🔆Gandhian Influence On Freedom Struggle In Telugu Region
✅ When Gandhiji was ejected from a whites-only carriage at Pietermaritzburg station on June 7, 1893, it marked a turning point, leading him to become a prominent leader.
✅ He founded the Natal Indian Congress on August 22, 1894, and experimented with 'Satyagraha' in South Africa.
✅ The Bombay-Madras railway line (1871) and the Calcutta-Madras line (1899) facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas by leaders like Tilak, Gokhale, Sri Aurobindo, and Bipin Chandra Pal.
✅ The Nizam of Deccan ceded parts of Andhra Pradesh to the British, creating distinct cultural regions in British Andhra and Telangana.
✅ In 1902, Koda Venkatappayya launched 'Krishna Patrika,' and Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao started 'Andhra Patrika' in 1908.
✅ Andhra Jatiya Kalasala (National College) was founded in 1910. Gandhiji returned to India in January 1915 and visited the Telugu region multiple times, beginning with his influence marked by the 1920 Telugu translation of his book 'Hind Swaraj.'
✅ In 1921, Gandhiji inaugurated the Pinakini Ashram in Nellore, the second Gandhian ashram in India.
✅ Pingali Venkayya, working on a national flag design, consulted Gandhiji, who later recorded his observations in 'Young India' on April 13, 1921.

📍Chirala-Perala Movement :

✅ Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah, who earned a postgraduate degree in Economics from the University of Edinburgh, played a key role in organizing the 1921 Indian National Congress session in Bezawada with his well-organized 'Ramadandu.'
✅ The Madras presidency government planned to merge the villages of Chirala and Perala in Guntur district into a municipality, increasing tax revenue from Rs 4,000 to Rs 40,000 annually.
✅ With Gandhiji's advice, Gopala Krishnaiah urged Chirala residents to relocate to a new settlement, 'Ramnagar,' and 13,582 out of 15,326 residents complied on April 25, 1921.
✅ He established an assembly and a court of arbitration there. However, the movement ended in February 1922 with Gopala Krishnaiah's arrest and imprisonment, leading to great despair.
📍Pullari Sathyagraha of Palnadu :
✅ During the 1920-21 famine, the British imposed the 'Pullari' tax on farmers for using forest produce and grazing cattle.
✅ This led to frequent clashes between peasants and the police as officials confiscated the farmers' cattle.
✅ In response to Gandhiji's call for the non-cooperation movement, Kanneganti Hanumanthu organized the Pullari Satyagraha, leading the people of Palnadu in a social boycott of revenue and forest officials.
✅ In July 1921, a significant hartal was led by Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah after the district collector sentenced Unnava Lakshminarayana and Vedantha Lakshminarasimhachar to one year in prison.
✅ Hanumanthu was ultimately betrayed by a village Karanam (revenue official), and the police besieged his village and shot him.
📍Pedanandipadu No-Tax Movement :
✅ In response to the Indian National Congress's 1921 session in Ahmedabad, the Andhra Congress Committee initiated a no-tax movement in 18 villages of Pedanandipadu in Guntur district.
✅ After the Chauri Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi halted the national non-cooperation movement on 12 February 1922 but later established the Gautami Satyagraha Ashram near Rajahmundry in 1925 to train
satyagrahis
✅ This ashram later focused on women's upliftment after Kasturba Gandhi's death in 1944.
📍Other Important Figures
✅ Dr. Bhogaraju Pattabhi Seetharamayya documented the history of the Congress from 1885 to 1935.
✅ In 1938, the Nizam of Telangana banned Gandhiji's visits and several publications.
✅ Potti Sreeramulu's 58-day Gandhian Satyagraha in 1952 led to his death and the eventual reorganization of states on linguistic lines, forming Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu on 1 November 1956.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims #modern
Source - Yojana

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

Methanol

✅Methanol (CH3OH), also known as wood alcohol, is considered an alternative fuel under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. As an engine fuel, methanol has chemical and physical fuel properties similar to ethanol.
✅ It is a low-carbon, hydrogen-carrier fuel. It can be produced from high ash coal, agricultural residue, CO2 from thermal power plants and natural gas.
✅ It is an efficient fuel which emits fewer Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM) than Petrol & Diesel and produces no Sulfur oxide (SOx) as there is no sulphur in methanol.
✅It can be blended or be completely substituted with Petrol & Diesel to use as a transport fuel. It can also replace LPG, Wood and Kerosene as cooking fuel.
✅ The Methanol Economy Research Programme (MERP) is an initiative of the Department of Science and Technology (DST). It was launched in 2015. It focuses on developing novel technologies for methanol production from different feedstocks, such as high-ash coal, carbon dioxide, and
biomass.
✅ India has an installed Methanol Production capacity of 2 MT per annum. Methanol can be produced from high-ash coal, biomass, stranded gas & municipal solid waste. As per the plan prepared by NITI Aayog, using Indian High Ash coal, Stranded gas, Biomass, Municipal solid waste can produce 20 MT of methanol annually by 2025.

India, with 125 Billion Tonnes of proven Coal reserves and 500 million tonnes of Biomass generated every year & the huge quantities of Stranded & Flared gases has a huge potential for ensuring energy security based on alternate feedstock and fuels.

#prelims_facts #prelims
#environment

Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_environment

🔆 National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP): Key Highlights

📍 Objective
✅ Align India’s biodiversity strategy with global targets like the Aichi Biodiversity Targets under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

📍 Key Challenges
✅ Biodiversity Loss: Caused by habitat fragmentation, pollution, and overexploitation of resources.
✅ Policy Gaps: Limited focus on biodiversity in developmental policies.
✅ Community Involvement: Insufficient participation in conservation efforts.

📍 Proposed Measures
✅ Site-Specific Plans: Develop management plans for Protected Areas.
✅ Community Monitoring: Promote participatory wildlife monitoring involving local communities.
✅ Integration with Climate Goals: Link biodiversity conservation with climate adaptation strategies.

📍 Significance
🌱 NBAP ensures sustainable biodiversity conservation, addressing both national and global challenges.

#prelims_facts #prelims
#environment

Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_4_environment

🔆 Key Terms from Rig Vedic Period

📍 Assemblies & Officials
✅ Sabha → Assembly performing judicial functions.
✅ Samiti → Folk assembly for tribal decision-making.
✅ Sabhavat → Women attending the assembly.
✅ Madhyamsi → Mediator in disputes.
✅ Sangrahitri → Treasurer.
✅ Bhagadugha → Tax collector.
✅ Akshavapa → Account officer.
✅ Ugra → Police official.
✅ Jivagrabha → Authority responsible for capturing criminals.
✅ Prashnavinak → Judges.

📍 Beliefs & Deities
✅ Avrata → People disobeying god’s ordinances.
✅ Pushan → God of Shudras.

📍 Cattle & Society
✅ Gau (Cow) → Central to Rig Vedic culture, many names with the suffix “Gau” exist in Rig Veda.
✅ Godhuli → Used as a measure of time.
✅ Gavyuti → Unit for measuring distance.
✅ Duhitri → Term for daughter, as she used to milk cows.
✅ Gavisti → Refers to conflicts and battles.
✅ Gavesana → Search for cattle.
✅ Gayat → Term for hostilities.
✅ Gauri & Gavala → Buffalo.
✅ Gomat → Owner of cattle.
✅ Gojit → Winner of cows.

📍 Scholars & Rishis
✅ Hotra/Hotri → Rishis expert in Rigveda.
✅ Udgatri → Expert of Samaveda.
✅ Adhvaryu → Expert in Yajurveda.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

📜 Eminent Personalities of Ancient India 🇮🇳

✅ Alexander – Ruler of Macedonia, invaded India in 326 BC, reached river Beas.
✅ Ajatashatru – Son of Bimbisara, established Pataliputra.
✅ Arien – Greek historian, wrote about Alexander’s invasion.
✅ Ashwaghosa – Wrote Buddha Charita, Sutralankar, and Sandaranand.
✅ AmarSimha – Sanskrit scholar, wrote Amarakosha in Chandragupta’s court.
✅ Aryabhatta – Explained solar & lunar eclipses, declared Earth is round, wrote Aryabhattiyam.
✅ Bimbisara – Founded Magadha Empire (Haryanka Dynasty), first influential king.
✅ Banabhatta – Court poet of Harshavardhana, wrote Harsha Charita & Kadambari.
✅ Charak – Ayurvedic expert, wrote Charak-Samhita.
✅ Amoghavarsha – Famous Rashtrakuta ruler.
✅ Patanjali – Founded ‘Yoga Shastra’, Hindu philosophy school.
✅ Dhanananda – Powerful Magadha king; Alexander did not invade Magadha due to his reputation.
✅ Darius I – Persian ruler who invaded India in 6th century BC.
✅ Gautami Putra Satakarni – Most famous Satavahana king (2nd century).

📜 Other Key Personalities

✅ Harisena – Wrote Prayaga Prashasti (Allahabad Pillar Inscription of Samudragupta).
✅ Kharavela – Ruler of Kalinga in 1st century AD, known for Hathigumpha inscription.
✅ Kanishka – Kushan king, started Shaka Era, organized 4th Buddhist Council (Kundalvana, Kashmir).
✅ Karikala – Chola ruler, founded Puhar (Kaveri Pattinam).
✅ Kautilya (Chanakya) – Wrote Arthashastra, compared to Machiavelli.
✅ Kalidasa – Sanskrit poet; wrote Raghuvamsa, Abhijnana Shakuntalam, Meghadutam.
✅ Kamban – Tamil poet (11th century), wrote Ramayanam in Tamil.
✅ Mihir Bhoja – Famous Pratihara ruler (9th century).
✅ Kalhana – Kashmiri poet & historian, wrote Rajatarangini.
✅ Marco Polo – Venetian traveller, visited India (13th century).
✅ Menander – Indo-Greek king, embraced Buddhism, known as Milinda Panho.
✅ Nagarjuna – Buddhist monk, propounded Madhyamaka philosophy.
✅ Makkali Gosala – Founder of Ajivika Sect (6th century BC).
✅ Mihirkula – Huna conqueror, defeated by Yashodharma.
✅ Skandagupta – Last mighty Gupta ruler.

📜 Scholars & Scientists of Ancient India

✅ Sushrut – Doctor, wrote Sushruta-Samhita.
✅ Pulikeshi II – Powerful Chalukya king, defeated Harshavardhana.
✅ Pushya Mitra Sunga – Killed last Mauryan ruler, founded Sunga Dynasty (185 BC).
✅ Pliny – Roman historian, wrote Natural History, documented Mauryas of India.
✅ Panini – Sanskrit grammarian, wrote Ashtadhyayi.
✅ Varahamihira – Astronomer, wrote Brihat Samhita.
✅ Sankaracharya – Propagated Advaita philosophy, born in Kaladi, Kerala.

#history
#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

🏛️ Important Court Scholars & Their Patrons 📜

✅ Kalidasa → Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya)
✅ Banabhatta → Harshavardhana
✅ Alberuni → Muhammad Ghazni
✅ Firdausi → Muhammad Ghazni
✅ Amir Khusro → Alauddin Khilji
✅ Todarmal → Akbar
✅ Tansen → Akbar
✅ Birbal → Akbar
✅ Mansingh → Akbar
✅ Abul Fazal → Akbar
✅ Ashva Ghosha → Kanishka
✅ Amara Simha → Chandragupta II
✅ Chand Bardai → Prithviraj Chauhan
✅ Ravikirti → Pulikesin II
✅ Dhanwantari → Chandragupta II
✅ Harisen → Samudragupta
✅ Tenali Rama → Krishnadeva Raya

#history
#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

🔆Spices Board India

✅ Statutory organization constituted under the Spices Board Act 1986
✅ It was formed with the merger of the erstwhile Cardamom Board and Spices Export Promotion Council
✅ Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Commerce & Industry
✅ It functions as an international link between the Indian exporters and the importers abroad
✅ It is responsible for the overall development of cardamom (small and large) and also implement post-harvest improvement programmes to improve the quality of the 52 scheduled spices for export along with organic production, processing and certification of spices
✅ Recently, with certain spices of Indian brands facing bans in Singapore and Hong Kong due to quality concerns, the Spices Board said it will start mandatory testing of such consignments.

#prelims_facts

🔆 Important Religious & Philosophical Terms

📍 Religious Concepts
✅ Ziarat – Place of pilgrimage.
✅ Hagiography – Sacred biography.
✅ Dana – Donation or votive offering.
✅ Yajna – Sacrificial ritual.
✅ Moksha – Liberation from the cycle of rebirth.

📍 Philosophical & Theological Beliefs
✅ Monolatry – Belief in a supreme god while acknowledging other gods.
✅ Monotheism – Belief in only one god.
✅ Henotheism – Worship of multiple deities, but one is supreme at a given time. This Rig Vedic concept (coined by Max Müller) describes how different gods are praised as the highest in different hymns.
✅ Astika Schools – Philosophies that accept Vedic authority (e.g., Nyaya, Samkhya).
✅ Nastika Schools – Reject Vedic authority (e.g., Buddhism, Jainism, Charvaka).

📍 Ancient Sects & Schools
✅ Ajivikas – Ancient sect linked to Makkhali Gosala.
✅ Charvaka – Atheistic materialist philosophy (Lokayata).
✅ Samana – Renunciant, seeker of truth.
✅ Charana – Vedic school of study.

📍 Hindu Cosmology & Mythology
✅ Kalpa – One Brahma day (4.32 billion years).
✅ Kaliyuga – The fourth and final age of the aeon.
✅ Yakshas – Deities of water, fertility, and forests.
✅ Nagas/Naginis – Male & female serpent deities.

📍 Societal Practices & Rituals
✅ Samskaras – Rituals marking life’s important stages.
✅ Sapindas – Relatives governed by marriage & inheritance laws.
✅ Dakshina – Sacrificial fee given to priests.
✅ Niyoga – Ancient practice where a widow cohabits with her brother-in-law to bear children.
✅ Viragal – Hero stone, especially in Tamil Nadu.

#history
#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

🔆 Vedic and Associated Literature

📍 Shruti: "That which is heard"; the authoritative religious texts of Hinduism, including the four Vedas and their embedded texts: Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads.

📍 Smriti: "Remembered texts"; includes Vedangas, Puranas, epics, Dharmashastras, and Nitishastra.

📍 Vedas: The four ancient Sanskrit texts:
✅ Rig Veda
✅ Yajur Veda
✅ Sama Veda
✅ Atharva Veda

📍 Samhita: A collection of hymns associated with the Vedas.
📍 Brahmanas: Ritualistic texts explaining Vedic sacrifices.
📍 Aranyakas: "Forest books" forming part of the Vedic corpus.
📍 Vedangas: "Limbs of the Veda"; auxiliary texts.
📍 Gayatri Mantra: Verses from the Rig Veda invoking wisdom and enlightenment.
📍 Puranas: Hindu texts containing the history of various dynasties.
📍 Itihasa-Purana: Texts claiming to refer to past events.
📍 Dharmasutras: The earliest Dharmashastras, written in aphoristic style.
📍 Dharma-Shastra: Texts codifying social and ritual duties within the Varna system.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

🔆 Ancient Indian Literature: Key Texts & Traditions

📍 Buddhist Literature
✅ Tipitaka: The "Three Baskets" of Buddhist canonical texts, forming the core of Theravada Buddhism.
✅ Jatakas: A collection of 15 books in the Khuddaka Nikaya, narrating stories of Buddha’s previous births.

📍 Sangam Literature
✅ Sangam Literature: Ancient Tamil texts, including Ettutokai, Pattuppattu, and Tolkappiyam.
✅ Akam: Sangam poetry focused on love and emotions.
✅ Puram: Sangam poetry depicting war and heroism.

📍 Bhakti Literature
✅ Nalaiyira Divya Prabandham: A hymn collection by Nathamuni, praising Alvar saints.
✅ Tirumurai: The canon of South Indian Shaiva Bhakti.
✅ Tevaram: A compilation of Shaiva hymns.
✅ Tiruttondar-Tiruvantai: Written by Nambi Andar Nambi, narrating Nayanmar saints’ lives.
✅ Tiruttondar-Tokai: A text listing 62 Nayanmar saints, compiled by Sundarar.
✅ Periyapuranam: A 12th-century text with hagiographies of Nayanmar saints.

📍 Statecraft
✅ Saptanga Rajya: Concept of a seven-limbed state as per Arthashastra.
✅ Nitishastra: Sanskrit works on governance and diplomacy.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

🔆 Sangam Age: Key Highlights

📍 Titles of Sangam Dynasties
✅ Chola – Senni, Valavan, Killi
✅ Pandya – Thennavar, Minavar, Panchavar
✅ Cheras – Vanavar, Villavar, Kuttavar

📍 Village Administration
✅ Manram – Village assemblies managing local affairs
✅ Urs – Town
✅ Perur – Large villages
✅ Sirur – Small villages

📍 Trade & Ports (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea)
✅ Noura – Kannur
✅ Tyndis – Ponnani
✅ Muziris – Kodungallur
✅ Nelcynda – Kottayam
✅ Colchi – Korkai
✅ Camara – Kaveripattanam
✅ Poduka/Arikamedu – Pondicherry

📍 Major Trade & Industry
✅ Madurai & Uraiyur – Important textile centers
✅ Korkai – Center for pearl trade

📍 Land Classification by Fertility
✅ Marudam – Most fertile land
✅ Menpulam – Fertile land
✅ Pinpulam – Dry land
✅ Vanpulam – Hard land
✅ Kalaṇilam/Uvanilam – Salty land

📍 Market System
✅ Angadi – The market
✅ Nalangadi – Morning bazaar
✅ Allangadi – Evening bazaar

📍 Society & Culture
✅ Occupational Castes – Panar, Eyinar, Pulaiyar
✅ Devarinda – Term for a group of five gods: Murugan, Shiva, Krishna, Balarama, and Indra
✅ Karikala – Known as the Master of 7 notes of music
✅ Utharamerur Inscription – Provides insights into local self-government under the Cholas

#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

🔆 Education Commissions in British India & Their Influencers

📍 Woods Dispatch (1854) – Lord Dalhousie
✅ Known as the "Magna Carta of English Education in India".
✅ Advocated secular & hierarchical education system.
✅ Emphasized vernacular education for Indian natives.

📍 Hunter Commission (1882) – Lord Ripon (1880-1884)
✅ Reviewed progress since Woods Dispatch.
✅ Recommended vernacular primary education & female education.
✅ Suggested division of secondary education into literary & vocational streams.

📍 Thomas Raleigh University Commission (1902) – Lord Curzon (1899-1905)
✅ Led to the Indian Universities Act (1904).
✅ Increased government control over universities & private colleges.
✅ Criticized for restricting education access to government loyalists.

📍 Michael Sadler Calcutta University Commission (1917) – Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921)
✅ Investigated University of Calcutta’s conditions & impact.
✅ Recommended formation of a Board to oversee secondary & intermediate education.

📍 Lord Itchap Indian Disbandment Committee (1923) – Lord Reading (1921-1926)
✅ Discussed the Central Committee of Education.

📍 Simon Commission (1927) – Lord Irwin (1926-1931)
✅ Investigated constitutional reforms but excluded Indians, leading to protests.

📍 Hartog Commission (1929) – Lord Irwin (1926-1931)
✅ Focused on primary education quality & suggested limiting mass education expansion.

📍 Sargent Scheme (1944) – Lord Wavell (1943-1947)
✅ Proposed Post-War Education Development.
✅ Recommended universal, free, & compulsory education.


#history #prelims_facts #prelims

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

🔆 Organizations Before INC

📍 Bangabhasha Prakashika Sabha (1836)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Raja Ram Mohan Roy

📍 Zamindari Association (1837)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Dwarkanath Tagore

📍 British India Society (1839)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: William Adam

📍 The Bengal British India Society (1843)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: Dwarkanath Tagore, Radhakant Deb

📍 British India Association (1851)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: Dwarkanath Tagore, Radhakant Deb

📍 Madras Native Association (1852)
✅ Location: Madras
✅ Founder: Gazalu Chetty

📍 Bombay Association (1852)
✅ Location: Bombay
✅ Founder: Jagannath Shankar Seth

📍 East India Association (1866)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Dadabhai Naoroji

📍 Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870)
✅ Location: Bombay (Poona)
✅ Founders: M. G. Ranade, Ganesh Vasudev Joshi, S. H. Chipalunkar

📍 National Indian Association (1870)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Mary Carpenter

📍 Indian Society (1872)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Anand Mohan Bose

📍 Indian League (1875)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Sisir Kumar Ghosh

📍 The Indian Association of Calcutta (1876)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: S. N. Banerjea, Anand Mohan Bose

📍 The Madras Mahajan Sabha (1884)
✅ Location: Madras
✅ Founders: M. Veeraraghavachari, G. Subramania Aiyer, P. Anand Charlu

📍 Bombay Presidency Association (1885)
✅ Location: Bombay
✅ Founders: K. T. Telang, Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta


#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

🔆 Key Terms from Rig Vedic Period

📍 Assemblies & Officials
✅ Sabha → Assembly performing judicial functions.
✅ Samiti → Folk assembly for tribal decision-making.
✅ Sabhavat → Women attending the assembly.
✅ Madhyamsi → Mediator in disputes.
✅ Sangrahitri → Treasurer.
✅ Bhagadugha → Tax collector.
✅ Akshavapa → Account officer.
✅ Ugra → Police official.
✅ Jivagrabha → Authority responsible for capturing criminals.
✅ Prashnavinak → Judges.

📍 Beliefs & Deities
✅ Avrata → People disobeying god’s ordinances.
✅ Pushan → God of Shudras.

📍 Cattle & Society
✅ Gau (Cow) → Central to Rig Vedic culture, many names with the suffix “Gau” exist in Rig Veda.
✅ Godhuli → Used as a measure of time.
✅ Gavyuti → Unit for measuring distance.
✅ Duhitri → Term for daughter, as she used to milk cows.
✅ Gavisti → Refers to conflicts and battles.
✅ Gavesana → Search for cattle.
✅ Gayat → Term for hostilities.
✅ Gauri & Gavala → Buffalo.
✅ Gomat → Owner of cattle.
✅ Gojit → Winner of cows.

📍 Scholars & Rishis
✅ Hotra/Hotri → Rishis expert in Rigveda.
✅ Udgatri → Expert of Samaveda.
✅ Adhvaryu → Expert in Yajurveda.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

🔆 Organizations Before INC

📍 Bangabhasha Prakashika Sabha (1836)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Raja Ram Mohan Roy

📍 Zamindari Association (1837)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Dwarkanath Tagore

📍 British India Society (1839)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: William Adam

📍 The Bengal British India Society (1843)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: Dwarkanath Tagore, Radhakant Deb

📍 British India Association (1851)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: Dwarkanath Tagore, Radhakant Deb

📍 Madras Native Association (1852)
✅ Location: Madras
✅ Founder: Gazalu Chetty

📍 Bombay Association (1852)
✅ Location: Bombay
✅ Founder: Jagannath Shankar Seth

📍 East India Association (1866)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Dadabhai Naoroji

📍 Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870)
✅ Location: Bombay (Poona)
✅ Founders: M. G. Ranade, Ganesh Vasudev Joshi, S. H. Chipalunkar

📍 National Indian Association (1870)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Mary Carpenter

📍 Indian Society (1872)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Anand Mohan Bose

📍 Indian League (1875)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Sisir Kumar Ghosh

📍 The Indian Association of Calcutta (1876)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: S. N. Banerjea, Anand Mohan Bose

📍 The Madras Mahajan Sabha (1884)
✅ Location: Madras
✅ Founders: M. Veeraraghavachari, G. Subramania Aiyer, P. Anand Charlu

📍 Bombay Presidency Association (1885)
✅ Location: Bombay
✅ Founders: K. T. Telang, Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta


#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history

🔆Gandhian Influence On Freedom Struggle In Telugu Region
✅ When Gandhiji was ejected from a whites-only carriage at Pietermaritzburg station on June 7, 1893, it marked a turning point, leading him to become a prominent leader.
✅ He founded the Natal Indian Congress on August 22, 1894, and experimented with 'Satyagraha' in South Africa.
✅ The Bombay-Madras railway line (1871) and the Calcutta-Madras line (1899) facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas by leaders like Tilak, Gokhale, Sri Aurobindo, and Bipin Chandra Pal.
✅ The Nizam of Deccan ceded parts of Andhra Pradesh to the British, creating distinct cultural regions in British Andhra and Telangana.
✅ In 1902, Koda Venkatappayya launched 'Krishna Patrika,' and Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao started 'Andhra Patrika' in 1908.
✅ Andhra Jatiya Kalasala (National College) was founded in 1910. Gandhiji returned to India in January 1915 and visited the Telugu region multiple times, beginning with his influence marked by the 1920 Telugu translation of his book 'Hind Swaraj.'
✅ In 1921, Gandhiji inaugurated the Pinakini Ashram in Nellore, the second Gandhian ashram in India.
✅ Pingali Venkayya, working on a national flag design, consulted Gandhiji, who later recorded his observations in 'Young India' on April 13, 1921.

📍Chirala-Perala Movement :

✅ Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah, who earned a postgraduate degree in Economics from the University of Edinburgh, played a key role in organizing the 1921 Indian National Congress session in Bezawada with his well-organized 'Ramadandu.'
✅ The Madras presidency government planned to merge the villages of Chirala and Perala in Guntur district into a municipality, increasing tax revenue from Rs 4,000 to Rs 40,000 annually.
✅ With Gandhiji's advice, Gopala Krishnaiah urged Chirala residents to relocate to a new settlement, 'Ramnagar,' and 13,582 out of 15,326 residents complied on April 25, 1921.
✅ He established an assembly and a court of arbitration there. However, the movement ended in February 1922 with Gopala Krishnaiah's arrest and imprisonment, leading to great despair.
📍Pullari Sathyagraha of Palnadu :
✅ During the 1920-21 famine, the British imposed the 'Pullari' tax on farmers for using forest produce and grazing cattle.
✅ This led to frequent clashes between peasants and the police as officials confiscated the farmers' cattle.
✅ In response to Gandhiji's call for the non-cooperation movement, Kanneganti Hanumanthu organized the Pullari Satyagraha, leading the people of Palnadu in a social boycott of revenue and forest officials.
✅ In July 1921, a significant hartal was led by Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah after the district collector sentenced Unnava Lakshminarayana and Vedantha Lakshminarasimhachar to one year in prison.
✅ Hanumanthu was ultimately betrayed by a village Karanam (revenue official), and the police besieged his village and shot him.
📍Pedanandipadu No-Tax Movement :
✅ In response to the Indian National Congress's 1921 session in Ahmedabad, the Andhra Congress Committee initiated a no-tax movement in 18 villages of Pedanandipadu in Guntur district.
✅ After the Chauri Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi halted the national non-cooperation movement on 12 February 1922 but later established the Gautami Satyagraha Ashram near Rajahmundry in 1925 to train
satyagrahis
✅ This ashram later focused on women's upliftment after Kasturba Gandhi's death in 1944.
📍Other Important Figures
✅ Dr. Bhogaraju Pattabhi Seetharamayya documented the history of the Congress from 1885 to 1935.
✅ In 1938, the Nizam of Telangana banned Gandhiji's visits and several publications.
✅ Potti Sreeramulu's 58-day Gandhian Satyagraha in 1952 led to his death and the eventual reorganization of states on linguistic lines, forming Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu on 1 November 1956.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims

🔆 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) :

✅ Initially - Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) , 1973
✅ Renamed (2006) - PTGs as PVTGs by GOI
✅ Characteristics :
1. Preservation of pre-agricultural practices,
2. Economic Backwardness,
3. Decreasing or stagnant population growth
4. Relatively low levels of literacy in contrast to other tribal groups.
✅ Recognition - 75 tribal communities (across 18 states and UT of Andaman & Nicobar Island )
✅ Highest No. - Odisha (13), followed by Andhra Pradesh (12), Gujarat (8) and Tamil Nadu (6), while no PVTGs are found in the states of Punjab and Haryana.
✅ Tribal Welfare Initiatives : PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN), Pradhan Mantri PVTG Development Mission etc.

#social_issues
#prelims_facts

Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs