Buddhism and Jainism Key Terms
🔆 Key Terms in Buddhism
✅ Chaityas :Prayer halls for monks.
✅ Viharas : Monasteries.
✅ Pravrajya : Ceremony marking renunciation and becoming a novice monk, involving shaving the head and wearing ochre robes.
✅ Upasampada : Ordination ceremony where a novice becomes a full-fledged member of the monastic community.
✅ Uposatha : Ceremonies held on full moon and new moon days.
✅ Parajika : Refers to defeat; includes four serious offenses leading to expulsion from the Sangha (sexual misconduct, theft, killing, false spiritual claims).
✅ Pavarana : Buddhist holy day marking the end of the rainy season, celebrated on the full moon of Ashvin. Monks confess offenses from the retreat period.
✅ Upasakas : Male lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Upasikas : Female lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Bodhisattva : Enlightened beings who postpone nirvana to help others. Represented with jewels, elegant garments, and compassionate demeanor.
📍Other Key Terms
✅ Bhikkhu Sangha : Monastic order of monks.
✅ Bhikkhuni Sangha : Monastic order of nuns.
✅ Theragatha : Verses by elder monks.
✅ Therigatha : Verses by elder nuns.
✅ Shramana/Samana : One who seeks truth or self-realization.
✅ Paribbajaka/Parivrajaka : Wanderer or itinerant ascetic.
✅ Shakra : Another name for God Indra in Buddhism.
✅ Sarvastivadin : Theravada school believing in the existence of all phenomena across time (past, present, future).
✅ Sautrantika : A school that accepts only the Sutras as valid, rejecting commercial literature, emphasizing the Suttapitaka and Vinayapitaka.
✅ Sammitiya : One of the early Buddhist schools.
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🔆 Key Terms in Buddhism
✅ Chaityas :Prayer halls for monks.
✅ Viharas : Monasteries.
✅ Pravrajya : Ceremony marking renunciation and becoming a novice monk, involving shaving the head and wearing ochre robes.
✅ Upasampada : Ordination ceremony where a novice becomes a full-fledged member of the monastic community.
✅ Uposatha : Ceremonies held on full moon and new moon days.
✅ Parajika : Refers to defeat; includes four serious offenses leading to expulsion from the Sangha (sexual misconduct, theft, killing, false spiritual claims).
✅ Pavarana : Buddhist holy day marking the end of the rainy season, celebrated on the full moon of Ashvin. Monks confess offenses from the retreat period.
✅ Upasakas : Male lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Upasikas : Female lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Bodhisattva : Enlightened beings who postpone nirvana to help others. Represented with jewels, elegant garments, and compassionate demeanor.
📍Other Key Terms
✅ Bhikkhu Sangha : Monastic order of monks.
✅ Bhikkhuni Sangha : Monastic order of nuns.
✅ Theragatha : Verses by elder monks.
✅ Therigatha : Verses by elder nuns.
✅ Shramana/Samana : One who seeks truth or self-realization.
✅ Paribbajaka/Parivrajaka : Wanderer or itinerant ascetic.
✅ Shakra : Another name for God Indra in Buddhism.
✅ Sarvastivadin : Theravada school believing in the existence of all phenomena across time (past, present, future).
✅ Sautrantika : A school that accepts only the Sutras as valid, rejecting commercial literature, emphasizing the Suttapitaka and Vinayapitaka.
✅ Sammitiya : One of the early Buddhist schools.
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@upsc_art_and_culture
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Buddhism and Jainism Key Terms
🔆 Key Terms in Buddhism
✅ Chaityas :Prayer halls for monks.
✅ Viharas : Monasteries.
✅ Pravrajya : Ceremony marking renunciation and becoming a novice monk, involving shaving the head and wearing ochre robes.
✅ Upasampada : Ordination ceremony where a novice becomes a full-fledged member of the monastic community.
✅ Uposatha : Ceremonies held on full moon and new moon days.
✅ Parajika : Refers to defeat; includes four serious offenses leading to expulsion from the Sangha (sexual misconduct, theft, killing, false spiritual claims).
✅ Pavarana : Buddhist holy day marking the end of the rainy season, celebrated on the full moon of Ashvin. Monks confess offenses from the retreat period.
✅ Upasakas : Male lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Upasikas : Female lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Bodhisattva : Enlightened beings who postpone nirvana to help others. Represented with jewels, elegant garments, and compassionate demeanor.
📍Other Key Terms
✅ Bhikkhu Sangha : Monastic order of monks.
✅ Bhikkhuni Sangha : Monastic order of nuns.
✅ Theragatha : Verses by elder monks.
✅ Therigatha : Verses by elder nuns.
✅ Shramana/Samana : One who seeks truth or self-realization.
✅ Paribbajaka/Parivrajaka : Wanderer or itinerant ascetic.
✅ Shakra : Another name for God Indra in Buddhism.
✅ Sarvastivadin : Theravada school believing in the existence of all phenomena across time (past, present, future).
✅ Sautrantika : A school that accepts only the Sutras as valid, rejecting commercial literature, emphasizing the Suttapitaka and Vinayapitaka.
✅ Sammitiya : One of the early Buddhist schools.
#UPSC2025 #ArtAndCulture #art_and_culture #Buddhism #Jainism #GS1 #CSE2025 #UPSCNotes #AncientIndia #Prelims2025
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_art_and_culture
🔆 Key Terms in Buddhism
✅ Chaityas :Prayer halls for monks.
✅ Viharas : Monasteries.
✅ Pravrajya : Ceremony marking renunciation and becoming a novice monk, involving shaving the head and wearing ochre robes.
✅ Upasampada : Ordination ceremony where a novice becomes a full-fledged member of the monastic community.
✅ Uposatha : Ceremonies held on full moon and new moon days.
✅ Parajika : Refers to defeat; includes four serious offenses leading to expulsion from the Sangha (sexual misconduct, theft, killing, false spiritual claims).
✅ Pavarana : Buddhist holy day marking the end of the rainy season, celebrated on the full moon of Ashvin. Monks confess offenses from the retreat period.
✅ Upasakas : Male lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Upasikas : Female lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Bodhisattva : Enlightened beings who postpone nirvana to help others. Represented with jewels, elegant garments, and compassionate demeanor.
📍Other Key Terms
✅ Bhikkhu Sangha : Monastic order of monks.
✅ Bhikkhuni Sangha : Monastic order of nuns.
✅ Theragatha : Verses by elder monks.
✅ Therigatha : Verses by elder nuns.
✅ Shramana/Samana : One who seeks truth or self-realization.
✅ Paribbajaka/Parivrajaka : Wanderer or itinerant ascetic.
✅ Shakra : Another name for God Indra in Buddhism.
✅ Sarvastivadin : Theravada school believing in the existence of all phenomena across time (past, present, future).
✅ Sautrantika : A school that accepts only the Sutras as valid, rejecting commercial literature, emphasizing the Suttapitaka and Vinayapitaka.
✅ Sammitiya : One of the early Buddhist schools.
#UPSC2025 #ArtAndCulture #art_and_culture #Buddhism #Jainism #GS1 #CSE2025 #UPSCNotes #AncientIndia #Prelims2025
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_art_and_culture
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🔆 Kanheri Cave Complex, Mumbai
📍In News
✅ Kanheri cave complex is one of the most important Buddhist monuments of western India.
📍About Kanheri
✅ Name origin: From Buddhagyanapada’s 9th-century autobiography – “Kanheri” = vines (anheri) entwined into the sky (kha).
✅ Geology: Basaltic hills, part of the Sahyadri range.
✅ Buddhist significance: Flourished from 2nd CE – 12th CE; hosted a large monastic community.
✅ Styles: Theravada → Mahayana → early Vajrayana.
✅ Royal patrons: From Satavahanas (2nd CE) to Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha & Silhara feudatory Kapardin II.
✅ Function: Rock-cut “resorts” → meditation halls, viharas, epigraphs.
📍Prominent Caves
✅ Cave 3: Sculptural gallery with two colossal Buddhas (20ft), Gupta-era Sarnath style.
✅ Cave 41: Unique sculpture of Ekadasamukha Lokeshwara (11-headed Avalokiteshwara) – only one of its kind in India.
✅ Cave 90: Avalokiteshwara with Tara & Bhrikuti, protecting devotees from Ashta-Maha-Bhaya (eight great fears).
👉 Inscriptions in Pahlavi, marking Persian visitors (11th CE).
📍Rock-Cut Architecture in Maharashtra
✅ Origin: Barabar & Nagarjuni caves (Mauryan-Ashokan era, Bihar).
✅ Maharashtra → hub of rock-cut sites (1000+ out of 1200 in India).
✅ Famous: Ajanta, Ellora, Aurangabad.
✅ Ellora: Hindu caves (5th CE onwards); apogee = Kailasa Temple (Cave 16).
✅ Decline: By end of 1st millennium CE → replaced by free-standing stone temples & viharas.
🔆 कन्हेरी गुफा परिसर, मुंबई
#KanheriCaves #art_and_culture #Buddhism #Prelims #Mains
📍In News
✅ Kanheri cave complex is one of the most important Buddhist monuments of western India.
📍About Kanheri
✅ Name origin: From Buddhagyanapada’s 9th-century autobiography – “Kanheri” = vines (anheri) entwined into the sky (kha).
✅ Geology: Basaltic hills, part of the Sahyadri range.
✅ Buddhist significance: Flourished from 2nd CE – 12th CE; hosted a large monastic community.
✅ Styles: Theravada → Mahayana → early Vajrayana.
✅ Royal patrons: From Satavahanas (2nd CE) to Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha & Silhara feudatory Kapardin II.
✅ Function: Rock-cut “resorts” → meditation halls, viharas, epigraphs.
📍Prominent Caves
✅ Cave 3: Sculptural gallery with two colossal Buddhas (20ft), Gupta-era Sarnath style.
✅ Cave 41: Unique sculpture of Ekadasamukha Lokeshwara (11-headed Avalokiteshwara) – only one of its kind in India.
✅ Cave 90: Avalokiteshwara with Tara & Bhrikuti, protecting devotees from Ashta-Maha-Bhaya (eight great fears).
👉 Inscriptions in Pahlavi, marking Persian visitors (11th CE).
📍Rock-Cut Architecture in Maharashtra
✅ Origin: Barabar & Nagarjuni caves (Mauryan-Ashokan era, Bihar).
✅ Maharashtra → hub of rock-cut sites (1000+ out of 1200 in India).
✅ Famous: Ajanta, Ellora, Aurangabad.
✅ Ellora: Hindu caves (5th CE onwards); apogee = Kailasa Temple (Cave 16).
✅ Decline: By end of 1st millennium CE → replaced by free-standing stone temples & viharas.
🔆 कन्हेरी गुफा परिसर, मुंबई
📍समाचार में
✅ कन्हेरी गुफा परिसर पश्चिमी भारत के सबसे महत्वपूर्ण बौद्ध स्मारकों में से एक है।
📍कन्हेरी के बारे में
✅ नाम की उत्पत्ति: बुद्धग्यानपद की 9वीं सदी की आत्मकथा से – “कन्हेरी” = आकाश (खा) में लिपटी हुई बेलें (अन्हेरी)।
✅ भूविज्ञान: बेसाल्टिक पहाड़ियाँ, सह्याद्री श्रृंखला का हिस्सा।
✅ बौद्ध महत्व: 2वीं सदी ईस्वी – 12वीं सदी ईस्वी तक फला-फूला; एक बड़ा मठ समुदाय था।
✅ शैलियाँ: थेरेवाद → महायान → प्रारंभिक वज्रयान।
✅ शाही संरक्षक: सातवाहन (2वीं सदी ईस्वी) से लेकर राष्ट्रकूट राजा अमोघवर्ष और सिल्हारा अधीनस्थ कपर्दिन द्वितीय तक।
✅ कार्य: चट्टान में कटे "रिसॉर्ट" → ध्यान हॉल, विहार, शिलालेख।
📍प्रमुख गुफाएँ
✅ गुफा 3: दो विशाल बुद्धों (20 फीट) के साथ मूर्तिकला गैलरी, गुप्तकालीन सारनाथ शैली।
✅ गुफा 41: एकादशमुख लोकेश्वर (11-मुख वाला अवलोकितेश्वर) की अनोखी मूर्ति – भारत में अपनी तरह की एकमात्र।
✅ गुफा 90: अवलोकितेश्वर के साथ तारा और भृकुटी, भक्तों को अष्ट-महा-भय (आठ महान भय) से सुरक्षा।
👉 पहलवी में शिलालेख, जो फारसी आगंतुकों (11वीं सदी) को दर्शाते हैं।
📍महाराष्ट्र में चट्टान-कट वास्तुकला
✅ उत्पत्ति: बरबर और नगरजुनी गुफाएँ (मौर्य-अशोक काल, बिहार)।
✅ महाराष्ट्र → चट्टान-कट स्थलों का केंद्र (भारत के 1200 में से 1000+)।
✅ प्रसिद्ध: अजंता, एलोरा, औरंगाबाद।
✅ एलोरा: हिंदू गुफाएँ (5वीं सदी से); चरमोत्कर्ष = कैलासा मंदिर (गुफा 16)।
✅ पतन: पहली सहस्राब्दी के अंत तक → स्वतंत्र पत्थर मंदिर और विहार ने स्थान लिया।
#KanheriCaves #art_and_culture #Buddhism #Prelims #Mains
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