Buddhism and Jainism Key Terms
🔆 Key Terms in Buddhism
✅ Chaityas :Prayer halls for monks.
✅ Viharas : Monasteries.
✅ Pravrajya : Ceremony marking renunciation and becoming a novice monk, involving shaving the head and wearing ochre robes.
✅ Upasampada : Ordination ceremony where a novice becomes a full-fledged member of the monastic community.
✅ Uposatha : Ceremonies held on full moon and new moon days.
✅ Parajika : Refers to defeat; includes four serious offenses leading to expulsion from the Sangha (sexual misconduct, theft, killing, false spiritual claims).
✅ Pavarana : Buddhist holy day marking the end of the rainy season, celebrated on the full moon of Ashvin. Monks confess offenses from the retreat period.
✅ Upasakas : Male lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Upasikas : Female lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Bodhisattva : Enlightened beings who postpone nirvana to help others. Represented with jewels, elegant garments, and compassionate demeanor.
📍Other Key Terms
✅ Bhikkhu Sangha : Monastic order of monks.
✅ Bhikkhuni Sangha : Monastic order of nuns.
✅ Theragatha : Verses by elder monks.
✅ Therigatha : Verses by elder nuns.
✅ Shramana/Samana : One who seeks truth or self-realization.
✅ Paribbajaka/Parivrajaka : Wanderer or itinerant ascetic.
✅ Shakra : Another name for God Indra in Buddhism.
✅ Sarvastivadin : Theravada school believing in the existence of all phenomena across time (past, present, future).
✅ Sautrantika : A school that accepts only the Sutras as valid, rejecting commercial literature, emphasizing the Suttapitaka and Vinayapitaka.
✅ Sammitiya : One of the early Buddhist schools.
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🔆 Key Terms in Buddhism
✅ Chaityas :Prayer halls for monks.
✅ Viharas : Monasteries.
✅ Pravrajya : Ceremony marking renunciation and becoming a novice monk, involving shaving the head and wearing ochre robes.
✅ Upasampada : Ordination ceremony where a novice becomes a full-fledged member of the monastic community.
✅ Uposatha : Ceremonies held on full moon and new moon days.
✅ Parajika : Refers to defeat; includes four serious offenses leading to expulsion from the Sangha (sexual misconduct, theft, killing, false spiritual claims).
✅ Pavarana : Buddhist holy day marking the end of the rainy season, celebrated on the full moon of Ashvin. Monks confess offenses from the retreat period.
✅ Upasakas : Male lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Upasikas : Female lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Bodhisattva : Enlightened beings who postpone nirvana to help others. Represented with jewels, elegant garments, and compassionate demeanor.
📍Other Key Terms
✅ Bhikkhu Sangha : Monastic order of monks.
✅ Bhikkhuni Sangha : Monastic order of nuns.
✅ Theragatha : Verses by elder monks.
✅ Therigatha : Verses by elder nuns.
✅ Shramana/Samana : One who seeks truth or self-realization.
✅ Paribbajaka/Parivrajaka : Wanderer or itinerant ascetic.
✅ Shakra : Another name for God Indra in Buddhism.
✅ Sarvastivadin : Theravada school believing in the existence of all phenomena across time (past, present, future).
✅ Sautrantika : A school that accepts only the Sutras as valid, rejecting commercial literature, emphasizing the Suttapitaka and Vinayapitaka.
✅ Sammitiya : One of the early Buddhist schools.
#UPSC2025 #ArtAndCulture #art_and_culture #Buddhism #Jainism #GS1 #CSE2025 #UPSCNotes #AncientIndia #Prelims2025
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_art_and_culture
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Buddhism and Jainism Key Terms
🔆 Key Terms in Buddhism
✅ Chaityas :Prayer halls for monks.
✅ Viharas : Monasteries.
✅ Pravrajya : Ceremony marking renunciation and becoming a novice monk, involving shaving the head and wearing ochre robes.
✅ Upasampada : Ordination ceremony where a novice becomes a full-fledged member of the monastic community.
✅ Uposatha : Ceremonies held on full moon and new moon days.
✅ Parajika : Refers to defeat; includes four serious offenses leading to expulsion from the Sangha (sexual misconduct, theft, killing, false spiritual claims).
✅ Pavarana : Buddhist holy day marking the end of the rainy season, celebrated on the full moon of Ashvin. Monks confess offenses from the retreat period.
✅ Upasakas : Male lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Upasikas : Female lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Bodhisattva : Enlightened beings who postpone nirvana to help others. Represented with jewels, elegant garments, and compassionate demeanor.
📍Other Key Terms
✅ Bhikkhu Sangha : Monastic order of monks.
✅ Bhikkhuni Sangha : Monastic order of nuns.
✅ Theragatha : Verses by elder monks.
✅ Therigatha : Verses by elder nuns.
✅ Shramana/Samana : One who seeks truth or self-realization.
✅ Paribbajaka/Parivrajaka : Wanderer or itinerant ascetic.
✅ Shakra : Another name for God Indra in Buddhism.
✅ Sarvastivadin : Theravada school believing in the existence of all phenomena across time (past, present, future).
✅ Sautrantika : A school that accepts only the Sutras as valid, rejecting commercial literature, emphasizing the Suttapitaka and Vinayapitaka.
✅ Sammitiya : One of the early Buddhist schools.
#UPSC2025 #ArtAndCulture #art_and_culture #Buddhism #Jainism #GS1 #CSE2025 #UPSCNotes #AncientIndia #Prelims2025
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_art_and_culture
🔆 Key Terms in Buddhism
✅ Chaityas :Prayer halls for monks.
✅ Viharas : Monasteries.
✅ Pravrajya : Ceremony marking renunciation and becoming a novice monk, involving shaving the head and wearing ochre robes.
✅ Upasampada : Ordination ceremony where a novice becomes a full-fledged member of the monastic community.
✅ Uposatha : Ceremonies held on full moon and new moon days.
✅ Parajika : Refers to defeat; includes four serious offenses leading to expulsion from the Sangha (sexual misconduct, theft, killing, false spiritual claims).
✅ Pavarana : Buddhist holy day marking the end of the rainy season, celebrated on the full moon of Ashvin. Monks confess offenses from the retreat period.
✅ Upasakas : Male lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Upasikas : Female lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Bodhisattva : Enlightened beings who postpone nirvana to help others. Represented with jewels, elegant garments, and compassionate demeanor.
📍Other Key Terms
✅ Bhikkhu Sangha : Monastic order of monks.
✅ Bhikkhuni Sangha : Monastic order of nuns.
✅ Theragatha : Verses by elder monks.
✅ Therigatha : Verses by elder nuns.
✅ Shramana/Samana : One who seeks truth or self-realization.
✅ Paribbajaka/Parivrajaka : Wanderer or itinerant ascetic.
✅ Shakra : Another name for God Indra in Buddhism.
✅ Sarvastivadin : Theravada school believing in the existence of all phenomena across time (past, present, future).
✅ Sautrantika : A school that accepts only the Sutras as valid, rejecting commercial literature, emphasizing the Suttapitaka and Vinayapitaka.
✅ Sammitiya : One of the early Buddhist schools.
#UPSC2025 #ArtAndCulture #art_and_culture #Buddhism #Jainism #GS1 #CSE2025 #UPSCNotes #AncientIndia #Prelims2025
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_art_and_culture
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🔆 The Pallavas of Kanchi: Legacy of South India
📍 Emerging in the 6th century CE, the Pallavas were a dominant dynasty in South India, known for military might, maritime trade, and architectural brilliance.
✅ Key Rulers
• Narasimhavarman I (630–668 AD): Defeated Pulakesin II, developed Mahabalipuram as a port city
• Narasimhavarman II (695–722 AD): Sent embassies to China, built the Shore Temple and Kailashnath Temple
✅ Administrative Features
• Centralized monarchy
• Kingdom divided into Kottams, managed by royal officers
• Village assemblies like Sabha and Urar handled local governance
✅ Society & Religion
• Religiously diverse: Supported Buddhism, Jainism, Saivism, Vaishnavism, Bhakti Movement
• Agrarian economy supplemented by trade, taxes, and use of gold & silver coins
✅ Decline of Dynasty
• Continuous wars with Chalukyas and Pandyas
• Final blow: Aparajitavarman defeated by the Imperial Cholas
📌 #AncientIndia #Pallavas #TempleArchitecture #UPSC2025 #GS1 #SouthIndiaHistory
📍 Emerging in the 6th century CE, the Pallavas were a dominant dynasty in South India, known for military might, maritime trade, and architectural brilliance.
✅ Key Rulers
• Narasimhavarman I (630–668 AD): Defeated Pulakesin II, developed Mahabalipuram as a port city
• Narasimhavarman II (695–722 AD): Sent embassies to China, built the Shore Temple and Kailashnath Temple
✅ Administrative Features
• Centralized monarchy
• Kingdom divided into Kottams, managed by royal officers
• Village assemblies like Sabha and Urar handled local governance
✅ Society & Religion
• Religiously diverse: Supported Buddhism, Jainism, Saivism, Vaishnavism, Bhakti Movement
• Agrarian economy supplemented by trade, taxes, and use of gold & silver coins
✅ Decline of Dynasty
• Continuous wars with Chalukyas and Pandyas
• Final blow: Aparajitavarman defeated by the Imperial Cholas
📌 #AncientIndia #Pallavas #TempleArchitecture #UPSC2025 #GS1 #SouthIndiaHistory
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🔆 Pythagoras Theorem Controversy: India vs Greece Origins?
📍 What’s in the News?
✅ A Karnataka Govt position paper under NEP 2020 described Pythagoras’s theorem as “fake news”, claiming Baudhayana Sulbasutra already stated it.
📍 Who was Pythagoras?
✅ A Greek philosopher (c. 570–490 BCE)
✅ Known more through his followers; no direct writings survive
✅ Founded a secretive school in Italy
✅ Contributions are hard to attribute directly to him
📍 What is the Pythagoras Theorem?
✅ Applies to right-angled triangles
✅ Formula: a² + b² = c² (where ‘c’ is hypotenuse)
✅ If any 2 sides are known, the third can be calculated
📍 India’s Ancient Knowledge – Baudhayana Sulbasutra
✅ Dated to around 800 BCE (older than Pythagoras)
✅ Vedic text on altar construction for yajnas
✅ States the Pythagorean relation as a geometric truth (not a theorem)
✅ Used in designing vedis (altars) in isosceles triangles, trapezia, rectangles
✅ Considered one of the earliest geometric texts in India
📍 Global Evolution of the Theorem
✅ Babylonian civilisation (1900–1600 BCE) referred to it as Diagonal Rule
✅ Euclid’s Elements (~300 BCE) has the first axiomatic proof
📍 Conclusion
✅ While Pythagoras popularized it in Greece, evidence suggests Indians, Babylonians, and others knew it much earlier
✅ The term “fake news” is controversial — but ancient Indian texts like Sulbasutras did state the concept well before Greek formalization
#Culture #Education #ScienceHeritage #UPSCMains #GS1 #AncientIndia
📍 What’s in the News?
✅ A Karnataka Govt position paper under NEP 2020 described Pythagoras’s theorem as “fake news”, claiming Baudhayana Sulbasutra already stated it.
📍 Who was Pythagoras?
✅ A Greek philosopher (c. 570–490 BCE)
✅ Known more through his followers; no direct writings survive
✅ Founded a secretive school in Italy
✅ Contributions are hard to attribute directly to him
📍 What is the Pythagoras Theorem?
✅ Applies to right-angled triangles
✅ Formula: a² + b² = c² (where ‘c’ is hypotenuse)
✅ If any 2 sides are known, the third can be calculated
📍 India’s Ancient Knowledge – Baudhayana Sulbasutra
✅ Dated to around 800 BCE (older than Pythagoras)
✅ Vedic text on altar construction for yajnas
✅ States the Pythagorean relation as a geometric truth (not a theorem)
✅ Used in designing vedis (altars) in isosceles triangles, trapezia, rectangles
✅ Considered one of the earliest geometric texts in India
📍 Global Evolution of the Theorem
✅ Babylonian civilisation (1900–1600 BCE) referred to it as Diagonal Rule
✅ Euclid’s Elements (~300 BCE) has the first axiomatic proof
📍 Conclusion
✅ While Pythagoras popularized it in Greece, evidence suggests Indians, Babylonians, and others knew it much earlier
✅ The term “fake news” is controversial — but ancient Indian texts like Sulbasutras did state the concept well before Greek formalization
#Culture #Education #ScienceHeritage #UPSCMains #GS1 #AncientIndia
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