#Modern_India #2MinRevise #VIMP_PT2020
GoI Act 1935
1. Establishment of an All-India Federation (provinces and princely states).
2. Division of powers through Three lists
-Federal List ( 59 items),
-Provincial List ( 54 items)
-Concurrent List (36 items).
3. Residuary powers were vested in Viceroy.
(federation never came into being as the princely states did not join it.)
4. Provinces
- Dyarchy abolished
- introduced ‘provincial autonomy’.
- introduced responsible governments the governor was required to act with the advice of ministers responsible to the provincial legislature.
5. Centre
- dyarchy introduced. However, this provision of the Act did not come into operation at all.
- bicameralism introduced in 6 of 11 provinces.
- Council of India was abolished( established by GoI act 1858).
6. franchise extended, about 10% total population got the voting right
7. communal representation extended. separate electorates for depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and labour (workers).
8. Reserve Bank of India was established.
9. provided for the establishment of
Federal Public Service Commission, Provincial Public Service Commission and Joint Public Service Commission
10. provided for the establishment of a Federal Court, which was set up in 1937.
GoI Act 1935
1. Establishment of an All-India Federation (provinces and princely states).
2. Division of powers through Three lists
-Federal List ( 59 items),
-Provincial List ( 54 items)
-Concurrent List (36 items).
3. Residuary powers were vested in Viceroy.
(federation never came into being as the princely states did not join it.)
4. Provinces
- Dyarchy abolished
- introduced ‘provincial autonomy’.
- introduced responsible governments the governor was required to act with the advice of ministers responsible to the provincial legislature.
5. Centre
- dyarchy introduced. However, this provision of the Act did not come into operation at all.
- bicameralism introduced in 6 of 11 provinces.
- Council of India was abolished( established by GoI act 1858).
6. franchise extended, about 10% total population got the voting right
7. communal representation extended. separate electorates for depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and labour (workers).
8. Reserve Bank of India was established.
9. provided for the establishment of
Federal Public Service Commission, Provincial Public Service Commission and Joint Public Service Commission
10. provided for the establishment of a Federal Court, which was set up in 1937.
#2MinRead #VIMP_PT2020 #IR_Prelims2020
RCEP and India
News - Recently, India has decided not to join Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) trade deal.
India did not receive any credible assurance on market access and non-tariff barriers.
However, other 15-members will go ahead and sign the deal keeping the door open for India to join at a later date.
Reasons of Withdrawal
India has trade deficit with at least 11 of 15 RCEP countries. It has doubled in the last five years from 54 billion USD in 2013-14 to 105 billion USD in 2018-19. Signing the RCEP will widen trade deficit and foreign exchange reserve of India at a faster rate.
Dumping of less expensive goods by member countries will affect domestic goods market of India
India by not signing the RCEP deal has refused to be a willing dumping ground of China’s trade imperialism.
RCEP and India
News - Recently, India has decided not to join Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) trade deal.
India did not receive any credible assurance on market access and non-tariff barriers.
However, other 15-members will go ahead and sign the deal keeping the door open for India to join at a later date.
Reasons of Withdrawal
India has trade deficit with at least 11 of 15 RCEP countries. It has doubled in the last five years from 54 billion USD in 2013-14 to 105 billion USD in 2018-19. Signing the RCEP will widen trade deficit and foreign exchange reserve of India at a faster rate.
Dumping of less expensive goods by member countries will affect domestic goods market of India
India by not signing the RCEP deal has refused to be a willing dumping ground of China’s trade imperialism.
#VIMP_PT2020
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
It is a proposed free trade agreement in the Asia-Pacific.
Members:
10 member states of the ASAEN (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) and five FTA partners (Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea).
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
It is a proposed free trade agreement in the Asia-Pacific.
Members:
10 member states of the ASAEN (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) and five FTA partners (Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea).
#Economy_Current #VIMP_PT2020 #Economy_Concepts #2MinRead
Ways and Means Advances
It's a mechanism under which RBI lends to the governments (Centre or states) to help them manage the mismatches between revenue and expenditure.
The limits for WMA are mutually decided by the RBI and the Government of India.
The rate of interest is the same as the repo rate, while the tenure is three months.
Two types of WMA –
Normal WMA are clean advances.
Special WMA are secured advances provided against the pledge of Government of India dated securities.
Ways and Means Advances
It's a mechanism under which RBI lends to the governments (Centre or states) to help them manage the mismatches between revenue and expenditure.
The limits for WMA are mutually decided by the RBI and the Government of India.
The rate of interest is the same as the repo rate, while the tenure is three months.
Two types of WMA –
Normal WMA are clean advances.
Special WMA are secured advances provided against the pledge of Government of India dated securities.
#2MinRevise #History_Static #VIMP_PT2020
Government of India Act 1919 - Part 1
- Based on the report of Edwin Montagu(Secretary of State) and Lord Chelmsford(Viceroy).
Hence, called as Montagu-Chelmsford reforms or Montford reforms.
Features
Provincial Government
Executive:
- Dyarchy was introduced, two classes of administrators – Executive Councillors and Ministers.
- Subjects were divided into two lists
Reserved list (Under Governor) consisted of law and order, irrigation, finance, land revenue, etc.
Transferred List(Under Ministers) - education, local government, health, excise, industry, public works, etc.
- Ministers were responsible to legislature, whereas executive councillors were not.
- Ministers were nominated from the elected members of the legislative council.
- The Secretary of State and Governor-General could interfere in matters under the reserved list but this interference was restricted for the transferred list.
Legislature:
- Number of elected members were increased (Now about 70% were elected).
- Some women could also vote.
- The governor’s assent was required to pass the bill. He had veto power and could issue ordinances.
Government of India Act 1919 - Part 1
- Based on the report of Edwin Montagu(Secretary of State) and Lord Chelmsford(Viceroy).
Hence, called as Montagu-Chelmsford reforms or Montford reforms.
Features
Provincial Government
Executive:
- Dyarchy was introduced, two classes of administrators – Executive Councillors and Ministers.
- Subjects were divided into two lists
Reserved list (Under Governor) consisted of law and order, irrigation, finance, land revenue, etc.
Transferred List(Under Ministers) - education, local government, health, excise, industry, public works, etc.
- Ministers were responsible to legislature, whereas executive councillors were not.
- Ministers were nominated from the elected members of the legislative council.
- The Secretary of State and Governor-General could interfere in matters under the reserved list but this interference was restricted for the transferred list.
Legislature:
- Number of elected members were increased (Now about 70% were elected).
- Some women could also vote.
- The governor’s assent was required to pass the bill. He had veto power and could issue ordinances.
#History_Static #VIMP_PT2020
Government of India Act 1919 - Part 2
Features - Continued
Central government
Executive:
- Governor-General(G-G) =chief executive authority
- G-G executive council - 3 out of 6 members to be Indian.
- G-G was vested with ordinance making power and could also certify bills rejected by the central legislature.
- Two lists for administration – central and provincial
Legislature:
- A bicameral legislature was set up with Legislative Assembly(145 members) andCouncil of State(60 Male members).
- legislators could ask questions and also vote a part of the budget(only 25%)
Governor-General
- G-G assent was required for a bill to become law.
He could enact a bill without the legislature’s consent.
- provided for Limited franchise based on property, tax and education.
- Extended Communal representation to Indian Christians, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans.
Other Features
- Provided for the first time, the establishment of a public service commission in India.
- provided for setting up a statutory commission to study the working of the Act.(Hence, Simon Commission 1927).
- created an office of the High Commissioner for India in London.
Government of India Act 1919 - Part 2
Features - Continued
Central government
Executive:
- Governor-General(G-G) =chief executive authority
- G-G executive council - 3 out of 6 members to be Indian.
- G-G was vested with ordinance making power and could also certify bills rejected by the central legislature.
- Two lists for administration – central and provincial
Legislature:
- A bicameral legislature was set up with Legislative Assembly(145 members) andCouncil of State(60 Male members).
- legislators could ask questions and also vote a part of the budget(only 25%)
Governor-General
- G-G assent was required for a bill to become law.
He could enact a bill without the legislature’s consent.
- provided for Limited franchise based on property, tax and education.
- Extended Communal representation to Indian Christians, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans.
Other Features
- Provided for the first time, the establishment of a public service commission in India.
- provided for setting up a statutory commission to study the working of the Act.(Hence, Simon Commission 1927).
- created an office of the High Commissioner for India in London.
#2MinRead #SnT_Currents #VIMP_PT2020
Crew Dragon Demo-2 Mission
- crewed spaceflight to the International Space Station(2 Astronauts would fly).
- To be launched on 27th May 2020 jointly by NASA and SpaceX.
- Launch Rocket-Falcon-9
Commercial Crew Programme
- It's for sending astronauts to International Space Station administered by NASA.
- Under the programme, the private vendors operate crew vehicles to carry astronauts to the International Space Station.
Demo-1
- It was a Unmanned Space flight launched in March 2019.
- It was also a part of Commercial Crew Programme
Crew Dragon Demo-2 Mission
- crewed spaceflight to the International Space Station(2 Astronauts would fly).
- To be launched on 27th May 2020 jointly by NASA and SpaceX.
- Launch Rocket-Falcon-9
Commercial Crew Programme
- It's for sending astronauts to International Space Station administered by NASA.
- Under the programme, the private vendors operate crew vehicles to carry astronauts to the International Space Station.
Demo-1
- It was a Unmanned Space flight launched in March 2019.
- It was also a part of Commercial Crew Programme
#Environment_Current #VIMP_PT2020 #2MinRead
Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF)
- It is a method of chemical-free agriculture, based on traditional Indian practices.
- Originally promoted by agriculturist Subhash Palekar in 1990s as an alternative to Green revolution methodologies.
It promotes the application of jeevamrutha — a mixture of fresh desi cow dung and aged desi cow urine, jaggery, pulse flour, water and soil.
- This fermented microbial culture adds nutrients to the soil. It acts as a catalytic agent to promote the activity of microorganisms and earthworms in the soil.
Significance
-farmers will be relieved from Debt Trap hence can reduce number of Farmers Suicides.
-Eco friendly practice, hence promotes Environmental conservation.
Context- Finance Minister advocated its practice which has been highly successful in Karnataka.
Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF)
- It is a method of chemical-free agriculture, based on traditional Indian practices.
- Originally promoted by agriculturist Subhash Palekar in 1990s as an alternative to Green revolution methodologies.
It promotes the application of jeevamrutha — a mixture of fresh desi cow dung and aged desi cow urine, jaggery, pulse flour, water and soil.
- This fermented microbial culture adds nutrients to the soil. It acts as a catalytic agent to promote the activity of microorganisms and earthworms in the soil.
Significance
-farmers will be relieved from Debt Trap hence can reduce number of Farmers Suicides.
-Eco friendly practice, hence promotes Environmental conservation.
Context- Finance Minister advocated its practice which has been highly successful in Karnataka.