#Modern_India #2MinRevise #VIMP_PT2020
GoI Act 1935
1. Establishment of an All-India Federation (provinces and princely states).
2. Division of powers through Three lists
-Federal List ( 59 items),
-Provincial List ( 54 items)
-Concurrent List (36 items).
3. Residuary powers were vested in Viceroy.
(federation never came into being as the princely states did not join it.)
4. Provinces
- Dyarchy abolished
- introduced ‘provincial autonomy’.
- introduced responsible governments the governor was required to act with the advice of ministers responsible to the provincial legislature.
5. Centre
- dyarchy introduced. However, this provision of the Act did not come into operation at all.
- bicameralism introduced in 6 of 11 provinces.
- Council of India was abolished( established by GoI act 1858).
6. franchise extended, about 10% total population got the voting right
7. communal representation extended. separate electorates for depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and labour (workers).
8. Reserve Bank of India was established.
9. provided for the establishment of
Federal Public Service Commission, Provincial Public Service Commission and Joint Public Service Commission
10. provided for the establishment of a Federal Court, which was set up in 1937.
GoI Act 1935
1. Establishment of an All-India Federation (provinces and princely states).
2. Division of powers through Three lists
-Federal List ( 59 items),
-Provincial List ( 54 items)
-Concurrent List (36 items).
3. Residuary powers were vested in Viceroy.
(federation never came into being as the princely states did not join it.)
4. Provinces
- Dyarchy abolished
- introduced ‘provincial autonomy’.
- introduced responsible governments the governor was required to act with the advice of ministers responsible to the provincial legislature.
5. Centre
- dyarchy introduced. However, this provision of the Act did not come into operation at all.
- bicameralism introduced in 6 of 11 provinces.
- Council of India was abolished( established by GoI act 1858).
6. franchise extended, about 10% total population got the voting right
7. communal representation extended. separate electorates for depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and labour (workers).
8. Reserve Bank of India was established.
9. provided for the establishment of
Federal Public Service Commission, Provincial Public Service Commission and Joint Public Service Commission
10. provided for the establishment of a Federal Court, which was set up in 1937.
#2MinRevise #History_Static #VIMP_PT2020
Government of India Act 1919 - Part 1
- Based on the report of Edwin Montagu(Secretary of State) and Lord Chelmsford(Viceroy).
Hence, called as Montagu-Chelmsford reforms or Montford reforms.
Features
Provincial Government
Executive:
- Dyarchy was introduced, two classes of administrators – Executive Councillors and Ministers.
- Subjects were divided into two lists
Reserved list (Under Governor) consisted of law and order, irrigation, finance, land revenue, etc.
Transferred List(Under Ministers) - education, local government, health, excise, industry, public works, etc.
- Ministers were responsible to legislature, whereas executive councillors were not.
- Ministers were nominated from the elected members of the legislative council.
- The Secretary of State and Governor-General could interfere in matters under the reserved list but this interference was restricted for the transferred list.
Legislature:
- Number of elected members were increased (Now about 70% were elected).
- Some women could also vote.
- The governor’s assent was required to pass the bill. He had veto power and could issue ordinances.
Government of India Act 1919 - Part 1
- Based on the report of Edwin Montagu(Secretary of State) and Lord Chelmsford(Viceroy).
Hence, called as Montagu-Chelmsford reforms or Montford reforms.
Features
Provincial Government
Executive:
- Dyarchy was introduced, two classes of administrators – Executive Councillors and Ministers.
- Subjects were divided into two lists
Reserved list (Under Governor) consisted of law and order, irrigation, finance, land revenue, etc.
Transferred List(Under Ministers) - education, local government, health, excise, industry, public works, etc.
- Ministers were responsible to legislature, whereas executive councillors were not.
- Ministers were nominated from the elected members of the legislative council.
- The Secretary of State and Governor-General could interfere in matters under the reserved list but this interference was restricted for the transferred list.
Legislature:
- Number of elected members were increased (Now about 70% were elected).
- Some women could also vote.
- The governor’s assent was required to pass the bill. He had veto power and could issue ordinances.
#2MinRevise #SnT_Static #PT2020 #
International Space Station (ISS)
- It is a habitable artificial satellite in Low Earth orbit(average altitude 400km).
- Launched in 1998
- It is a joint project between five space agencies: NASA (USA), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada).
- ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and other fields.
- It is used for testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars.
International Space Station (ISS)
- It is a habitable artificial satellite in Low Earth orbit(average altitude 400km).
- Launched in 1998
- It is a joint project between five space agencies: NASA (USA), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada).
- ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and other fields.
- It is used for testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars.
#Modern_India #PT2020 #2MinRevise
Indian Council Act of 1909
- Also called as Morley-Minto Reforms
Salient Provisions
- Expansion of the Legislative Councils(both Central and Provincial).
- Introduced separate electorate(Communal representation).
Separate constituencies were marked for the Muslims and only Muslim community members could elect their representatives.
- The act empowered the members to discuss the budget and move resolutions before it was approved finally.
- They were given rights to ask supplementary questions and move resolutions to on matters related to loans to the local bodies.
- The members given right to discuss matters of the public interest.
Indian Council Act of 1909
- Also called as Morley-Minto Reforms
Salient Provisions
- Expansion of the Legislative Councils(both Central and Provincial).
- Introduced separate electorate(Communal representation).
Separate constituencies were marked for the Muslims and only Muslim community members could elect their representatives.
- The act empowered the members to discuss the budget and move resolutions before it was approved finally.
- They were given rights to ask supplementary questions and move resolutions to on matters related to loans to the local bodies.
- The members given right to discuss matters of the public interest.
#2MinRevise #Polity_Constitutional_Evolution #PT2020
Regulating Act 1773
- First step by British government to regulate and control affairs of East India Company.
- It recognised political and administrative functions of the company
- The Act laid the foundations of Central administration
Features
- Governor of Bengal was appointed as Governor General of Bengal
( first - Warren Hastings )
- Governor of Bombay and Madras made subordinate to governor general of Bengal
- Supreme Court of Calcutta was established (1 chief justice and 3 judges).
- Servants of company were not allowed - private trade and bribes/presents from natives.
- Court of directors were to report the British government
Regulating Act 1773
- First step by British government to regulate and control affairs of East India Company.
- It recognised political and administrative functions of the company
- The Act laid the foundations of Central administration
Features
- Governor of Bengal was appointed as Governor General of Bengal
( first - Warren Hastings )
- Governor of Bombay and Madras made subordinate to governor general of Bengal
- Supreme Court of Calcutta was established (1 chief justice and 3 judges).
- Servants of company were not allowed - private trade and bribes/presents from natives.
- Court of directors were to report the British government
#2MinRevise #Polity_Constitutional_Evolution #PT2020
Pitt's India Act of 1784
Political and commercial functions of company were distinguished.
Board of Control - political functions (civil-military and revenue affairs).
Court of Directors for commercial functions
First time called companies territory as British possessions in India.
It declared British government had the Supreme control over companies affairs
Pitt's India Act of 1784
Political and commercial functions of company were distinguished.
Board of Control - political functions (civil-military and revenue affairs).
Court of Directors for commercial functions
First time called companies territory as British possessions in India.
It declared British government had the Supreme control over companies affairs
#Environment_Current #PT2020 #2MinRevise
Bio Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
- Biomedical waste(BMW) comprises human & animal anatomical waste, treatment apparatus like needles, syringes and other materials used in health care facilities.
- Scientific and Eco friendly disposal of BMW through segregation, collection minimises the adverse impact on health workers and on the environment.
- Total BMW generation in the country is 484 TPD out of which 447 TPD is treated.
Features of BMW Rules 2016
1. The ambit of the rules has been expanded to include vaccination camps, blood donation camps, surgical camps or any other healthcare activity.
2. Chlorinated plastic bags, gloves and blood bags to be phased out within two years.
3. Pre-treatment of the laboratory waste, microbiological waste, blood samples and blood bags through disinfection or sterilisation on-site in the manner as prescribed by WHO or NACO.
4. Provide training to all its health care workers and immunise all health workers regularly
5. Establish a Bar-Code System for bags or containers containing bio-medical waste for disposal.
6. Report major accidents; (g) Existing incinerators to achieve the standards for retention time in secondary chamber and Dioxin and Furans within two years.
7. BMW has been classified in to 4 categories instead 10 to improve the segregation of waste at source.
8. Procedure to get authorisation simplified.
9. State govt to provide Land for BMW treatment plants.
Bio Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
- Biomedical waste(BMW) comprises human & animal anatomical waste, treatment apparatus like needles, syringes and other materials used in health care facilities.
- Scientific and Eco friendly disposal of BMW through segregation, collection minimises the adverse impact on health workers and on the environment.
- Total BMW generation in the country is 484 TPD out of which 447 TPD is treated.
Features of BMW Rules 2016
1. The ambit of the rules has been expanded to include vaccination camps, blood donation camps, surgical camps or any other healthcare activity.
2. Chlorinated plastic bags, gloves and blood bags to be phased out within two years.
3. Pre-treatment of the laboratory waste, microbiological waste, blood samples and blood bags through disinfection or sterilisation on-site in the manner as prescribed by WHO or NACO.
4. Provide training to all its health care workers and immunise all health workers regularly
5. Establish a Bar-Code System for bags or containers containing bio-medical waste for disposal.
6. Report major accidents; (g) Existing incinerators to achieve the standards for retention time in secondary chamber and Dioxin and Furans within two years.
7. BMW has been classified in to 4 categories instead 10 to improve the segregation of waste at source.
8. Procedure to get authorisation simplified.
9. State govt to provide Land for BMW treatment plants.
#Environment_Current #PT2020 #2MinRevise
National Green Tribunal (NGT)
-It is set up under the National Green Tribunal Act (2010).
- Objective - effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources.
- India - third country to set up a specialised environmental tribunal, after Australia and New Zealand.
- Mandatory disposal of cases = within 6 months.
Principal Seat - @ New Delhi.
4 Other Seat - Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai.
Members tenure - 5 years
Reappointment.- Not eligible
Chairperson is appointed by the Centre in consultation with Chief Justice of India (CJI).
Powers & Jurisdiction
-Civil jurisdiction over cases relating to environment.
- It is not bound by Civil Procedure Code 1908, but guided by principles of 'natural justice'.
- It can provide relief and compensation to the environmental victims.
National Green Tribunal (NGT)
-It is set up under the National Green Tribunal Act (2010).
- Objective - effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources.
- India - third country to set up a specialised environmental tribunal, after Australia and New Zealand.
- Mandatory disposal of cases = within 6 months.
Principal Seat - @ New Delhi.
4 Other Seat - Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai.
Members tenure - 5 years
Reappointment.- Not eligible
Chairperson is appointed by the Centre in consultation with Chief Justice of India (CJI).
Powers & Jurisdiction
-Civil jurisdiction over cases relating to environment.
- It is not bound by Civil Procedure Code 1908, but guided by principles of 'natural justice'.
- It can provide relief and compensation to the environmental victims.
#Polity_Constitutional_Evolution #2MinRevise #PT2020
Charter Act of 1833
- Final step towards centralisation
- G-G of Bengal was made G-G of India
Civil and military powers - vested in G-G
( First = William Bentinck)
- Legislative powers = Exclusively with G-G of India.
Governors of Bombay and Madras were relieved of Legislative powers
- East India Company was made purely administrative body.
Attempted to introduce open competition for selection of civil servants but rollback due to opposition from court of directors
Charter Act of 1833
- Final step towards centralisation
- G-G of Bengal was made G-G of India
Civil and military powers - vested in G-G
( First = William Bentinck)
- Legislative powers = Exclusively with G-G of India.
Governors of Bombay and Madras were relieved of Legislative powers
- East India Company was made purely administrative body.
Attempted to introduce open competition for selection of civil servants but rollback due to opposition from court of directors
#Polity_Constitutional_Evolution #PT2020 #2MinRevise
Government of India Act 1858
- Also called as 'Act for the Good Governance of India'.
- Abolished East India company and transferred all power to Crown
- G-G of India was made Viceroy of India( Lord Canning was first).
- Ended the dual government system (removed Board of Control and court of directors)
- Secretary of State - new office created, which had complete authority and control over Indian Administration. He was a member of British cabinet
- Council of India(15 Members) was created to assist secretary of state. It was a advisory body and chairman was secretary of state.
Government of India Act 1858
- Also called as 'Act for the Good Governance of India'.
- Abolished East India company and transferred all power to Crown
- G-G of India was made Viceroy of India( Lord Canning was first).
- Ended the dual government system (removed Board of Control and court of directors)
- Secretary of State - new office created, which had complete authority and control over Indian Administration. He was a member of British cabinet
- Council of India(15 Members) was created to assist secretary of state. It was a advisory body and chairman was secretary of state.
#Polity_Constitutional_Evolution #2MinRevise #PT2020
Indian Council Act 1892
- Introduced Limited and indirect election
- Increased non-official members in Central and provincial legislative councils but official majority retained
-Increased functions of Legislative councils such as discussing budget and asking questions to executive
- provided for nomination of some non-official members to Indian Legislative Council and provincial legislative councils.
Indian Council Act 1892
- Introduced Limited and indirect election
- Increased non-official members in Central and provincial legislative councils but official majority retained
-Increased functions of Legislative councils such as discussing budget and asking questions to executive
- provided for nomination of some non-official members to Indian Legislative Council and provincial legislative councils.
#SnT_Currents #PT2020 #2MinRevise
Gaganyan: India’s first Human Space Mission
- first human spaceflight mission into the space in December 2021.
- By ISRO
- Spacecraft will orbit the Earth for seven days to a height of 350-400 km above the Earth.
Features
- Four Indian Air Force Pilots are to participate in the mission.
- It would comprise an effective crew escape system and ejection provisions for the pilots in case of rocket explosion.
- GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle will be used to launch Gaganyaan.
- ISRO Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) at Bengaluru will be responsible for implementation.
- Russia will provide semi cryogenic rocket engine technology to India under India’s Make – in – India Program
Gaganyan: India’s first Human Space Mission
- first human spaceflight mission into the space in December 2021.
- By ISRO
- Spacecraft will orbit the Earth for seven days to a height of 350-400 km above the Earth.
Features
- Four Indian Air Force Pilots are to participate in the mission.
- It would comprise an effective crew escape system and ejection provisions for the pilots in case of rocket explosion.
- GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle will be used to launch Gaganyaan.
- ISRO Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) at Bengaluru will be responsible for implementation.
- Russia will provide semi cryogenic rocket engine technology to India under India’s Make – in – India Program
#SnT_Currents #PT2020 #2MinRevise
Spy Satellite - RISAT-2BR1
- launched by ISRO in Dec 2019
- radar imaging reconnaissance satellite
- carried by PSLV-C48.
- The launch marked 50th successful mission of PSLV rocket and 75th launch vehicle mission from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.
Spy Satellite - RISAT-2BR1
- launched by ISRO in Dec 2019
- radar imaging reconnaissance satellite
- carried by PSLV-C48.
- The launch marked 50th successful mission of PSLV rocket and 75th launch vehicle mission from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.