased due to economic growth + education + youth population
✅ COVID-19 made migrant scale visible
✅ Internal migrants fell: 456M (2011) → 402M (2023)
✅ India’s inter-state migration: 9M/yr (lower vs China’s 77M)

📍 Challenges
✅ Poor urban infrastructure (housing, water, sanitation, health, schooling)
✅ Psychological stress moving from rural → chaotic cities
✅ Unplanned cities worsen migrant conditions

📍 Why Migration Matters
✅ Balances regional growth
✅ Improves labour efficiency
✅ Boosts national integration
➡️ Well-planned cities essential for unlocking migrant potential

📍 Global Comparison
✅ India vs China: 9M vs 77M (2016)
✅ India vs USA: similar flows despite India’s 4× population
✅ Global: 12% world population lived outside birth region (2005)

#UPSC #Mains #society

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🔆 Significance of Critical Minerals for India

📍 1️⃣ Economic Growth
✅ Backbone of electronics, telecom, transport, defence
✅ Enables semiconductor ecosystem → jobs + innovation

📍 2️⃣ Energy Transition (Net-Zero 2070)
✅ Essential for solar, wind, EV batteries
✅ Drives clean-tech manufacturing & climate goals

📍 3️⃣ Competitive Value Chains
✅ Helps India build advanced-tech supply chains
✅ Attracts FDI through China+1 strategy (US, UK, EU interest)

📍 4️⃣ National Security
✅ Crucial for aerospace, nuclear, defence, space
✅ Needed for high-performance materials under extreme conditions

📍 5️⃣ Reduce Import Dependence
✅ India imports most critical minerals today
✅ Exploration + production → lowers import bill & CAD

#InternalSecurity #security #mains #gs3

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🔆 Causes of Crowd Disasters

📍 Structural Issues
✅ Weak/illegal structures, narrow passages, vertical stairs
✅ Hawkers, parking & encroachments obstruct movement

📍 Fire/Electric Hazards
✅ Makeshift kitchens, faulty wiring
✅ Misuse of firecrackers → sudden fires & panic

📍 Crowd Behaviour
✅ Overselling tickets, unmanaged surges
✅ Panic from rumours, sudden rush, freebies/celebrity sightings

📍 Inadequate Security
✅ Too few security personnel
✅ Excessive force (e.g., teargas) causing stampede-like panic

📍 Poor Administrative Coordination
✅ Weak coordination between police, fire services, shrine/event management, & civic bodies

#DisasterManagement

Pandita Ramabai
✅Mahila Arya Samaj founder
✅Mukti Mission
✅Sharda Sadan
✅Widow home (Bombay)
✅Medical education for Women
✅Indian scholar, 1st feminist

#pre_revision

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🔺️UPSC Prelims Accelerator Program 2.0🔺️

• Daily 9 PM Quiz | 30 MCQs
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• UPSC + CDS + CAPF + State PSC PYQs
• Full syllabus schedule included
• MCQs available anytime for revision.

☆ ₹899 999 Pre-enroll | ₹999 Post 10 Dec

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Deepavali add UNESCO Intangible Heritage