🔆mhajanpadas age
Time -Sixth B.C.
According to anyutrnikay( Buddhist text )- 16 mahajanpadas
✅anga - capital( champa )- present area (northern bihar )
✅magadha- giribrijh/rajgarh /patliputra -patan area ,bihar
✅kashi -varanasi-present varanshi area ,up
✅vatsa -kosambi-allahabad area ,up
✅vajji-veshali /videh /mithila-mujjafarpur and darbanga area ,bihar
✅koshal-sravasti -fezabad ,gonda area ,up
✅avanti -ujjain /mahismati-ujjain + maheshwar area ,mp
✅malla-kusavati-devria ,bati area ,up
✅panchal-ahichtra /kampilaya- Bareilly,up
✅chedi-saktimati-bundelkhand area ,up +mp
✅kuru-indraprasth-delhi,merath area
✅matasya-viratnagar -jaipur ,alwar area ,rj
✅kamboj-hatak-rajori,hajara area ,j&k
✅sursen -mathura -mathura ,up
✅ashmak-potan -godawari area ,mh ( only south india located mhajanpad)
✅Gandhar-takshshila-present bn pakistan

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#history

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#ancient
🔆 Main sects-
📍Vaishnav-vishistadwet philosophy- Ramanuj
📍brahma-dwet philosophy -Madhavcharya (anandthirth)
📍rudra - sudhadwet philosophy - Vallabhacharya (vishnuswami)
📍sanak - dwetadwet philosophy -Nimbark

#ancient
🔆Main sects ,their founder and their books-
📍barkari /varkari -Namdev -abhanga
📍shree vaishnav - Ramanuj- brhamasutra
📍parmarth-Ramdas - dashbodh
📍Rambhkta -Ramanand- aadhyatm ramayana

#ancient
📍 Buddhist councils -
Total 4 councils
✅first -483 BC- rajgrah -mhakashyap (president )-ajatsatru( ruler )
✅ second -383 BC- vaishali -sabakami- kalashok
✅third- 255 BC- patliputra -moglipuutt tiss- Ashok
✅fourth- 1st A.D - kundalvan (kashmir )- vasumitra/asvghosh -kanishk

#ancient
📍 religion and their founder -
✅aajivika - makhliputra ghoshal
✅Anishchyavadi - Sanjay vethliputra
✅ materialism - kachhayan
✅akriyavadi or inactionists- puraan kashyap
✅accidentalism - acharya ajit

#ancient
🔆major thoughts and their associated religion -
✅Anekantvada /sunyavad /swetvad - Jainism
✅ Tripitakas- Jainism
✅tri ratna - Buddhism
✅Nirvana - Buddhism
✅ Nonviolence -jainism
✅avtarvad - Buddhism
✅Brahmacharya - Buddhism
✅dukh nivarni prtipada - buddhism

🔆 Key Terms from Rig Vedic Period

📍 Assemblies & Officials
✅ Sabha → Assembly performing judicial functions.
✅ Samiti → Folk assembly for tribal decision-making.
✅ Sabhavat → Women attending the assembly.
✅ Madhyamsi → Mediator in disputes.
✅ Sangrahitri → Treasurer.
✅ Bhagadugha → Tax collector.
✅ Akshavapa → Account officer.
✅ Ugra → Police official.
✅ Jivagrabha → Authority responsible for capturing criminals.
✅ Prashnavinak → Judges.

📍 Beliefs & Deities
✅ Avrata → People disobeying god’s ordinances.
✅ Pushan → God of Shudras.

📍 Cattle & Society
✅ Gau (Cow) → Central to Rig Vedic culture, many names with the suffix “Gau” exist in Rig Veda.
✅ Godhuli → Used as a measure of time.
✅ Gavyuti → Unit for measuring distance.
✅ Duhitri → Term for daughter, as she used to milk cows.
✅ Gavisti → Refers to conflicts and battles.
✅ Gavesana → Search for cattle.
✅ Gayat → Term for hostilities.
✅ Gauri & Gavala → Buffalo.
✅ Gomat → Owner of cattle.
✅ Gojit → Winner of cows.

📍 Scholars & Rishis
✅ Hotra/Hotri → Rishis expert in Rigveda.
✅ Udgatri → Expert of Samaveda.
✅ Adhvaryu → Expert in Yajurveda.

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📜 Eminent Personalities of Ancient India 🇮🇳

✅ Alexander – Ruler of Macedonia, invaded India in 326 BC, reached river Beas.
✅ Ajatashatru – Son of Bimbisara, established Pataliputra.
✅ Arien – Greek historian, wrote about Alexander’s invasion.
✅ Ashwaghosa – Wrote Buddha Charita, Sutralankar, and Sandaranand.
✅ AmarSimha – Sanskrit scholar, wrote Amarakosha in Chandragupta’s court.
✅ Aryabhatta – Explained solar & lunar eclipses, declared Earth is round, wrote Aryabhattiyam.
✅ Bimbisara – Founded Magadha Empire (Haryanka Dynasty), first influential king.
✅ Banabhatta – Court poet of Harshavardhana, wrote Harsha Charita & Kadambari.
✅ Charak – Ayurvedic expert, wrote Charak-Samhita.
✅ Amoghavarsha – Famous Rashtrakuta ruler.
✅ Patanjali – Founded ‘Yoga Shastra’, Hindu philosophy school.
✅ Dhanananda – Powerful Magadha king; Alexander did not invade Magadha due to his reputation.
✅ Darius I – Persian ruler who invaded India in 6th century BC.
✅ Gautami Putra Satakarni – Most famous Satavahana king (2nd century).

📜 Other Key Personalities

✅ Harisena – Wrote Prayaga Prashasti (Allahabad Pillar Inscription of Samudragupta).
✅ Kharavela – Ruler of Kalinga in 1st century AD, known for Hathigumpha inscription.
✅ Kanishka – Kushan king, started Shaka Era, organized 4th Buddhist Council (Kundalvana, Kashmir).
✅ Karikala – Chola ruler, founded Puhar (Kaveri Pattinam).
✅ Kautilya (Chanakya) – Wrote Arthashastra, compared to Machiavelli.
✅ Kalidasa – Sanskrit poet; wrote Raghuvamsa, Abhijnana Shakuntalam, Meghadutam.
✅ Kamban – Tamil poet (11th century), wrote Ramayanam in Tamil.
✅ Mihir Bhoja – Famous Pratihara ruler (9th century).
✅ Kalhana – Kashmiri poet & historian, wrote Rajatarangini.
✅ Marco Polo – Venetian traveller, visited India (13th century).
✅ Menander – Indo-Greek king, embraced Buddhism, known as Milinda Panho.
✅ Nagarjuna – Buddhist monk, propounded Madhyamaka philosophy.
✅ Makkali Gosala – Founder of Ajivika Sect (6th century BC).
✅ Mihirkula – Huna conqueror, defeated by Yashodharma.
✅ Skandagupta – Last mighty Gupta ruler.

📜 Scholars & Scientists of Ancient India

✅ Sushrut – Doctor, wrote Sushruta-Samhita.
✅ Pulikeshi II – Powerful Chalukya king, defeated Harshavardhana.
✅ Pushya Mitra Sunga – Killed last Mauryan ruler, founded Sunga Dynasty (185 BC).
✅ Pliny – Roman historian, wrote Natural History, documented Mauryas of India.
✅ Panini – Sanskrit grammarian, wrote Ashtadhyayi.
✅ Varahamihira – Astronomer, wrote Brihat Samhita.
✅ Sankaracharya – Propagated Advaita philosophy, born in Kaladi, Kerala.

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#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

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🏛️ Important Court Scholars & Their Patrons 📜

✅ Kalidasa → Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya)
✅ Banabhatta → Harshavardhana
✅ Alberuni → Muhammad Ghazni
✅ Firdausi → Muhammad Ghazni
✅ Amir Khusro → Alauddin Khilji
✅ Todarmal → Akbar
✅ Tansen → Akbar
✅ Birbal → Akbar
✅ Mansingh → Akbar
✅ Abul Fazal → Akbar
✅ Ashva Ghosha → Kanishka
✅ Amara Simha → Chandragupta II
✅ Chand Bardai → Prithviraj Chauhan
✅ Ravikirti → Pulikesin II
✅ Dhanwantari → Chandragupta II
✅ Harisen → Samudragupta
✅ Tenali Rama → Krishnadeva Raya

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🔆 Important Religious & Philosophical Terms

📍 Religious Concepts
✅ Ziarat – Place of pilgrimage.
✅ Hagiography – Sacred biography.
✅ Dana – Donation or votive offering.
✅ Yajna – Sacrificial ritual.
✅ Moksha – Liberation from the cycle of rebirth.

📍 Philosophical & Theological Beliefs
✅ Monolatry – Belief in a supreme god while acknowledging other gods.
✅ Monotheism – Belief in only one god.
✅ Henotheism – Worship of multiple deities, but one is supreme at a given time. This Rig Vedic concept (coined by Max Müller) describes how different gods are praised as the highest in different hymns.
✅ Astika Schools – Philosophies that accept Vedic authority (e.g., Nyaya, Samkhya).
✅ Nastika Schools – Reject Vedic authority (e.g., Buddhism, Jainism, Charvaka).

📍 Ancient Sects & Schools
✅ Ajivikas – Ancient sect linked to Makkhali Gosala.
✅ Charvaka – Atheistic materialist philosophy (Lokayata).
✅ Samana – Renunciant, seeker of truth.
✅ Charana – Vedic school of study.

📍 Hindu Cosmology & Mythology
✅ Kalpa – One Brahma day (4.32 billion years).
✅ Kaliyuga – The fourth and final age of the aeon.
✅ Yakshas – Deities of water, fertility, and forests.
✅ Nagas/Naginis – Male & female serpent deities.

📍 Societal Practices & Rituals
✅ Samskaras – Rituals marking life’s important stages.
✅ Sapindas – Relatives governed by marriage & inheritance laws.
✅ Dakshina – Sacrificial fee given to priests.
✅ Niyoga – Ancient practice where a widow cohabits with her brother-in-law to bear children.
✅ Viragal – Hero stone, especially in Tamil Nadu.

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🔆 Vedic and Associated Literature

📍 Shruti: "That which is heard"; the authoritative religious texts of Hinduism, including the four Vedas and their embedded texts: Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads.

📍 Smriti: "Remembered texts"; includes Vedangas, Puranas, epics, Dharmashastras, and Nitishastra.

📍 Vedas: The four ancient Sanskrit texts:
✅ Rig Veda
✅ Yajur Veda
✅ Sama Veda
✅ Atharva Veda

📍 Samhita: A collection of hymns associated with the Vedas.
📍 Brahmanas: Ritualistic texts explaining Vedic sacrifices.
📍 Aranyakas: "Forest books" forming part of the Vedic corpus.
📍 Vedangas: "Limbs of the Veda"; auxiliary texts.
📍 Gayatri Mantra: Verses from the Rig Veda invoking wisdom and enlightenment.
📍 Puranas: Hindu texts containing the history of various dynasties.
📍 Itihasa-Purana: Texts claiming to refer to past events.
📍 Dharmasutras: The earliest Dharmashastras, written in aphoristic style.
📍 Dharma-Shastra: Texts codifying social and ritual duties within the Varna system.

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🔆 Ancient Indian Literature: Key Texts & Traditions

📍 Buddhist Literature
✅ Tipitaka: The "Three Baskets" of Buddhist canonical texts, forming the core of Theravada Buddhism.
✅ Jatakas: A collection of 15 books in the Khuddaka Nikaya, narrating stories of Buddha’s previous births.

📍 Sangam Literature
✅ Sangam Literature: Ancient Tamil texts, including Ettutokai, Pattuppattu, and Tolkappiyam.
✅ Akam: Sangam poetry focused on love and emotions.
✅ Puram: Sangam poetry depicting war and heroism.

📍 Bhakti Literature
✅ Nalaiyira Divya Prabandham: A hymn collection by Nathamuni, praising Alvar saints.
✅ Tirumurai: The canon of South Indian Shaiva Bhakti.
✅ Tevaram: A compilation of Shaiva hymns.
✅ Tiruttondar-Tiruvantai: Written by Nambi Andar Nambi, narrating Nayanmar saints’ lives.
✅ Tiruttondar-Tokai: A text listing 62 Nayanmar saints, compiled by Sundarar.
✅ Periyapuranam: A 12th-century text with hagiographies of Nayanmar saints.

📍 Statecraft
✅ Saptanga Rajya: Concept of a seven-limbed state as per Arthashastra.
✅ Nitishastra: Sanskrit works on governance and diplomacy.

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🔆 Sangam Age: Key Highlights

📍 Titles of Sangam Dynasties
✅ Chola – Senni, Valavan, Killi
✅ Pandya – Thennavar, Minavar, Panchavar
✅ Cheras – Vanavar, Villavar, Kuttavar

📍 Village Administration
✅ Manram – Village assemblies managing local affairs
✅ Urs – Town
✅ Perur – Large villages
✅ Sirur – Small villages

📍 Trade & Ports (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea)
✅ Noura – Kannur
✅ Tyndis – Ponnani
✅ Muziris – Kodungallur
✅ Nelcynda – Kottayam
✅ Colchi – Korkai
✅ Camara – Kaveripattanam
✅ Poduka/Arikamedu – Pondicherry

📍 Major Trade & Industry
✅ Madurai & Uraiyur – Important textile centers
✅ Korkai – Center for pearl trade

📍 Land Classification by Fertility
✅ Marudam – Most fertile land
✅ Menpulam – Fertile land
✅ Pinpulam – Dry land
✅ Vanpulam – Hard land
✅ Kalaṇilam/Uvanilam – Salty land

📍 Market System
✅ Angadi – The market
✅ Nalangadi – Morning bazaar
✅ Allangadi – Evening bazaar

📍 Society & Culture
✅ Occupational Castes – Panar, Eyinar, Pulaiyar
✅ Devarinda – Term for a group of five gods: Murugan, Shiva, Krishna, Balarama, and Indra
✅ Karikala – Known as the Master of 7 notes of music
✅ Utharamerur Inscription – Provides insights into local self-government under the Cholas

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🔆 Organizations Before INC

📍 Bangabhasha Prakashika Sabha (1836)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Raja Ram Mohan Roy

📍 Zamindari Association (1837)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Dwarkanath Tagore

📍 British India Society (1839)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: William Adam

📍 The Bengal British India Society (1843)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: Dwarkanath Tagore, Radhakant Deb

📍 British India Association (1851)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: Dwarkanath Tagore, Radhakant Deb

📍 Madras Native Association (1852)
✅ Location: Madras
✅ Founder: Gazalu Chetty

📍 Bombay Association (1852)
✅ Location: Bombay
✅ Founder: Jagannath Shankar Seth

📍 East India Association (1866)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Dadabhai Naoroji

📍 Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870)
✅ Location: Bombay (Poona)
✅ Founders: M. G. Ranade, Ganesh Vasudev Joshi, S. H. Chipalunkar

📍 National Indian Association (1870)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Mary Carpenter

📍 Indian Society (1872)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Anand Mohan Bose

📍 Indian League (1875)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Sisir Kumar Ghosh

📍 The Indian Association of Calcutta (1876)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: S. N. Banerjea, Anand Mohan Bose

📍 The Madras Mahajan Sabha (1884)
✅ Location: Madras
✅ Founders: M. Veeraraghavachari, G. Subramania Aiyer, P. Anand Charlu

📍 Bombay Presidency Association (1885)
✅ Location: Bombay
✅ Founders: K. T. Telang, Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta


#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

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🔆 Key Terms from Rig Vedic Period

📍 Assemblies & Officials
✅ Sabha → Assembly performing judicial functions.
✅ Samiti → Folk assembly for tribal decision-making.
✅ Sabhavat → Women attending the assembly.
✅ Madhyamsi → Mediator in disputes.
✅ Sangrahitri → Treasurer.
✅ Bhagadugha → Tax collector.
✅ Akshavapa → Account officer.
✅ Ugra → Police official.
✅ Jivagrabha → Authority responsible for capturing criminals.
✅ Prashnavinak → Judges.

📍 Beliefs & Deities
✅ Avrata → People disobeying god’s ordinances.
✅ Pushan → God of Shudras.

📍 Cattle & Society
✅ Gau (Cow) → Central to Rig Vedic culture, many names with the suffix “Gau” exist in Rig Veda.
✅ Godhuli → Used as a measure of time.
✅ Gavyuti → Unit for measuring distance.
✅ Duhitri → Term for daughter, as she used to milk cows.
✅ Gavisti → Refers to conflicts and battles.
✅ Gavesana → Search for cattle.
✅ Gayat → Term for hostilities.
✅ Gauri & Gavala → Buffalo.
✅ Gomat → Owner of cattle.
✅ Gojit → Winner of cows.

📍 Scholars & Rishis
✅ Hotra/Hotri → Rishis expert in Rigveda.
✅ Udgatri → Expert of Samaveda.
✅ Adhvaryu → Expert in Yajurveda.

#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

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🔆 Organizations Before INC

📍 Bangabhasha Prakashika Sabha (1836)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Raja Ram Mohan Roy

📍 Zamindari Association (1837)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Dwarkanath Tagore

📍 British India Society (1839)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: William Adam

📍 The Bengal British India Society (1843)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: Dwarkanath Tagore, Radhakant Deb

📍 British India Association (1851)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: Dwarkanath Tagore, Radhakant Deb

📍 Madras Native Association (1852)
✅ Location: Madras
✅ Founder: Gazalu Chetty

📍 Bombay Association (1852)
✅ Location: Bombay
✅ Founder: Jagannath Shankar Seth

📍 East India Association (1866)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Dadabhai Naoroji

📍 Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870)
✅ Location: Bombay (Poona)
✅ Founders: M. G. Ranade, Ganesh Vasudev Joshi, S. H. Chipalunkar

📍 National Indian Association (1870)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Mary Carpenter

📍 Indian Society (1872)
✅ Location: London
✅ Founder: Anand Mohan Bose

📍 Indian League (1875)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founder: Sisir Kumar Ghosh

📍 The Indian Association of Calcutta (1876)
✅ Location: Bengal
✅ Founders: S. N. Banerjea, Anand Mohan Bose

📍 The Madras Mahajan Sabha (1884)
✅ Location: Madras
✅ Founders: M. Veeraraghavachari, G. Subramania Aiyer, P. Anand Charlu

📍 Bombay Presidency Association (1885)
✅ Location: Bombay
✅ Founders: K. T. Telang, Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta


#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient

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