Forwarded from Imp
🔆Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898)
✅British loyalist and the member of the Judicial service.
✅Member of the Imperial Legislative Council in 1878.
✅ Earned Knighthood in 1888.
✅ Advocated to reconcile the modern education with the teachings of the Quran.
✅Founded Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (now Aligarh Muslim University) in 1875.
✅Fought for the cause of women and the education and reform among the Muslims.
✅Magazine- Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq.
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#Modern_History
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✅British loyalist and the member of the Judicial service.
✅Member of the Imperial Legislative Council in 1878.
✅ Earned Knighthood in 1888.
✅ Advocated to reconcile the modern education with the teachings of the Quran.
✅Founded Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (now Aligarh Muslim University) in 1875.
✅Fought for the cause of women and the education and reform among the Muslims.
✅Magazine- Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq.
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👍1
🔆LONG TERM STRATEGY OF NATIONAL MOVEMENT
1. Mainly evolved during Moderate and Extremist phases; structured and implemented during Gandhian phase.
2. Strategy based on specific nature and character of Br. rule and colonial state.
3. Basic strategy was to wage a long-drawn out hegemonic struggle or what is called a war of position.
4. a struggle for the minds and hearts of people so that the nationalist influence would
continuously grow among them through different channels and phases of the movement with the objective of wresting power from the colonial rulers.
5. to erode the hegemony or ideological influence of the colonial rulers in every area of life.
6. The notion of benevolence was undermined by the works of nationalists like Dadabhai
Naoroji
7. notion of invincibility was undermined by independent newspapers, works of extremists, death-defying deeds of Revolutionary Terrorists and law-breaking movements of post-1918 period.
8. Third objective was to undermine the hold of colonial state on the members of its own apparatuses- members of civil services, police and armed forces. virtual disappearance of loyalty after 1945 and consequent disarray of the Br. administrative structure were major reasons for Br. to finally quit India.
9. Fourth objective was to constantly expand semi-democratic political space. In order to achieve the above objectives they followed a strategy called Struggle-TruceStruggle or S-T-S
10. Another strategy was Constitutional reforms and legislative councils that would upset imperialist calculations and advance nationalist cause. These avenues were used to promote reforms
11. Non-violence was yet another essential component of overall strategy. This enabled the participation of mass of people who could not have participated in violent forms. This was particularly true of women agitators.
12. these objectives were progressively achieved through successive waves of mass movements alternating with phases of truce. Even when mass movements were suppressed (1932, 1942), withdrawn (1922), ignored and suppressed (1940-41) or ended in compromise (1930-31) these movements were great successes
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1. Mainly evolved during Moderate and Extremist phases; structured and implemented during Gandhian phase.
2. Strategy based on specific nature and character of Br. rule and colonial state.
3. Basic strategy was to wage a long-drawn out hegemonic struggle or what is called a war of position.
4. a struggle for the minds and hearts of people so that the nationalist influence would
continuously grow among them through different channels and phases of the movement with the objective of wresting power from the colonial rulers.
5. to erode the hegemony or ideological influence of the colonial rulers in every area of life.
6. The notion of benevolence was undermined by the works of nationalists like Dadabhai
Naoroji
7. notion of invincibility was undermined by independent newspapers, works of extremists, death-defying deeds of Revolutionary Terrorists and law-breaking movements of post-1918 period.
8. Third objective was to undermine the hold of colonial state on the members of its own apparatuses- members of civil services, police and armed forces. virtual disappearance of loyalty after 1945 and consequent disarray of the Br. administrative structure were major reasons for Br. to finally quit India.
9. Fourth objective was to constantly expand semi-democratic political space. In order to achieve the above objectives they followed a strategy called Struggle-TruceStruggle or S-T-S
10. Another strategy was Constitutional reforms and legislative councils that would upset imperialist calculations and advance nationalist cause. These avenues were used to promote reforms
11. Non-violence was yet another essential component of overall strategy. This enabled the participation of mass of people who could not have participated in violent forms. This was particularly true of women agitators.
12. these objectives were progressively achieved through successive waves of mass movements alternating with phases of truce. Even when mass movements were suppressed (1932, 1942), withdrawn (1922), ignored and suppressed (1940-41) or ended in compromise (1930-31) these movements were great successes
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🔆Reformism vs Revivalism
▪️Reformism
✅Social reform
✅Help of British colonial state
✅ Influenced by western enlightenment
✅Not critical of colonial state
✅Moderates
▪️ Revivalism
✅Against social reform
✅Brought against colonial state
✅Ancient Indian religion revival, Indian s pirituality superior
✅Self-confidence to Indian by declaration
✅ Extremist
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▪️Reformism
✅Social reform
✅Help of British colonial state
✅ Influenced by western enlightenment
✅Not critical of colonial state
✅Moderates
▪️ Revivalism
✅Against social reform
✅Brought against colonial state
✅Ancient Indian religion revival, Indian s pirituality superior
✅Self-confidence to Indian by declaration
✅ Extremist
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🔆HINDU REFORM MOVEMENTS:
▪️Brahmo Samaj (1828)
✅FOUNDER : Raja Ram Mohan
Roy in Bengal.
▪️Aim
✅Favored: Human reason and conscience; Political upliftment of the masses, widow remarriage.
✅Against: Polytheism; Idol worship; Incarnations; Scriptural authority; Caste system, Purdah system, Untouchability, Sati, child marriage.
✅No definite view on Karma and transmigration of the soul.
✅Punjab: Dayal Singh College at Lahore (1910) started by Dayal Singh Trust, popularized the ideas of the Samaj
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▪️Brahmo Samaj (1828)
✅FOUNDER : Raja Ram Mohan
Roy in Bengal.
▪️Aim
✅Favored: Human reason and conscience; Political upliftment of the masses, widow remarriage.
✅Against: Polytheism; Idol worship; Incarnations; Scriptural authority; Caste system, Purdah system, Untouchability, Sati, child marriage.
✅No definite view on Karma and transmigration of the soul.
✅Punjab: Dayal Singh College at Lahore (1910) started by Dayal Singh Trust, popularized the ideas of the Samaj
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▪️Prarthana Samaj (1867) Atmaram ✅FOUNDER: Pandurang in Bombay.
▪️AIM
✅Popularized liaberal ideas of women education, widow remarriage,raising age of marriage for boys and girls and against caste and communal barriers.
✅Joined by M. G. Ranade in 1870, gained all India character.
✅Associated with the Bhakti cult in Maharashtra.
✅Other Prominent leaders: R. G. Bhandarkar, N. G. Chandavarkar.
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❤1
🔆Major Pre-Independence Agrarian Revolts
✅Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) : The Santhals take global pride in the Santhal rebellion where over 1,000 Santhals and leaders of Sidho and Kanho Murmu rose against domination and battled against the vast East India Company (The Britishers).
✅Indigo Revolt (1859-60) : It was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.
✅Pabna Uprisings (1872-1875) : It was a resistance movement against the oppression of the zamindars. It originated in the Yusufshahi pargana, which is now the Sirajganj district within greater Pabna, Bangladesh.
✅Deccan Riots (1875) : The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders. The ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.
✅Pagri Sambhal Movement (1907) : It was a successful farm agitation that forced the British government to repeal three laws related to agriculture. Bhagat Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh was the force behind this agitation.
✅Peasant Movement in Oudha (1918-1922) : It was led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. He led a peasant's movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords. He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.
✅Champaran Movement (1917-18) : The peasantry on the indigo plantations in the Champaran district of Bihar was excessively oppressed by the European planters and compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and sell it at prices fixed by the planters. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi reached Champaran and defied the orders of district officials for leaving Champaran.
✅Peasant Agitation in Kheda (1918) : It was chiefly directed against the Government. In 1918, the crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection. Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported the peasants and advised them to withhold payment of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.
✅Moplah Rebellion (1921): The Moplahs were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were Hindus. Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. The Moplah movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.
✅Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) :It was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.
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✅Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) : The Santhals take global pride in the Santhal rebellion where over 1,000 Santhals and leaders of Sidho and Kanho Murmu rose against domination and battled against the vast East India Company (The Britishers).
✅Indigo Revolt (1859-60) : It was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.
✅Pabna Uprisings (1872-1875) : It was a resistance movement against the oppression of the zamindars. It originated in the Yusufshahi pargana, which is now the Sirajganj district within greater Pabna, Bangladesh.
✅Deccan Riots (1875) : The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders. The ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.
✅Pagri Sambhal Movement (1907) : It was a successful farm agitation that forced the British government to repeal three laws related to agriculture. Bhagat Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh was the force behind this agitation.
✅Peasant Movement in Oudha (1918-1922) : It was led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. He led a peasant's movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords. He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.
✅Champaran Movement (1917-18) : The peasantry on the indigo plantations in the Champaran district of Bihar was excessively oppressed by the European planters and compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and sell it at prices fixed by the planters. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi reached Champaran and defied the orders of district officials for leaving Champaran.
✅Peasant Agitation in Kheda (1918) : It was chiefly directed against the Government. In 1918, the crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection. Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported the peasants and advised them to withhold payment of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.
✅Moplah Rebellion (1921): The Moplahs were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were Hindus. Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. The Moplah movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.
✅Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) :It was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.
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👍1
🔆ANGLO-MARATHA STRUGGLE
✅Prominent Maratha Families after Third Battle of Panipat (1761) are given below:
▪️First Anglo Maratha War
(1775-1782)
✅Treaty of Surat: between Raghunath Rao and the English ➡️ Gave up Salsette and Bassein in return of English army.
✅Treaty of Purandhar: above treaty was cancelled by Calcutta Council.
🔸The Regency renounced Raghunath Rao ➡️ kept him under Pension. Nana Phadnavis defied this treaty. The British retaliated. Treaty of Wadgaon was signed.
✅ Treaty of Salbai: Treaty of Wadgaon rejected by Warren Hastings. He defeated Sindhias. Peace was signed for 20 years.
▪️Second Anglo Maratha War
(1803-1805)
✅Jaswant Rao Holkar defeated forces of Bajirao II (Peshwa) and the Scindia
✅Treaty of Bassein (1802) was signed between the British and the Peshwa in return of Poona’s throne.
✅Peshwa accepted Subsidiary Alliance.
✅Scindia and Bhosle tried to save Maratha independence.
✅They were defeated by Arthur Wellesley and signed Subsidiary treaty.
✅Jaswant Rao Holkar was defeated in 1804.
▪️Third Anglo Maratha War
(1817-1819)
✅ Treaty of Bassein surrendered Maratha’s independence.
✅ In 1817, Peshwa attacked British Residency at Poona.
✅It was the last bid to save Maratha kingdom. He rallied all Maratha chiefs against the British. They were defeated.
✅Treaty of Poona: with Peshwa
✅ Treaty of Gwalior: Sindhias
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✅Prominent Maratha Families after Third Battle of Panipat (1761) are given below:
▪️First Anglo Maratha War
(1775-1782)
✅Treaty of Surat: between Raghunath Rao and the English ➡️ Gave up Salsette and Bassein in return of English army.
✅Treaty of Purandhar: above treaty was cancelled by Calcutta Council.
🔸The Regency renounced Raghunath Rao ➡️ kept him under Pension. Nana Phadnavis defied this treaty. The British retaliated. Treaty of Wadgaon was signed.
✅ Treaty of Salbai: Treaty of Wadgaon rejected by Warren Hastings. He defeated Sindhias. Peace was signed for 20 years.
▪️Second Anglo Maratha War
(1803-1805)
✅Jaswant Rao Holkar defeated forces of Bajirao II (Peshwa) and the Scindia
✅Treaty of Bassein (1802) was signed between the British and the Peshwa in return of Poona’s throne.
✅Peshwa accepted Subsidiary Alliance.
✅Scindia and Bhosle tried to save Maratha independence.
✅They were defeated by Arthur Wellesley and signed Subsidiary treaty.
✅Jaswant Rao Holkar was defeated in 1804.
▪️Third Anglo Maratha War
(1817-1819)
✅ Treaty of Bassein surrendered Maratha’s independence.
✅ In 1817, Peshwa attacked British Residency at Poona.
✅It was the last bid to save Maratha kingdom. He rallied all Maratha chiefs against the British. They were defeated.
✅Treaty of Poona: with Peshwa
✅ Treaty of Gwalior: Sindhias
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👍27🔥5❤3😱2
🔆Lala Lajpat
✅Why in News: Lala Lajpat Rai’s birth anniversary is celebrated on 28th of january every year.
✅Birth: He was born on 28th January, 1865 in a small village named Dhudike in Punjab’s Ferozepur district.
✅Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the greatest freedom fighters of India.
✅He was also called ‘Punjab Kesari’ and 'Lion of Punjab'.
✅He studied law at the Government College, Lahore.
✅Was influenced by Swami Dayananda Saraswati and joined the Arya Samaj in Lahore.
✅He believed that the ideals in Hinduism combined with nationalism will lead to the establishment of a secular state.
✅Along with Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, he formed the Lal-Bal-Pal trio of extremist leaders.
✅He was also involved with the Hindu Mahasabha.
✅He fought against untouchability.
Contributions:
▪️Political:
✅He joined the Indian National Congress (INC) and participated in many political agitations in Punjab.
✅For his political agitation, he was deported to Burma without trial in 1907 but returned after a few months because of lack of evidence.
✅He was opposed to the partition of Bengal.
✅He founded the Home Rule League of America in 1917 in New York. In the US, he worked to get moral support for the Indian independence movement from the international community.
✅He was also elected President of the All India Trade Union Congress.
✅He supported the non-cooperation movement of Gandhi at the Nagpur session of the Congress in 1920.
✅He protested against the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre that followed.
✅He was elected deputy leader of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1926.
✅In 1928, he moved a resolution in the assembly refusing cooperation with the Simon Commission since the Commission had no Indian members.
▪️Social:
✅He founded Hindu Relief movement in 1897 to provide help to the famine -stricken people and thus prevent them falling into the clutches of the missionaries.
✅He founded the Servants of People Society in 1921.
✅Literary : His important literary works include Young India, England’s Debt to India, Evolution of Japan, India’s Will to Freedom, Message of the Bhagavad Gita, Political Future of India, Problem of National Education in India, The Depressed Glasses, and the travelogue ‘United States of America’.
▪️Institutional:
✅He founded several institutions and organizations such as Hisar Bar Council, Hisar Arya Samaj, Hisar Congress, National DAV Managing Committee.
✅He was the editor of the Arya Gazette, which he had founded.
He co-founded the Punjab National Bank in 1894.
✅Death: In 1928, he was leading a silent protest against the Simon Commission in Lahore when he was brutally lathi-charged by Superintendent of Police, James Scott. He died of injuries sustained a few weeks later.
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@UPSC_4_HISTORY
✅Why in News: Lala Lajpat Rai’s birth anniversary is celebrated on 28th of january every year.
✅Birth: He was born on 28th January, 1865 in a small village named Dhudike in Punjab’s Ferozepur district.
✅Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the greatest freedom fighters of India.
✅He was also called ‘Punjab Kesari’ and 'Lion of Punjab'.
✅He studied law at the Government College, Lahore.
✅Was influenced by Swami Dayananda Saraswati and joined the Arya Samaj in Lahore.
✅He believed that the ideals in Hinduism combined with nationalism will lead to the establishment of a secular state.
✅Along with Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, he formed the Lal-Bal-Pal trio of extremist leaders.
✅He was also involved with the Hindu Mahasabha.
✅He fought against untouchability.
Contributions:
▪️Political:
✅He joined the Indian National Congress (INC) and participated in many political agitations in Punjab.
✅For his political agitation, he was deported to Burma without trial in 1907 but returned after a few months because of lack of evidence.
✅He was opposed to the partition of Bengal.
✅He founded the Home Rule League of America in 1917 in New York. In the US, he worked to get moral support for the Indian independence movement from the international community.
✅He was also elected President of the All India Trade Union Congress.
✅He supported the non-cooperation movement of Gandhi at the Nagpur session of the Congress in 1920.
✅He protested against the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre that followed.
✅He was elected deputy leader of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1926.
✅In 1928, he moved a resolution in the assembly refusing cooperation with the Simon Commission since the Commission had no Indian members.
▪️Social:
✅He founded Hindu Relief movement in 1897 to provide help to the famine -stricken people and thus prevent them falling into the clutches of the missionaries.
✅He founded the Servants of People Society in 1921.
✅Literary : His important literary works include Young India, England’s Debt to India, Evolution of Japan, India’s Will to Freedom, Message of the Bhagavad Gita, Political Future of India, Problem of National Education in India, The Depressed Glasses, and the travelogue ‘United States of America’.
▪️Institutional:
✅He founded several institutions and organizations such as Hisar Bar Council, Hisar Arya Samaj, Hisar Congress, National DAV Managing Committee.
✅He was the editor of the Arya Gazette, which he had founded.
He co-founded the Punjab National Bank in 1894.
✅Death: In 1928, he was leading a silent protest against the Simon Commission in Lahore when he was brutally lathi-charged by Superintendent of Police, James Scott. He died of injuries sustained a few weeks later.
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👍21🤩6
🔆QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT AND INA
1. Also called as ‘August Revolution’. The common people demonstrated an unparalleled heroism and militancy and the repression they faced was the most brutal that had ever been used against the national movement.
2. Failure of Cripps Mission in April made clear that Britain was determined to continue India’s unwilling partnership in War
3. Popular discontent, a product of rising prices and war-time shortages was mounting
4. news of Allied reverses and British withdrawals from South-East Asia and Burma affirmed an imminent British collapse.
5. at the All-India Congress Committee at Gowalia Tank in Bombay the decision was ratified.
6. This is where he gave the mantra ‘Do or Die’.
7. On Aug 9 all the top leaders were arrested this resulted in instantaneous reaction among the people leading to hartals, public demonstrations and processions in defiance of the law. The reaction was most intense in Bihar and Eastern U.P.
8. The important aspect of this movement was the emergence of underground networks in
various parts of the country with prominent members like Achyut Patwardhan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Ram Manohar Lohia, Sucheta Kripalani, Biju Patnaik, R.P.Goenka, Jayaprakash
Narayan was formed.
9. The role of this was of keeping up popular morale by continuing to provide a line of command.
10. Gandhiji commenced a fast on 10 Feb in jail. provided a new burst of political activity.
11. A significant feature of QIM was the emergence of parallel governments. The first one was proclaimed in Ballia, in East U.P under leadership of Chittu Pande. In Tamluk in Midnapur district of Bengal, the Jatiya Sarkar. Satara, in Maharashtra was the long lasting one. Prati Sarkar was set up under Nani Patil.
12. It organized attacks on Govt. collaborators, informers.
13. QIM marked a new high in terms of popular participation. The youth were in forefront, students from schools and colleges .
14. Women also were active. Aruna Asaf Ali and Sucheta Kripalani were two major women organizers of the underground, and Usha Mehta an important member of the Congress group that ran Congress Radio.
15. Peasants and zamindars of all strata participated.
16. Government officials especially at the lower rung supported the movement. This erosion of loyalty of its own officers was one of the most striking aspects of QIM.
17. Though Muslim mass participation was not high, Muslim League supported indirectly by providing shelter tovunderground workers and did not act as informers. Also there was total absence of any communal clashes.
18. The element of spontaneity in 1942 movement was certainly larger than in earlier movements.
This was deliberate on the part of the leadership itself.
The resolution clearly stated that a time may come when it may not be possible to issue instructions and that every individual had to act within the general instructions issued.
19. Gandhi refused to condemn violence because he saw it as a reaction to the much bigger violence of the state.
20. it placed the demand for independence on the immediatef agenda of movemen.
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1. Also called as ‘August Revolution’. The common people demonstrated an unparalleled heroism and militancy and the repression they faced was the most brutal that had ever been used against the national movement.
2. Failure of Cripps Mission in April made clear that Britain was determined to continue India’s unwilling partnership in War
3. Popular discontent, a product of rising prices and war-time shortages was mounting
4. news of Allied reverses and British withdrawals from South-East Asia and Burma affirmed an imminent British collapse.
5. at the All-India Congress Committee at Gowalia Tank in Bombay the decision was ratified.
6. This is where he gave the mantra ‘Do or Die’.
7. On Aug 9 all the top leaders were arrested this resulted in instantaneous reaction among the people leading to hartals, public demonstrations and processions in defiance of the law. The reaction was most intense in Bihar and Eastern U.P.
8. The important aspect of this movement was the emergence of underground networks in
various parts of the country with prominent members like Achyut Patwardhan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Ram Manohar Lohia, Sucheta Kripalani, Biju Patnaik, R.P.Goenka, Jayaprakash
Narayan was formed.
9. The role of this was of keeping up popular morale by continuing to provide a line of command.
10. Gandhiji commenced a fast on 10 Feb in jail. provided a new burst of political activity.
11. A significant feature of QIM was the emergence of parallel governments. The first one was proclaimed in Ballia, in East U.P under leadership of Chittu Pande. In Tamluk in Midnapur district of Bengal, the Jatiya Sarkar. Satara, in Maharashtra was the long lasting one. Prati Sarkar was set up under Nani Patil.
12. It organized attacks on Govt. collaborators, informers.
13. QIM marked a new high in terms of popular participation. The youth were in forefront, students from schools and colleges .
14. Women also were active. Aruna Asaf Ali and Sucheta Kripalani were two major women organizers of the underground, and Usha Mehta an important member of the Congress group that ran Congress Radio.
15. Peasants and zamindars of all strata participated.
16. Government officials especially at the lower rung supported the movement. This erosion of loyalty of its own officers was one of the most striking aspects of QIM.
17. Though Muslim mass participation was not high, Muslim League supported indirectly by providing shelter tovunderground workers and did not act as informers. Also there was total absence of any communal clashes.
18. The element of spontaneity in 1942 movement was certainly larger than in earlier movements.
This was deliberate on the part of the leadership itself.
The resolution clearly stated that a time may come when it may not be possible to issue instructions and that every individual had to act within the general instructions issued.
19. Gandhi refused to condemn violence because he saw it as a reaction to the much bigger violence of the state.
20. it placed the demand for independence on the immediatef agenda of movemen.
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#Modern_History
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👍10🔥1😱1
🔆A brief look at the Indian National Army –
1. idea first conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh, an Indian officer of British Indian Army who instead of joining retreating British army went to Japanese for help.
2. Indian prisoners of war were handed over by Japanese to Mohan Singh who recruited them to INA.
3. The outbreak of QIM gave a fillip to INA.
4. But, by Dec 1942, serious differences emerged between Japanese and INA officers over the role that INA was to play.
5. The Japanese wanted only a token force of 2,000 men while the leaders of INA wanted
20,000.
6. 2 nd phase of INA started when Subhas Chandra Bose was brought to Singapore in 1943. he set up Provincial Government of Free India which later declared war on Britain and U.S.
7. one INA battalion commanded by Shah Nawaz was sent to IndoBurma along with Japanese Army for Imphal campaign.
8. However, the failure of campaign quashed any hopes of the INA liberating the nation.
9. when INA men were brought back home and threatened with serious punishment, powerful movement emerged
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_4_HISTORY
1. idea first conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh, an Indian officer of British Indian Army who instead of joining retreating British army went to Japanese for help.
2. Indian prisoners of war were handed over by Japanese to Mohan Singh who recruited them to INA.
3. The outbreak of QIM gave a fillip to INA.
4. But, by Dec 1942, serious differences emerged between Japanese and INA officers over the role that INA was to play.
5. The Japanese wanted only a token force of 2,000 men while the leaders of INA wanted
20,000.
6. 2 nd phase of INA started when Subhas Chandra Bose was brought to Singapore in 1943. he set up Provincial Government of Free India which later declared war on Britain and U.S.
7. one INA battalion commanded by Shah Nawaz was sent to IndoBurma along with Japanese Army for Imphal campaign.
8. However, the failure of campaign quashed any hopes of the INA liberating the nation.
9. when INA men were brought back home and threatened with serious punishment, powerful movement emerged
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_4_HISTORY
👍12
🔆Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee
✅ Why in news: the Prime Minister of India has paid tributes to Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee on his Punya Tithi.
About
✅Personal: Born in a Bengali Family
✅Legislative: Member of Constituent Assembly and later, the first Lok Sabha.
✅Minister in Nehru’s first cabinet after independence; resigned in 1950 due to differences over relations with Pakistan.
✅On the issue of the 1949 Delhi Pact with the Pakistani Prime Minister, he resigned from the Cabinet on April 6, 1950.
✅He was the founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh (The Bharatiya Janata Party -BJP is the successor of BJS).
✅June 23 has been celebrated not just as the death anniversary of Syam Prasad Mookerjee but also as a day of resolution to abrogate Article 370 from the Constitution.
✅He became the finance minister of the Province of Bengal and was subsequently elected the national president of the All India Hindu Mahasabha, the Mahabodhi Society and the Royal Asiatic Society and he was also a member of the Constituent Assembly.
▪️Youngest vice chancellor:
✅In 1934, Syama Prasad became the youngest Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University, which gave him the opportunity to put his aims and ideals regarding education of his people in practice.
✅It was under his Vice-Chancellorship that Rabindra Nath Tagore delivered his convocation address in Bengali which marked the beginning of the end of the era of English superiority over Bengali and other Indian languages.
▪️On Partition:
✅He had supported the Congress in 1946 elections because he was assured by Sardar Patel that the Congress would never accept partition.
✅Syama Prasad put all his energies to safeguard the interest of India. His well reasoned and forceful advocacy of the scheme for partition of Bengal soon became the universal ·demand of Bengali, Hindus.
✅Thus, it was due to his efforts that half of Punjab and half of Bengal was saved for India. That explains his famous retort; "Congress partitioned India and I partitioned Pakistan".
▪️On Kashmir:
✅Was opposed to India’s policy of autonomy to Jammu & Kashmir; arrested during Jana Sangh’s agitation against Kashmir policy; died during detention.
✅In his manifesto, the declaration to abrogate the temporary Article 370 was affirmed.
#history
#modern_India
PIB
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✅ Why in news: the Prime Minister of India has paid tributes to Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee on his Punya Tithi.
About
✅Personal: Born in a Bengali Family
✅Legislative: Member of Constituent Assembly and later, the first Lok Sabha.
✅Minister in Nehru’s first cabinet after independence; resigned in 1950 due to differences over relations with Pakistan.
✅On the issue of the 1949 Delhi Pact with the Pakistani Prime Minister, he resigned from the Cabinet on April 6, 1950.
✅He was the founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh (The Bharatiya Janata Party -BJP is the successor of BJS).
✅June 23 has been celebrated not just as the death anniversary of Syam Prasad Mookerjee but also as a day of resolution to abrogate Article 370 from the Constitution.
✅He became the finance minister of the Province of Bengal and was subsequently elected the national president of the All India Hindu Mahasabha, the Mahabodhi Society and the Royal Asiatic Society and he was also a member of the Constituent Assembly.
▪️Youngest vice chancellor:
✅In 1934, Syama Prasad became the youngest Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University, which gave him the opportunity to put his aims and ideals regarding education of his people in practice.
✅It was under his Vice-Chancellorship that Rabindra Nath Tagore delivered his convocation address in Bengali which marked the beginning of the end of the era of English superiority over Bengali and other Indian languages.
▪️On Partition:
✅He had supported the Congress in 1946 elections because he was assured by Sardar Patel that the Congress would never accept partition.
✅Syama Prasad put all his energies to safeguard the interest of India. His well reasoned and forceful advocacy of the scheme for partition of Bengal soon became the universal ·demand of Bengali, Hindus.
✅Thus, it was due to his efforts that half of Punjab and half of Bengal was saved for India. That explains his famous retort; "Congress partitioned India and I partitioned Pakistan".
▪️On Kashmir:
✅Was opposed to India’s policy of autonomy to Jammu & Kashmir; arrested during Jana Sangh’s agitation against Kashmir policy; died during detention.
✅In his manifesto, the declaration to abrogate the temporary Article 370 was affirmed.
#history
#modern_India
PIB
Join @PIB_UPSC
@UPSC_4_HISTORY
👍10
🔆Keshab Chandra Sen (1838-1884)
✅ Appointed as Acharya of the Brahmo Samaj in 1858.
✅ Spread the ideas of the Samaj outside Bengal (in United Provinces, Bombay, Punjab, etc.).
✅ Showed radical views against caste system, favored inter-caste marriage.
✅Expelled from Acharya’s position in 1865.
✅ Founded Brahmo Samaj of India (1866).
✅Sadharan Brahmo Samaj (Ananda Mohan Bose, Shibchandra Deb and Umesh Chandra Datta) founded in opposition to his views.
#Modern_History
#quick_revision
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history
✅ Appointed as Acharya of the Brahmo Samaj in 1858.
✅ Spread the ideas of the Samaj outside Bengal (in United Provinces, Bombay, Punjab, etc.).
✅ Showed radical views against caste system, favored inter-caste marriage.
✅Expelled from Acharya’s position in 1865.
✅ Founded Brahmo Samaj of India (1866).
✅Sadharan Brahmo Samaj (Ananda Mohan Bose, Shibchandra Deb and Umesh Chandra Datta) founded in opposition to his views.
#Modern_History
#quick_revision
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history
👍10
🔆Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833):
✅Father of Indian Renaissance.
✅Maker of Modern India.
✅Believed in scientific temper, human dignity, monotheism, and Upanishads.
✅Opposed idolatry and meaningless rituals.
✅Books: Gift to Monotheism (1809) + Percepts of Jesus (1820).
✅ Translated Vedas and Upanishads into Bengali.
✅Atmiya Sabha (Society of Friends) in Calcutta in 1814.
✅ Started Brahmo Samaj (1828) [ formerly called as Brahmo Sabha]
✅ Established Vedanta College (1825).
✅Supported the revolutions of Naples and Spanish America.
✅Supported David Hare in establishing Hindu College (1817).
✅Crusader against Sati.
✅Efforts resulted in Government Regulation against Sati in 1829.
#Modern_History
#quick_revision
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history
✅Father of Indian Renaissance.
✅Maker of Modern India.
✅Believed in scientific temper, human dignity, monotheism, and Upanishads.
✅Opposed idolatry and meaningless rituals.
✅Books: Gift to Monotheism (1809) + Percepts of Jesus (1820).
✅ Translated Vedas and Upanishads into Bengali.
✅Atmiya Sabha (Society of Friends) in Calcutta in 1814.
✅ Started Brahmo Samaj (1828) [ formerly called as Brahmo Sabha]
✅ Established Vedanta College (1825).
✅Supported the revolutions of Naples and Spanish America.
✅Supported David Hare in establishing Hindu College (1817).
✅Crusader against Sati.
✅Efforts resulted in Government Regulation against Sati in 1829.
#Modern_History
#quick_revision
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_history
👍8
Forwarded from CSE EXAM upsc prelims mains CAPF CDS NDA
🔆Lala Lajpat
✅Why in News: Lala Lajpat Rai’s birth anniversary is celebrated on 28th of january every year.
✅Birth: He was born on 28th January, 1865 in a small village named Dhudike in Punjab’s Ferozepur district.
✅Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the greatest freedom fighters of India.
✅He was also called ‘Punjab Kesari’ and 'Lion of Punjab'.
✅He studied law at the Government College, Lahore.
✅Was influenced by Swami Dayananda Saraswati and joined the Arya Samaj in Lahore.
✅He believed that the ideals in Hinduism combined with nationalism will lead to the establishment of a secular state.
✅Along with Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, he formed the Lal-Bal-Pal trio of extremist leaders.
✅He was also involved with the Hindu Mahasabha.
✅He fought against untouchability.
Contributions:
▪️Political:
✅He joined the Indian National Congress (INC) and participated in many political agitations in Punjab.
✅For his political agitation, he was deported to Burma without trial in 1907 but returned after a few months because of lack of evidence.
✅He was opposed to the partition of Bengal.
✅He founded the Home Rule League of America in 1917 in New York. In the US, he worked to get moral support for the Indian independence movement from the international community.
✅He was also elected President of the All India Trade Union Congress.
✅He supported the non-cooperation movement of Gandhi at the Nagpur session of the Congress in 1920.
✅He protested against the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre that followed.
✅He was elected deputy leader of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1926.
✅In 1928, he moved a resolution in the assembly refusing cooperation with the Simon Commission since the Commission had no Indian members.
▪️Social:
✅He founded Hindu Relief movement in 1897 to provide help to the famine -stricken people and thus prevent them falling into the clutches of the missionaries.
✅He founded the Servants of People Society in 1921.
✅Literary : His important literary works include Young India, England’s Debt to India, Evolution of Japan, India’s Will to Freedom, Message of the Bhagavad Gita, Political Future of India, Problem of National Education in India, The Depressed Glasses, and the travelogue ‘United States of America’.
▪️Institutional:
✅He founded several institutions and organizations such as Hisar Bar Council, Hisar Arya Samaj, Hisar Congress, National DAV Managing Committee.
✅He was the editor of the Arya Gazette, which he had founded.
He co-founded the Punjab National Bank in 1894.
✅Death: In 1928, he was leading a silent protest against the Simon Commission in Lahore when he was brutally lathi-charged by Superintendent of Police, James Scott. He died of injuries sustained a few weeks later.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_4_HISTORY
✅Why in News: Lala Lajpat Rai’s birth anniversary is celebrated on 28th of january every year.
✅Birth: He was born on 28th January, 1865 in a small village named Dhudike in Punjab’s Ferozepur district.
✅Lala Lajpat Rai was one of the greatest freedom fighters of India.
✅He was also called ‘Punjab Kesari’ and 'Lion of Punjab'.
✅He studied law at the Government College, Lahore.
✅Was influenced by Swami Dayananda Saraswati and joined the Arya Samaj in Lahore.
✅He believed that the ideals in Hinduism combined with nationalism will lead to the establishment of a secular state.
✅Along with Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, he formed the Lal-Bal-Pal trio of extremist leaders.
✅He was also involved with the Hindu Mahasabha.
✅He fought against untouchability.
Contributions:
▪️Political:
✅He joined the Indian National Congress (INC) and participated in many political agitations in Punjab.
✅For his political agitation, he was deported to Burma without trial in 1907 but returned after a few months because of lack of evidence.
✅He was opposed to the partition of Bengal.
✅He founded the Home Rule League of America in 1917 in New York. In the US, he worked to get moral support for the Indian independence movement from the international community.
✅He was also elected President of the All India Trade Union Congress.
✅He supported the non-cooperation movement of Gandhi at the Nagpur session of the Congress in 1920.
✅He protested against the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre that followed.
✅He was elected deputy leader of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1926.
✅In 1928, he moved a resolution in the assembly refusing cooperation with the Simon Commission since the Commission had no Indian members.
▪️Social:
✅He founded Hindu Relief movement in 1897 to provide help to the famine -stricken people and thus prevent them falling into the clutches of the missionaries.
✅He founded the Servants of People Society in 1921.
✅Literary : His important literary works include Young India, England’s Debt to India, Evolution of Japan, India’s Will to Freedom, Message of the Bhagavad Gita, Political Future of India, Problem of National Education in India, The Depressed Glasses, and the travelogue ‘United States of America’.
▪️Institutional:
✅He founded several institutions and organizations such as Hisar Bar Council, Hisar Arya Samaj, Hisar Congress, National DAV Managing Committee.
✅He was the editor of the Arya Gazette, which he had founded.
He co-founded the Punjab National Bank in 1894.
✅Death: In 1928, he was leading a silent protest against the Simon Commission in Lahore when he was brutally lathi-charged by Superintendent of Police, James Scott. He died of injuries sustained a few weeks later.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_4_HISTORY
❤11👍9😱1
Forwarded from CSE EXAM upsc prelims mains CAPF CDS NDA
🔆Major Pre-Independence Agrarian Revolts
✅Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) : The Santhals take global pride in the Santhal rebellion where over 1,000 Santhals and leaders of Sidho and Kanho Murmu rose against domination and battled against the vast East India Company (The Britishers).
✅Indigo Revolt (1859-60) : It was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.
✅Pabna Uprisings (1872-1875) : It was a resistance movement against the oppression of the zamindars. It originated in the Yusufshahi pargana, which is now the Sirajganj district within greater Pabna, Bangladesh.
✅Deccan Riots (1875) : The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders. The ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.
✅Pagri Sambhal Movement (1907) : It was a successful farm agitation that forced the British government to repeal three laws related to agriculture. Bhagat Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh was the force behind this agitation.
✅Peasant Movement in Oudha (1918-1922) : It was led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. He led a peasant's movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords. He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.
✅Champaran Movement (1917-18) : The peasantry on the indigo plantations in the Champaran district of Bihar was excessively oppressed by the European planters and compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and sell it at prices fixed by the planters. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi reached Champaran and defied the orders of district officials for leaving Champaran.
✅Peasant Agitation in Kheda (1918) : It was chiefly directed against the Government. In 1918, the crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection. Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported the peasants and advised them to withhold payment of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.
✅Moplah Rebellion (1921): The Moplahs were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were Hindus. Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. The Moplah movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.
✅Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) :It was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
#reform_movements
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
✅Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) : The Santhals take global pride in the Santhal rebellion where over 1,000 Santhals and leaders of Sidho and Kanho Murmu rose against domination and battled against the vast East India Company (The Britishers).
✅Indigo Revolt (1859-60) : It was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.
✅Pabna Uprisings (1872-1875) : It was a resistance movement against the oppression of the zamindars. It originated in the Yusufshahi pargana, which is now the Sirajganj district within greater Pabna, Bangladesh.
✅Deccan Riots (1875) : The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders. The ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.
✅Pagri Sambhal Movement (1907) : It was a successful farm agitation that forced the British government to repeal three laws related to agriculture. Bhagat Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh was the force behind this agitation.
✅Peasant Movement in Oudha (1918-1922) : It was led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. He led a peasant's movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords. He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.
✅Champaran Movement (1917-18) : The peasantry on the indigo plantations in the Champaran district of Bihar was excessively oppressed by the European planters and compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and sell it at prices fixed by the planters. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi reached Champaran and defied the orders of district officials for leaving Champaran.
✅Peasant Agitation in Kheda (1918) : It was chiefly directed against the Government. In 1918, the crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection. Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported the peasants and advised them to withhold payment of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.
✅Moplah Rebellion (1921): The Moplahs were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were Hindus. Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. The Moplah movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.
✅Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) :It was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.
#revision_notes
#history
#Modern_History
#reform_movements
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
👍8
🔆DUTCH (NETHERLANDS)
✅ Cornelis de Houtman was the first Dutchman to reach Sumatra and Bantam in 1596.
✅United East India Company of the Netherlands, formed in March 1605 by the Charter of Dutch Parliament, had the powers to wage wars, make treaty and build forts.
✅ Founded their first factory in Masaulipatam in Andhra in 1605.
✅Subsequently they won over Portuguese & emerged as most dominant European trade power.
✅Pulicat was their main center in India, later replaced by Nagapattinam.
✅Dutch carried indigo manufactured in the Yamuna valley and Central India, textiles and silk from Bengal, Gujarat and the Coromandel, saltpetre from Bihar and opium and rice from the Ganga valley.
✅In 1623, a treaty between British and Dutch → Dutch withdrew their claim from India and British from Indonesia
✅1650 (17th century), English began to emerge as big colonial power in India.
✅Anglo Dutch rivalry lasted for 70 years, during which Dutch lost their settlements to British one by one.
✅The Dutch were not much interested in empire building in India; their concerns were trade. In any case, their main commercial interest lay in the Spice Islands of Indonesia from where they earned a huge profit through business.
✅Decline in India- The defeat of the Dutch in the Anglo-Dutch rivalry and the shifting of Dutch attention towards the Malay Archipelago. In Battle of Bedara (1759), the English defeated the Dutch.
✅ After prolonged warfare, both the parties compromised by which the British agreed to withdraw all their claims on Indonesia, and the Dutch retired from India.
✅Dutch established factories in:
🔸Masulipatnam (1605),
🔸Pulicat (1610),
🔸Surat (1616),
🔸 Bimlipatnam (1641),
🔸Karikal (1645),
🔸Chinsurah (1653),
🔸Cassimbazar (Kasimbazar),
🔸Baranagore, Patna, Balasore, Nagapatnam
(1658) and Cochin (1663).
(It covered both Eastern and western Coasts).
#Modern_history
#Pre_revision
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history
✅ Cornelis de Houtman was the first Dutchman to reach Sumatra and Bantam in 1596.
✅United East India Company of the Netherlands, formed in March 1605 by the Charter of Dutch Parliament, had the powers to wage wars, make treaty and build forts.
✅ Founded their first factory in Masaulipatam in Andhra in 1605.
✅Subsequently they won over Portuguese & emerged as most dominant European trade power.
✅Pulicat was their main center in India, later replaced by Nagapattinam.
✅Dutch carried indigo manufactured in the Yamuna valley and Central India, textiles and silk from Bengal, Gujarat and the Coromandel, saltpetre from Bihar and opium and rice from the Ganga valley.
✅In 1623, a treaty between British and Dutch → Dutch withdrew their claim from India and British from Indonesia
✅1650 (17th century), English began to emerge as big colonial power in India.
✅Anglo Dutch rivalry lasted for 70 years, during which Dutch lost their settlements to British one by one.
✅The Dutch were not much interested in empire building in India; their concerns were trade. In any case, their main commercial interest lay in the Spice Islands of Indonesia from where they earned a huge profit through business.
✅Decline in India- The defeat of the Dutch in the Anglo-Dutch rivalry and the shifting of Dutch attention towards the Malay Archipelago. In Battle of Bedara (1759), the English defeated the Dutch.
✅ After prolonged warfare, both the parties compromised by which the British agreed to withdraw all their claims on Indonesia, and the Dutch retired from India.
✅Dutch established factories in:
🔸Masulipatnam (1605),
🔸Pulicat (1610),
🔸Surat (1616),
🔸 Bimlipatnam (1641),
🔸Karikal (1645),
🔸Chinsurah (1653),
🔸Cassimbazar (Kasimbazar),
🔸Baranagore, Patna, Balasore, Nagapatnam
(1658) and Cochin (1663).
(It covered both Eastern and western Coasts).
#Modern_history
#Pre_revision
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history
👍9❤3
🔆Major Pre-Independence Agrarian Revolts
✅Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) : The Santhals take global pride in the Santhal rebellion where over 1,000 Santhals and leaders of Sidho and Kanho Murmu rose against domination and battled against the vast East India Company (The Britishers).
✅Indigo Revolt (1859-60) : It was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.
✅Pabna Uprisings (1872-1875) : It was a resistance movement against the oppression of the zamindars. It originated in the Yusufshahi pargana, which is now the Sirajganj district within greater Pabna, Bangladesh.
✅Deccan Riots (1875) : The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders. The ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.
✅Pagri Sambhal Movement (1907) : It was a successful farm agitation that forced the British government to repeal three laws related to agriculture. Bhagat Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh was the force behind this agitation.
✅Peasant Movement in Oudha (1918-1922) : It was led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. He led a peasant's movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords. He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.
✅Champaran Movement (1917-18) : The peasantry on the indigo plantations in the Champaran district of Bihar was excessively oppressed by the European planters and compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and sell it at prices fixed by the planters. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi reached Champaran and defied the orders of district officials for leaving Champaran.
✅Peasant Agitation in Kheda (1918) : It was chiefly directed against the Government. In 1918, the crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection. Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported the peasants and advised them to withhold payment of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.
✅Moplah Rebellion (1921): The Moplahs were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were Hindus. Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. The Moplah movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.
✅Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) :It was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.
#Modern_History
#history
#prelims
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history
✅Santhal Rebellion (1855-56) : The Santhals take global pride in the Santhal rebellion where over 1,000 Santhals and leaders of Sidho and Kanho Murmu rose against domination and battled against the vast East India Company (The Britishers).
✅Indigo Revolt (1859-60) : It was a revolt by the farmers against British planters who had forced them to grow indigo under terms that were greatly unfavourable to the farmers.
✅Pabna Uprisings (1872-1875) : It was a resistance movement against the oppression of the zamindars. It originated in the Yusufshahi pargana, which is now the Sirajganj district within greater Pabna, Bangladesh.
✅Deccan Riots (1875) : The Deccan peasants uprising was directed mainly against the excesses of the Marwari and Gujarati money lenders. The ryots suffered heavy taxation under the Ryotwari system. The land revenue was also raised by 50% in 1867.
✅Pagri Sambhal Movement (1907) : It was a successful farm agitation that forced the British government to repeal three laws related to agriculture. Bhagat Singh’s uncle Ajit Singh was the force behind this agitation.
✅Peasant Movement in Oudha (1918-1922) : It was led by Baba Ramchandra, a Sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured laborer. He led a peasant's movement in Awadh against Talukdars and Landlords. He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar and the boycott of landlords.
✅Champaran Movement (1917-18) : The peasantry on the indigo plantations in the Champaran district of Bihar was excessively oppressed by the European planters and compelled to grow indigo on at least 3/20th of their land and sell it at prices fixed by the planters. In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi reached Champaran and defied the orders of district officials for leaving Champaran.
✅Peasant Agitation in Kheda (1918) : It was chiefly directed against the Government. In 1918, the crops failed in the Kheda district of Gujarat but the government refused to remit land revenue and insisted on its full collection. Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported the peasants and advised them to withhold payment of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.
✅Moplah Rebellion (1921): The Moplahs were the Muslim tenants inhabiting the Malabar region where most of the landlords were Hindus. Their grievances centred around lack of security of tenure, high rents, renewal fees and other oppressive exactions. The Moplah movement merged with the ongoing Khilafat agitation.
✅Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) :It was a movement in the independence struggle led by Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.
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👍8❤2
🔆Women in the Constituent Assembly:
📍Ammu Swaminathan (1894-1978)
✅ Hailed from Palakkad, Kerala; married Subbarama Swaminathan.
✅Contributions: Advocated for gender equality and spoke on the Hindu Code Bill despite male-dominated ridicule.
📍Annie Mascarene (1902-1963) :
✅ Born in Travancore, Latin Christian family; academic brilliance led her to law.
✅Contributions: Advocated for universal adult franchise and a strong Centre while promoting local government autonomy.
📍Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul (1909-2001) :
✅ From a royal family in Punjab; opposed purdah after marriage.
✅Contributions: Opposed separate electorates for religion and debated Muslim upliftment and Indian nationalism.
✅Post-independence: Elected to the Rajya Sabha; promoted women’s hockey.
📍Dakshayani Velayudhan (1912-1978) :
✅ First Dalit woman graduate in science; Pulaya community.
✅Contributions: Opposed separate electorates, emphasizing nationalism and equality.
📍Renuka Ray (1904-1997)
✅ Born in Pabna, now Bangladesh; studied at LSE after meeting Gandhi.
✅Contributions: Advocated for Hindu Code Bill, women’s rights to inheritance, and opposed women’s reservation as a barrier to growth.
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📍Ammu Swaminathan (1894-1978)
✅ Hailed from Palakkad, Kerala; married Subbarama Swaminathan.
✅Contributions: Advocated for gender equality and spoke on the Hindu Code Bill despite male-dominated ridicule.
📍Annie Mascarene (1902-1963) :
✅ Born in Travancore, Latin Christian family; academic brilliance led her to law.
✅Contributions: Advocated for universal adult franchise and a strong Centre while promoting local government autonomy.
📍Begum Qudsia Aizaz Rasul (1909-2001) :
✅ From a royal family in Punjab; opposed purdah after marriage.
✅Contributions: Opposed separate electorates for religion and debated Muslim upliftment and Indian nationalism.
✅Post-independence: Elected to the Rajya Sabha; promoted women’s hockey.
📍Dakshayani Velayudhan (1912-1978) :
✅ First Dalit woman graduate in science; Pulaya community.
✅Contributions: Opposed separate electorates, emphasizing nationalism and equality.
📍Renuka Ray (1904-1997)
✅ Born in Pabna, now Bangladesh; studied at LSE after meeting Gandhi.
✅Contributions: Advocated for Hindu Code Bill, women’s rights to inheritance, and opposed women’s reservation as a barrier to growth.
#history #prelims_facts #prelims #polity
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👍6❤4
🔆RANI ABBAKKA: the unyielding guardian of sovereignty and justice
✅The arrival of European powers in the late 15th century disrupted the political, economic, and cultural fabric of India, particularly in the coastal region of Tulunadu, Karnataka.
✅ The Portuguese, who discovered a sea route to this region, began building forts and ports, imposing taxes, and levying sailing permits, leading to socio-political conflicts.
✅ Tulunadu, originally ruled by the Alupa dynasty and later by the Vijayanagara Empire, became a battleground with the rise of minor dynasties and frequent wars.
✅ The Chautas, who ruled Ullala and Puttige, were one of these dynasties, following a matriarchal system.
✅ From the 13th to the mid-18th century, five Abbakka queens ruled Ullala, with two key figures emerging in the mid-16th to early 17th centuries.
✅ The elder Abbakka, who ruled from 1554 to 1588, fiercely resisted Portuguese dominance, fighting significant battles but ultimately being defeated. However, her bravery was praised by contemporary Portuguese writers.
✅The younger Abbakka, who ruled from 1594 to 1640, continued her mother's struggle against the Portuguese, marking a golden era in Ullala's history.
✅ She formed alliances with the Zamorin of Calicut and Malabar kings, attacked Portuguese holdings, and successfully resisted their influence.
✅Despite facing challenges, including lack of support from neighboring rulers and her husband, she remained committed to protecting her principality and her people's interests.
✅ Historians compare Abbakka to Queen Elizabeth I of England, noting her defiance against powerful foreign adversaries.
✅ Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle documented Abbakka's just and inclusive rule, highlighting her global reputation as a formidable leader.
✅ Both Abbakka queens played crucial roles in resisting Portuguese expansion in the coastal belt of Karnataka.
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Source - Yojana
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✅The arrival of European powers in the late 15th century disrupted the political, economic, and cultural fabric of India, particularly in the coastal region of Tulunadu, Karnataka.
✅ The Portuguese, who discovered a sea route to this region, began building forts and ports, imposing taxes, and levying sailing permits, leading to socio-political conflicts.
✅ Tulunadu, originally ruled by the Alupa dynasty and later by the Vijayanagara Empire, became a battleground with the rise of minor dynasties and frequent wars.
✅ The Chautas, who ruled Ullala and Puttige, were one of these dynasties, following a matriarchal system.
✅ From the 13th to the mid-18th century, five Abbakka queens ruled Ullala, with two key figures emerging in the mid-16th to early 17th centuries.
✅ The elder Abbakka, who ruled from 1554 to 1588, fiercely resisted Portuguese dominance, fighting significant battles but ultimately being defeated. However, her bravery was praised by contemporary Portuguese writers.
✅The younger Abbakka, who ruled from 1594 to 1640, continued her mother's struggle against the Portuguese, marking a golden era in Ullala's history.
✅ She formed alliances with the Zamorin of Calicut and Malabar kings, attacked Portuguese holdings, and successfully resisted their influence.
✅Despite facing challenges, including lack of support from neighboring rulers and her husband, she remained committed to protecting her principality and her people's interests.
✅ Historians compare Abbakka to Queen Elizabeth I of England, noting her defiance against powerful foreign adversaries.
✅ Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle documented Abbakka's just and inclusive rule, highlighting her global reputation as a formidable leader.
✅ Both Abbakka queens played crucial roles in resisting Portuguese expansion in the coastal belt of Karnataka.
#history #prelims_facts #prelims #modern
Source - Yojana
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👍11
🔆Gandhian Influence On Freedom Struggle In Telugu Region
✅ When Gandhiji was ejected from a whites-only carriage at Pietermaritzburg station on June 7, 1893, it marked a turning point, leading him to become a prominent leader.
✅ He founded the Natal Indian Congress on August 22, 1894, and experimented with 'Satyagraha' in South Africa.
✅ The Bombay-Madras railway line (1871) and the Calcutta-Madras line (1899) facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas by leaders like Tilak, Gokhale, Sri Aurobindo, and Bipin Chandra Pal.
✅ The Nizam of Deccan ceded parts of Andhra Pradesh to the British, creating distinct cultural regions in British Andhra and Telangana.
✅ In 1902, Koda Venkatappayya launched 'Krishna Patrika,' and Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao started 'Andhra Patrika' in 1908.
✅ Andhra Jatiya Kalasala (National College) was founded in 1910. Gandhiji returned to India in January 1915 and visited the Telugu region multiple times, beginning with his influence marked by the 1920 Telugu translation of his book 'Hind Swaraj.'
✅ In 1921, Gandhiji inaugurated the Pinakini Ashram in Nellore, the second Gandhian ashram in India.
✅ Pingali Venkayya, working on a national flag design, consulted Gandhiji, who later recorded his observations in 'Young India' on April 13, 1921.
📍Chirala-Perala Movement :
✅ Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah, who earned a postgraduate degree in Economics from the University of Edinburgh, played a key role in organizing the 1921 Indian National Congress session in Bezawada with his well-organized 'Ramadandu.'
✅ The Madras presidency government planned to merge the villages of Chirala and Perala in Guntur district into a municipality, increasing tax revenue from Rs 4,000 to Rs 40,000 annually.
✅ With Gandhiji's advice, Gopala Krishnaiah urged Chirala residents to relocate to a new settlement, 'Ramnagar,' and 13,582 out of 15,326 residents complied on April 25, 1921.
✅ He established an assembly and a court of arbitration there. However, the movement ended in February 1922 with Gopala Krishnaiah's arrest and imprisonment, leading to great despair.
📍Pullari Sathyagraha of Palnadu :
✅ During the 1920-21 famine, the British imposed the 'Pullari' tax on farmers for using forest produce and grazing cattle.
✅ This led to frequent clashes between peasants and the police as officials confiscated the farmers' cattle.
✅ In response to Gandhiji's call for the non-cooperation movement, Kanneganti Hanumanthu organized the Pullari Satyagraha, leading the people of Palnadu in a social boycott of revenue and forest officials.
✅ In July 1921, a significant hartal was led by Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah after the district collector sentenced Unnava Lakshminarayana and Vedantha Lakshminarasimhachar to one year in prison.
✅ Hanumanthu was ultimately betrayed by a village Karanam (revenue official), and the police besieged his village and shot him.
📍Pedanandipadu No-Tax Movement :
✅ In response to the Indian National Congress's 1921 session in Ahmedabad, the Andhra Congress Committee initiated a no-tax movement in 18 villages of Pedanandipadu in Guntur district.
✅ After the Chauri Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi halted the national non-cooperation movement on 12 February 1922 but later established the Gautami Satyagraha Ashram near Rajahmundry in 1925 to train
satyagrahis
✅ This ashram later focused on women's upliftment after Kasturba Gandhi's death in 1944.
📍Other Important Figures
✅ Dr. Bhogaraju Pattabhi Seetharamayya documented the history of the Congress from 1885 to 1935.
✅ In 1938, the Nizam of Telangana banned Gandhiji's visits and several publications.
✅ Potti Sreeramulu's 58-day Gandhian Satyagraha in 1952 led to his death and the eventual reorganization of states on linguistic lines, forming Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu on 1 November 1956.
#history #prelims_facts #prelims #modern
Source - Yojana
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@Upsc_4_history
✅ When Gandhiji was ejected from a whites-only carriage at Pietermaritzburg station on June 7, 1893, it marked a turning point, leading him to become a prominent leader.
✅ He founded the Natal Indian Congress on August 22, 1894, and experimented with 'Satyagraha' in South Africa.
✅ The Bombay-Madras railway line (1871) and the Calcutta-Madras line (1899) facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas by leaders like Tilak, Gokhale, Sri Aurobindo, and Bipin Chandra Pal.
✅ The Nizam of Deccan ceded parts of Andhra Pradesh to the British, creating distinct cultural regions in British Andhra and Telangana.
✅ In 1902, Koda Venkatappayya launched 'Krishna Patrika,' and Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao started 'Andhra Patrika' in 1908.
✅ Andhra Jatiya Kalasala (National College) was founded in 1910. Gandhiji returned to India in January 1915 and visited the Telugu region multiple times, beginning with his influence marked by the 1920 Telugu translation of his book 'Hind Swaraj.'
✅ In 1921, Gandhiji inaugurated the Pinakini Ashram in Nellore, the second Gandhian ashram in India.
✅ Pingali Venkayya, working on a national flag design, consulted Gandhiji, who later recorded his observations in 'Young India' on April 13, 1921.
📍Chirala-Perala Movement :
✅ Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah, who earned a postgraduate degree in Economics from the University of Edinburgh, played a key role in organizing the 1921 Indian National Congress session in Bezawada with his well-organized 'Ramadandu.'
✅ The Madras presidency government planned to merge the villages of Chirala and Perala in Guntur district into a municipality, increasing tax revenue from Rs 4,000 to Rs 40,000 annually.
✅ With Gandhiji's advice, Gopala Krishnaiah urged Chirala residents to relocate to a new settlement, 'Ramnagar,' and 13,582 out of 15,326 residents complied on April 25, 1921.
✅ He established an assembly and a court of arbitration there. However, the movement ended in February 1922 with Gopala Krishnaiah's arrest and imprisonment, leading to great despair.
📍Pullari Sathyagraha of Palnadu :
✅ During the 1920-21 famine, the British imposed the 'Pullari' tax on farmers for using forest produce and grazing cattle.
✅ This led to frequent clashes between peasants and the police as officials confiscated the farmers' cattle.
✅ In response to Gandhiji's call for the non-cooperation movement, Kanneganti Hanumanthu organized the Pullari Satyagraha, leading the people of Palnadu in a social boycott of revenue and forest officials.
✅ In July 1921, a significant hartal was led by Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah after the district collector sentenced Unnava Lakshminarayana and Vedantha Lakshminarasimhachar to one year in prison.
✅ Hanumanthu was ultimately betrayed by a village Karanam (revenue official), and the police besieged his village and shot him.
📍Pedanandipadu No-Tax Movement :
✅ In response to the Indian National Congress's 1921 session in Ahmedabad, the Andhra Congress Committee initiated a no-tax movement in 18 villages of Pedanandipadu in Guntur district.
✅ After the Chauri Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi halted the national non-cooperation movement on 12 February 1922 but later established the Gautami Satyagraha Ashram near Rajahmundry in 1925 to train
satyagrahis
✅ This ashram later focused on women's upliftment after Kasturba Gandhi's death in 1944.
📍Other Important Figures
✅ Dr. Bhogaraju Pattabhi Seetharamayya documented the history of the Congress from 1885 to 1935.
✅ In 1938, the Nizam of Telangana banned Gandhiji's visits and several publications.
✅ Potti Sreeramulu's 58-day Gandhian Satyagraha in 1952 led to his death and the eventual reorganization of states on linguistic lines, forming Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu on 1 November 1956.
#history #prelims_facts #prelims #modern
Source - Yojana
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history
👍13👌1