🔆No Quota without Quantifiable Data
✅ Why in News: The Madras High Court has recently quashed the 10.5% special reservation for Vanniyakula
Kshatriyas within the overall 20% quota for MBC and DNC.
✅ This has again highlighted the importance of quantifiable data as a prerequisite for reservation in education and employment.
▪️What was the reservation about?
✅In 2021, the Assembly passed a special Act which divided the ‘Most Backward Classes/Denotified Communities’ category into three parts.
✅Of the total, the largest share of 10.5% was given to the Vanniyakula Kshatriya and its various sub-castes.
✅The MBC/DNC sub-division was to have 7% for DNCs and a section of MBCs, while the remaining 2.5% was meant for the rest of the MBCs.
✅ It was justified based on the report of Second Backward Class Commission which stated that the Vanniyar population was 13.01% of the then total population in 1983.
▪️Is it possible for States to make changes in the backward classes list?
✅The 102nd Amendment to the Constitution created the National Backward Class Commission and empowered the President to notify the backward classes list for each State.
✅ The Supreme Court had ruled, in the Maratha reservation case, that the Amendment took away the power of the States to notify or identify OBCs.
✅Later, the 105th Amendment made it explicit that the States could make changes in their lists.
▪️What were the reasons for the court’s judgment?
✅ The legislation was challenged before the High Court which held it unconstitutional.
✅The court cited the lack of adequate quantifiable data with the State government before the introduction of the law.
✅The government did not wait for the report of a commission it had appointed earlier to gather quantifiable data to justify the State’s 69% total reservation.
✅The other ground was that the separate reservation for one caste amounted to discrimination against all the other castes in the same MBC category.
✅Even the State BC Commission report 2011, which justified the 69% reservation for BC, MBC/DNCs and SC/ ST under the 1994 Act, did not give any community-wise break up of representation in government services.
▪️What are the effects of the verdict?
✅The State government is planning to appeal to the Supreme Court.
✅ Any change in The State’s 1994 Act would require an amendment to that law as well as the President’s assent which may complicate the existing internal quotas given to BC Muslims and Arundhatiyars.
✅ The High Court had mentioned that these two quotas were backed by census data and valid recommendations , but it did not consider the question whether their introduction without an amendment to the 1994 Act or the President’s assent was valid.
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✅ Why in News: The Madras High Court has recently quashed the 10.5% special reservation for Vanniyakula
Kshatriyas within the overall 20% quota for MBC and DNC.
✅ This has again highlighted the importance of quantifiable data as a prerequisite for reservation in education and employment.
▪️What was the reservation about?
✅In 2021, the Assembly passed a special Act which divided the ‘Most Backward Classes/Denotified Communities’ category into three parts.
✅Of the total, the largest share of 10.5% was given to the Vanniyakula Kshatriya and its various sub-castes.
✅The MBC/DNC sub-division was to have 7% for DNCs and a section of MBCs, while the remaining 2.5% was meant for the rest of the MBCs.
✅ It was justified based on the report of Second Backward Class Commission which stated that the Vanniyar population was 13.01% of the then total population in 1983.
▪️Is it possible for States to make changes in the backward classes list?
✅The 102nd Amendment to the Constitution created the National Backward Class Commission and empowered the President to notify the backward classes list for each State.
✅ The Supreme Court had ruled, in the Maratha reservation case, that the Amendment took away the power of the States to notify or identify OBCs.
✅Later, the 105th Amendment made it explicit that the States could make changes in their lists.
▪️What were the reasons for the court’s judgment?
✅ The legislation was challenged before the High Court which held it unconstitutional.
✅The court cited the lack of adequate quantifiable data with the State government before the introduction of the law.
✅The government did not wait for the report of a commission it had appointed earlier to gather quantifiable data to justify the State’s 69% total reservation.
✅The other ground was that the separate reservation for one caste amounted to discrimination against all the other castes in the same MBC category.
✅Even the State BC Commission report 2011, which justified the 69% reservation for BC, MBC/DNCs and SC/ ST under the 1994 Act, did not give any community-wise break up of representation in government services.
▪️What are the effects of the verdict?
✅The State government is planning to appeal to the Supreme Court.
✅ Any change in The State’s 1994 Act would require an amendment to that law as well as the President’s assent which may complicate the existing internal quotas given to BC Muslims and Arundhatiyars.
✅ The High Court had mentioned that these two quotas were backed by census data and valid recommendations , but it did not consider the question whether their introduction without an amendment to the 1994 Act or the President’s assent was valid.
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#revision_notes
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👍8
🔆Harm of Tobacco Consumption
✅Why in news : Large corporate enterprises themselves are making efforts to reduce the harm of tobacco consumption.
▪️What are the impacts of tobacco consumption?
✅Human health : The second Global Adult Tobacco Survey estimated that 28.6% of all adults in India used tobacco in 2016-2017, second only to China.
🔸In 2021, smoking killed about 8 million people.
✅Environment : According to the WHO, 600 million trees are chopped down annually to make cigarettes, 84 million tonnes of CO 2 emissions are released into the atmosphere, and 22 billion litres of water are used to make cigarettes.
🔸Cigarette butts, packaging, plastic pouches of smokeless tobacco and batteries associated with e-cigarettes pollute our environment.
✅Employment : As per Central Tobacco Research Institute, about 6 million farmers and 20 million farm labourers work in tobacco farming across 15 States.
🔸Although farming of tobacco only contributes to 1% of GDP as, the direct health expenditure on treating tobacco-related diseases alone accounts for 5.3% of total health spending in India in a year.
▪️What efforts have been taken to tackle the ill effects of the tobacco?
✅Awareness campaigns : Most efforts to counter the tobacco epidemic have been directed at creating awareness about the ill-effects of tobacco.
🔸In 1987, the World Health Organization (WHO) marked ‘World No Tobacco Day’ to bring attention to the ill-effects of tobacco.
🔸Poisoning our planet is the theme this year, in an effort to highlight the ill-effects of tobacco on the environment.
✅Carbon credits : The forestry community has devised solutions and instruments to incentivise the reduction of deforestation through the use of carbon credits.
✅With the surge in new commitments to zero carbon, companies are putting pressure on their supply chains to transition to sustainable practices and reduce deforestation.
✅Efforts of companies : Companies like Unilever, Amazon, Nestlé, Alibaba, and Mahindra Group are are poised to invest an estimated $50 billion in nature-based solutions such as carbon sinks.
🔸There is a rise in environmental, social, and governance (ESG) managers.
🔸By transitioning to safer nicotine delivery systems, and moving away from tobacco, cigarette companies are potentially lowering the risk of their customers dying from cancer.
🔸 Educating potential consumers to not consume tobacco, supporting consumers in their journey to quit, and incentivising industry to help consumers is the need of the hour.
#GS1
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#revision_notes
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#mains
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✅Why in news : Large corporate enterprises themselves are making efforts to reduce the harm of tobacco consumption.
▪️What are the impacts of tobacco consumption?
✅Human health : The second Global Adult Tobacco Survey estimated that 28.6% of all adults in India used tobacco in 2016-2017, second only to China.
🔸In 2021, smoking killed about 8 million people.
✅Environment : According to the WHO, 600 million trees are chopped down annually to make cigarettes, 84 million tonnes of CO 2 emissions are released into the atmosphere, and 22 billion litres of water are used to make cigarettes.
🔸Cigarette butts, packaging, plastic pouches of smokeless tobacco and batteries associated with e-cigarettes pollute our environment.
✅Employment : As per Central Tobacco Research Institute, about 6 million farmers and 20 million farm labourers work in tobacco farming across 15 States.
🔸Although farming of tobacco only contributes to 1% of GDP as, the direct health expenditure on treating tobacco-related diseases alone accounts for 5.3% of total health spending in India in a year.
▪️What efforts have been taken to tackle the ill effects of the tobacco?
✅Awareness campaigns : Most efforts to counter the tobacco epidemic have been directed at creating awareness about the ill-effects of tobacco.
🔸In 1987, the World Health Organization (WHO) marked ‘World No Tobacco Day’ to bring attention to the ill-effects of tobacco.
🔸Poisoning our planet is the theme this year, in an effort to highlight the ill-effects of tobacco on the environment.
✅Carbon credits : The forestry community has devised solutions and instruments to incentivise the reduction of deforestation through the use of carbon credits.
✅With the surge in new commitments to zero carbon, companies are putting pressure on their supply chains to transition to sustainable practices and reduce deforestation.
✅Efforts of companies : Companies like Unilever, Amazon, Nestlé, Alibaba, and Mahindra Group are are poised to invest an estimated $50 billion in nature-based solutions such as carbon sinks.
🔸There is a rise in environmental, social, and governance (ESG) managers.
🔸By transitioning to safer nicotine delivery systems, and moving away from tobacco, cigarette companies are potentially lowering the risk of their customers dying from cancer.
🔸 Educating potential consumers to not consume tobacco, supporting consumers in their journey to quit, and incentivising industry to help consumers is the need of the hour.
#GS1
#Social_issues
#revision_notes
#mains_2022
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
👍12❤1
🔆What are the Women-Centric Findings of NFHS-5?
▪️ Underage Marriages:
✅The national average of underage marriages has come down.
✅According to NFHS-5, 23.3% of women surveyed got married before attaining the legal age of 18 years, down from 26.8% reported in NFHS-4.
✅ The figure for underage marriage among men is 17.7% (NFHS-5) and 20.3% (NFHS-4).
▪️Highest Surge:
✅ The rate has increased in Punjab, West Bengal, Manipur, Tripura and Assam.
✅Tripura has seen the largest jump in marriages for women from 33.1% (NHFS-4) to 40.1%, and from 16.2% to 20.4% among men.
✅Highest Rate of Underage Marriages: West Bengal, along with Bihar, remains one of the states with the highest rate of underage marriages.
✅Lowest Rate of Underage Marriages: J&K, Lakshadweep, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Nagaland, Kerala, Puducherry and Tamil Nadu.
✅Teenage Pregnancies: Teenage pregnancies are down from 7.9% to 6.8%.
▪️Domestic Violence Against Women:
✅Overall: Domestic violence has come down marginally from 31.2% in 2015-16 to 29.3% in 2019-21.
✅ Highest and Lowest (States): Domestic violence against women is highest in Karnataka at 48%, followed by Bihar, Telangana, Manipur and Tamil Nadu.
▪️Women’s Empowerment:
✅Women’s empowerment
indicators portray considerable improvement at all India level and across all the phase-II States/UTs.
✅Significant progress has been recorded between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 in regard to women operating bank accounts from 53% to 79% at all-India level.
✅ More than 70% of women in every state and UTs in the second phase have operational bank accounts.
✅ Anaemia: The incidence of anaemia in women (53.1 to 57%) and men (22.7 to 25%) has worsened in all States of India (20%-40% incidence is considered moderate).
✅Barring Kerala (at 39.4%), all States are in the “severe” category.
#GS1
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#revision_notes
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▪️ Underage Marriages:
✅The national average of underage marriages has come down.
✅According to NFHS-5, 23.3% of women surveyed got married before attaining the legal age of 18 years, down from 26.8% reported in NFHS-4.
✅ The figure for underage marriage among men is 17.7% (NFHS-5) and 20.3% (NFHS-4).
▪️Highest Surge:
✅ The rate has increased in Punjab, West Bengal, Manipur, Tripura and Assam.
✅Tripura has seen the largest jump in marriages for women from 33.1% (NHFS-4) to 40.1%, and from 16.2% to 20.4% among men.
✅Highest Rate of Underage Marriages: West Bengal, along with Bihar, remains one of the states with the highest rate of underage marriages.
✅Lowest Rate of Underage Marriages: J&K, Lakshadweep, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Nagaland, Kerala, Puducherry and Tamil Nadu.
✅Teenage Pregnancies: Teenage pregnancies are down from 7.9% to 6.8%.
▪️Domestic Violence Against Women:
✅Overall: Domestic violence has come down marginally from 31.2% in 2015-16 to 29.3% in 2019-21.
✅ Highest and Lowest (States): Domestic violence against women is highest in Karnataka at 48%, followed by Bihar, Telangana, Manipur and Tamil Nadu.
▪️Women’s Empowerment:
✅Women’s empowerment
indicators portray considerable improvement at all India level and across all the phase-II States/UTs.
✅Significant progress has been recorded between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 in regard to women operating bank accounts from 53% to 79% at all-India level.
✅ More than 70% of women in every state and UTs in the second phase have operational bank accounts.
✅ Anaemia: The incidence of anaemia in women (53.1 to 57%) and men (22.7 to 25%) has worsened in all States of India (20%-40% incidence is considered moderate).
✅Barring Kerala (at 39.4%), all States are in the “severe” category.
#GS1
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#revision_notes
#mains_2022
#mains
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👍13🤩2😱1
Forwarded from UPSC PIB NEWS current affairs polity geography science economy government schemes ir prelims mains
🔆INITIATIVES FOR PREGNANT WOMEN
Government of India has several initiatives to provide financial and medical support to all pregnant women including women belonging to economically weaker sections during their pregnancy and delivery in Government hospitals.
✅Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), a demand promotion and conditional cash transfer scheme for promoting institutional delivery.
✅Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) entitles every pregnant woman to free delivery, including for caesarean section, in public health institutions along with the provision of free transport, diagnostics, medicines, other consumables, diet and blood.
Over 25,000 ‘Delivery Points’ across the country have been strengthened in terms of infrastructure, equipment, and trained manpower for provision of comprehensive RMNCAH+A services.
✅Surakshit Matratva Ashwasan (SUMAN) for providing assured, dignified, respectful and quality healthcare at no cost and zero tolerance for denial of services for every woman and newborn visiting the public health facility to end all preventable maternal and newborn deaths.
✅Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) provides pregnant women a fixed day, free of cost assured and quality Antenatal Care on the 9th day of every month.
✅LaQshya (Labour room Quality improvement Initiative) to improve the quality of care in Labour room and Maternity operation theatres to ensure that pregnant women receive respectful and quality care during delivery and immediate post-partum.
#social_issues
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Government of India has several initiatives to provide financial and medical support to all pregnant women including women belonging to economically weaker sections during their pregnancy and delivery in Government hospitals.
✅Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), a demand promotion and conditional cash transfer scheme for promoting institutional delivery.
✅Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) entitles every pregnant woman to free delivery, including for caesarean section, in public health institutions along with the provision of free transport, diagnostics, medicines, other consumables, diet and blood.
Over 25,000 ‘Delivery Points’ across the country have been strengthened in terms of infrastructure, equipment, and trained manpower for provision of comprehensive RMNCAH+A services.
✅Surakshit Matratva Ashwasan (SUMAN) for providing assured, dignified, respectful and quality healthcare at no cost and zero tolerance for denial of services for every woman and newborn visiting the public health facility to end all preventable maternal and newborn deaths.
✅Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) provides pregnant women a fixed day, free of cost assured and quality Antenatal Care on the 9th day of every month.
✅LaQshya (Labour room Quality improvement Initiative) to improve the quality of care in Labour room and Maternity operation theatres to ensure that pregnant women receive respectful and quality care during delivery and immediate post-partum.
#social_issues
PIB
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👍12❤4
🔆NEW NORMS FOR MISSION VATSALYA
✅Ministry of Women and Child Development is implementing a centrally sponsored scheme through State/UT Governments namely Mission Vatsalya.
✅Under it, a monthly grant of Rs. 4000/- per child is provided for family based non-institutional care including Sponsorship (kinship) or Foster Care or After Care.
✅The Mission Vatsalya in partnership with States and Districts provides support to a 24x7 helpline service for children as defined under the JJ Act, 2015.
✅The Mission Vatsalya Scheme envisages setting up Cradle Baby Reception Centres in at least one Specialized Adoption Agency (SAA), preferably government run, in each District, to save the abandoned children and look after them with due care and affection till he/she is given in adoption.
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✅Ministry of Women and Child Development is implementing a centrally sponsored scheme through State/UT Governments namely Mission Vatsalya.
✅Under it, a monthly grant of Rs. 4000/- per child is provided for family based non-institutional care including Sponsorship (kinship) or Foster Care or After Care.
✅The Mission Vatsalya in partnership with States and Districts provides support to a 24x7 helpline service for children as defined under the JJ Act, 2015.
✅The Mission Vatsalya Scheme envisages setting up Cradle Baby Reception Centres in at least one Specialized Adoption Agency (SAA), preferably government run, in each District, to save the abandoned children and look after them with due care and affection till he/she is given in adoption.
#Social_issues
PIB
Join @PIB_UPSC
@CSE_EXAM
👍4
🔆What are the Women-Centric Findings of NFHS-5?
▪️ Underage Marriages:
✅The national average of underage marriages has come down.
✅According to NFHS-5, 23.3% of women surveyed got married before attaining the legal age of 18 years, down from 26.8% reported in NFHS-4.
✅ The figure for underage marriage among men is 17.7% (NFHS-5) and 20.3% (NFHS-4).
▪️Highest Surge:
✅ The rate has increased in Punjab, West Bengal, Manipur, Tripura and Assam.
✅Tripura has seen the largest jump in marriages for women from 33.1% (NHFS-4) to 40.1%, and from 16.2% to 20.4% among men.
✅Highest Rate of Underage Marriages: West Bengal, along with Bihar, remains one of the states with the highest rate of underage marriages.
✅Lowest Rate of Underage Marriages: J&K, Lakshadweep, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Nagaland, Kerala, Puducherry and Tamil Nadu.
✅Teenage Pregnancies: Teenage pregnancies are down from 7.9% to 6.8%.
▪️Domestic Violence Against Women:
✅Overall: Domestic violence has come down marginally from 31.2% in 2015-16 to 29.3% in 2019-21.
✅ Highest and Lowest (States): Domestic violence against women is highest in Karnataka at 48%, followed by Bihar, Telangana, Manipur and Tamil Nadu.
▪️Women’s Empowerment:
✅Women’s empowerment
indicators portray considerable improvement at all India level and across all the phase-II States/UTs.
✅Significant progress has been recorded between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 in regard to women operating bank accounts from 53% to 79% at all-India level.
✅ More than 70% of women in every state and UTs in the second phase have operational bank accounts.
✅ Anaemia: The incidence of anaemia in women (53.1 to 57%) and men (22.7 to 25%) has worsened in all States of India (20%-40% incidence is considered moderate).
✅Barring Kerala (at 39.4%), all States are in the “severe” category.
#GS1
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▪️ Underage Marriages:
✅The national average of underage marriages has come down.
✅According to NFHS-5, 23.3% of women surveyed got married before attaining the legal age of 18 years, down from 26.8% reported in NFHS-4.
✅ The figure for underage marriage among men is 17.7% (NFHS-5) and 20.3% (NFHS-4).
▪️Highest Surge:
✅ The rate has increased in Punjab, West Bengal, Manipur, Tripura and Assam.
✅Tripura has seen the largest jump in marriages for women from 33.1% (NHFS-4) to 40.1%, and from 16.2% to 20.4% among men.
✅Highest Rate of Underage Marriages: West Bengal, along with Bihar, remains one of the states with the highest rate of underage marriages.
✅Lowest Rate of Underage Marriages: J&K, Lakshadweep, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Nagaland, Kerala, Puducherry and Tamil Nadu.
✅Teenage Pregnancies: Teenage pregnancies are down from 7.9% to 6.8%.
▪️Domestic Violence Against Women:
✅Overall: Domestic violence has come down marginally from 31.2% in 2015-16 to 29.3% in 2019-21.
✅ Highest and Lowest (States): Domestic violence against women is highest in Karnataka at 48%, followed by Bihar, Telangana, Manipur and Tamil Nadu.
▪️Women’s Empowerment:
✅Women’s empowerment
indicators portray considerable improvement at all India level and across all the phase-II States/UTs.
✅Significant progress has been recorded between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 in regard to women operating bank accounts from 53% to 79% at all-India level.
✅ More than 70% of women in every state and UTs in the second phase have operational bank accounts.
✅ Anaemia: The incidence of anaemia in women (53.1 to 57%) and men (22.7 to 25%) has worsened in all States of India (20%-40% incidence is considered moderate).
✅Barring Kerala (at 39.4%), all States are in the “severe” category.
#GS1
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👍15🤩1
🔆Women reservation in legislatures
▪️ Stats :
✅ Representation of women in parliament & most state legislature- less than 15%.
✅ World Economic Forum Gender Gap Inex- India’s rank 135/146.
✅ Seats are not reserved for women in parliament or state legislature.
✅ Women’s reservation bill- proposes to reserve 33% of seats in ls & state legislative assemblies for women.
▪️Benefit
✅ Political empowerment of women
✅ Representative democracy, inclusive society
✅ Encourage experience of reservation in panchayats
✅ International mandates- Beijing platform for action 1995
▪️ Constraints :
✅ Perpetuate unequal status of women
✅ Helpful only for elite women
✅ Proxy culture like sarpanch Pati
✅ Patriarchal values
✅ Economic dependency
✅ Criminalisation of politics
✅ Lack of family support
Way ahead
✅ Need of political commitment
✅ Change in male dominated value system
✅ Organise awareness & leadership development programmes
✅ Reservation within political parties; EX- CANADA, USA, NORWAY etc.
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@upsc_society_gs
▪️ Stats :
✅ Representation of women in parliament & most state legislature- less than 15%.
✅ World Economic Forum Gender Gap Inex- India’s rank 135/146.
✅ Seats are not reserved for women in parliament or state legislature.
✅ Women’s reservation bill- proposes to reserve 33% of seats in ls & state legislative assemblies for women.
▪️Benefit
✅ Political empowerment of women
✅ Representative democracy, inclusive society
✅ Encourage experience of reservation in panchayats
✅ International mandates- Beijing platform for action 1995
▪️ Constraints :
✅ Perpetuate unequal status of women
✅ Helpful only for elite women
✅ Proxy culture like sarpanch Pati
✅ Patriarchal values
✅ Economic dependency
✅ Criminalisation of politics
✅ Lack of family support
Way ahead
✅ Need of political commitment
✅ Change in male dominated value system
✅ Organise awareness & leadership development programmes
✅ Reservation within political parties; EX- CANADA, USA, NORWAY etc.
#gs1
#gs2
#social_issues
#mains
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@upsc_society_gs
👍9❤1
🔆Sarpanch Patis
✅Parliamentary Standing Committee on Rural Development and Panchayati Raj has recommended for empowering elected women to remove ‘Sarpanch Patis’.
✅ World Economic Forum (WEF) will consider the participation of women at panchayat level to rank countries in its future global gender gap reports
✅ Women & men in India report 2022- 46% elected representatives at panchayat level are women.
▪️Problems faced by Women ERs :
✅ Low financial and digital literacy.
✅ Lack of adequate information about their rights and responsibilities.
✅ Inadequate managerial experience.
✅ Social barriers placed by traditional orthodox and parochial society etc.
✅Key recommendations
🔸 Training and capacity building to curb prevalent concepts like Sarpanch Pati or Pradhan Pati (husbands )
🔸 Financially empower women
🔸 Bring attitudinal change in both men and women.
#gs1
#gs2
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@upsc_society_gs
✅Parliamentary Standing Committee on Rural Development and Panchayati Raj has recommended for empowering elected women to remove ‘Sarpanch Patis’.
✅ World Economic Forum (WEF) will consider the participation of women at panchayat level to rank countries in its future global gender gap reports
✅ Women & men in India report 2022- 46% elected representatives at panchayat level are women.
▪️Problems faced by Women ERs :
✅ Low financial and digital literacy.
✅ Lack of adequate information about their rights and responsibilities.
✅ Inadequate managerial experience.
✅ Social barriers placed by traditional orthodox and parochial society etc.
✅Key recommendations
🔸 Training and capacity building to curb prevalent concepts like Sarpanch Pati or Pradhan Pati (husbands )
🔸 Financially empower women
🔸 Bring attitudinal change in both men and women.
#gs1
#gs2
#society
#social_issues
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
👍5❤1
Child Rights
Definition of child
✅ UNCRC- below the age of 18 years
✅ Juvenile Justice Act- below 18 years
✅ Child Labour Act- below 14 years.
✅Components : Right to Survival, Right to Protection, Right to Participation, Right to Development.
Child right violations :
✅ High infant & under 5 mortality rates
✅ High water vulnerability
✅ Acute malnutrition
✅ Physical & verbal abuse
✅ Child marriage, child labour, child trafficking
✅ Covid 19 – negative impact on mental health, learning losses, loss of guardians etc
Barriers in child right protection :
✅ Socio cultural : patrilineal & patrilocal nature of society, lack of social acceptance for child
protection laws, non-reporting of cases
✅ Political & systemic : delayed implementation of laws, delayed justice, non-uniformity in definition of child
✅ Economic : poverty & unemployment
✅ Lose identity of children’s with specific vulnerabilities & influence of technology
Steps taken:
✅ National policy for children 2013
✅ POCSO 2012
✅ Ratification of ILO Convention 138 & 182
✅ ART 21A, 24, 39E
✅ strengthen- Juvenile Justice Act 2015 etc
✅ Nutritional security
✅ Quality education
✅ Effective implementation of laws
✅ Leadership role by government
✅ Bridge resource gap between public & private sector
✅ Proactive media
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@upsc_society_gs
Definition of child
✅ UNCRC- below the age of 18 years
✅ Juvenile Justice Act- below 18 years
✅ Child Labour Act- below 14 years.
✅Components : Right to Survival, Right to Protection, Right to Participation, Right to Development.
Child right violations :
✅ High infant & under 5 mortality rates
✅ High water vulnerability
✅ Acute malnutrition
✅ Physical & verbal abuse
✅ Child marriage, child labour, child trafficking
✅ Covid 19 – negative impact on mental health, learning losses, loss of guardians etc
Barriers in child right protection :
✅ Socio cultural : patrilineal & patrilocal nature of society, lack of social acceptance for child
protection laws, non-reporting of cases
✅ Political & systemic : delayed implementation of laws, delayed justice, non-uniformity in definition of child
✅ Economic : poverty & unemployment
✅ Lose identity of children’s with specific vulnerabilities & influence of technology
Steps taken:
✅ National policy for children 2013
✅ POCSO 2012
✅ Ratification of ILO Convention 138 & 182
✅ ART 21A, 24, 39E
✅ strengthen- Juvenile Justice Act 2015 etc
✅ Nutritional security
✅ Quality education
✅ Effective implementation of laws
✅ Leadership role by government
✅ Bridge resource gap between public & private sector
✅ Proactive media
#gs1
#gs2
#social_issues
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
👍9👌2❤1
🔆Usha Mehta
✅She was a prominent figure in India's freedom struggle, known for her role in establishing Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement in 1942. A law student in Bombay at the time,
✅Mehta was deeply inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's call for civil disobedience. She played a pivotal role in setting up Congress Radio as an underground radio station to counter British censorship
and provide uncensored news and information to the Indian public.
✅Despite challenges, they succeeded in providing a vital voice for India's freedom struggle, amplifying the call for independence and inspiring generations. When Mehta was released from Pune’s Yerawada Jail in March 1946, she was hailed in the nationalist media as “Radio-ben”. Conferred the Padma Vibhushan in 1998, Mehta died after a brief illness in 2000.
✅Usha Mehta's story exemplifies ethical values such as:
🔸 Commitment to Justice
🔸 Courage: Mehta demonstrated courage in the face of adversity, refusing to bow down to British authorities and continuing to broadcast nationalist messages even when faced with the threat of arrest.
🔸 Integrity: Despite the risks involved, she remained true to her principles and refused to compromise on the ideals of freedom and democracy.
🔸 Sacrifice: Mehta made personal sacrifices, including risking her safety and freedom, for the greater good of the nation and its people.
🔸 Leadership: She showed leadership by taking the initiative and organizing the establishment of Congress Radio, rallying others to join the resistance against British colonial rule.
#gs1
#gs2
#social_issues
#history
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
✅She was a prominent figure in India's freedom struggle, known for her role in establishing Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement in 1942. A law student in Bombay at the time,
✅Mehta was deeply inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's call for civil disobedience. She played a pivotal role in setting up Congress Radio as an underground radio station to counter British censorship
and provide uncensored news and information to the Indian public.
✅Despite challenges, they succeeded in providing a vital voice for India's freedom struggle, amplifying the call for independence and inspiring generations. When Mehta was released from Pune’s Yerawada Jail in March 1946, she was hailed in the nationalist media as “Radio-ben”. Conferred the Padma Vibhushan in 1998, Mehta died after a brief illness in 2000.
✅Usha Mehta's story exemplifies ethical values such as:
🔸 Commitment to Justice
🔸 Courage: Mehta demonstrated courage in the face of adversity, refusing to bow down to British authorities and continuing to broadcast nationalist messages even when faced with the threat of arrest.
🔸 Integrity: Despite the risks involved, she remained true to her principles and refused to compromise on the ideals of freedom and democracy.
🔸 Sacrifice: Mehta made personal sacrifices, including risking her safety and freedom, for the greater good of the nation and its people.
🔸 Leadership: She showed leadership by taking the initiative and organizing the establishment of Congress Radio, rallying others to join the resistance against British colonial rule.
#gs1
#gs2
#social_issues
#history
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
👍11❤1
✅India: The Census 2011 estimate of 2.21% of India's population being disabled is vastly understated.
✅Global: According to the World Health Organization, approximately 16% of the global
population is disabled.
🔸If that figure is extrapolated to India, it would imply at least 192 million disabled people.
✅Smartphone users: India had 750 million Internet/smartphone users in 2020. Using the 16% figure, this equates to approximately 120 million (12 crore) disabled Internet/smartphone users.
✅Report finding: A report that assesses the accessibility of 10 of the most popular apps in India across five sectors. Zomato, Swiggy, PayTM, PhonePe, Amazon, Flipkart, Uber, Ola, WhatsApp, and Telegram were among the apps. The accessibility of the apps was divided into three categories based on the quantity of violations: “high,” “medium,” and “low.”
The report discovered that five of the 10 apps fell into the medium category, while four were rated low.
#mains
#social_issues
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
✅Global: According to the World Health Organization, approximately 16% of the global
population is disabled.
🔸If that figure is extrapolated to India, it would imply at least 192 million disabled people.
✅Smartphone users: India had 750 million Internet/smartphone users in 2020. Using the 16% figure, this equates to approximately 120 million (12 crore) disabled Internet/smartphone users.
✅Report finding: A report that assesses the accessibility of 10 of the most popular apps in India across five sectors. Zomato, Swiggy, PayTM, PhonePe, Amazon, Flipkart, Uber, Ola, WhatsApp, and Telegram were among the apps. The accessibility of the apps was divided into three categories based on the quantity of violations: “high,” “medium,” and “low.”
The report discovered that five of the 10 apps fell into the medium category, while four were rated low.
#mains
#social_issues
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
👍7👌2👏1
🔆Initiatives For Tribal Welfare :
✅ Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS): Established to provide quality education to ST students (Class VI-XII), with more than one lakh students enrolled in 392 EMRS currently.
✅ Pradhan Mantri Vanbandhu Vikas Yojana: A venture capital fund set up to promote entrepreneurship and
start-up projects by ST youth.
✅ Minimum Support Price (MSP) for Minor Forest Produce: Ensuring MSP and marketing support for tribal
products through the Pradhan Mantri Jan Jatiya Vikas Mission.
✅Van Dhan Yojana (VDY): Has over nine lakh beneficiaries in 340 districts across the country, supporting retail marketing for livelihood development among tribals.
✅Van Dhan Vikas Kendra (2018): Provides skill upgradation, capacity building, training, and sets up primary
processing and value addition facilities.
✅Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAAGY): Aims to provide basic infrastructure in villages with a significant tribal population.
✅National Health Mission (NHM): Relaxed norms for setting up health facilities in tribal areas, with 256 High
Priority Districts (HPDs) including tribal districts identified.
✅PM Janjatiya Vikas Scheme (2021): Aims for tribal development in five years through Van Dhan group
formation.
✅ Marketing And Logistics Development for Promotion of Tribal Products from North Eastern Region (PTP-NER) (2023): Aims to transform the tribal ecosystem in the Northeast by strengthening livelihood opportunities for tribal artisans through improved procurement, logistics, and marketing.
#society
#mains
#social_issues
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
✅ Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS): Established to provide quality education to ST students (Class VI-XII), with more than one lakh students enrolled in 392 EMRS currently.
✅ Pradhan Mantri Vanbandhu Vikas Yojana: A venture capital fund set up to promote entrepreneurship and
start-up projects by ST youth.
✅ Minimum Support Price (MSP) for Minor Forest Produce: Ensuring MSP and marketing support for tribal
products through the Pradhan Mantri Jan Jatiya Vikas Mission.
✅Van Dhan Yojana (VDY): Has over nine lakh beneficiaries in 340 districts across the country, supporting retail marketing for livelihood development among tribals.
✅Van Dhan Vikas Kendra (2018): Provides skill upgradation, capacity building, training, and sets up primary
processing and value addition facilities.
✅Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAAGY): Aims to provide basic infrastructure in villages with a significant tribal population.
✅National Health Mission (NHM): Relaxed norms for setting up health facilities in tribal areas, with 256 High
Priority Districts (HPDs) including tribal districts identified.
✅PM Janjatiya Vikas Scheme (2021): Aims for tribal development in five years through Van Dhan group
formation.
✅ Marketing And Logistics Development for Promotion of Tribal Products from North Eastern Region (PTP-NER) (2023): Aims to transform the tribal ecosystem in the Northeast by strengthening livelihood opportunities for tribal artisans through improved procurement, logistics, and marketing.
#society
#mains
#social_issues
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
👍11❤1🔥1
🔆 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) :
✅ Initially - Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) , 1973
✅ Renamed (2006) - PTGs as PVTGs by GOI
✅ Characteristics :
1. Preservation of pre-agricultural practices,
2. Economic Backwardness,
3. Decreasing or stagnant population growth
4. Relatively low levels of literacy in contrast to other tribal groups.
✅ Recognition - 75 tribal communities (across 18 states and UT of Andaman & Nicobar Island )
✅ Highest No. - Odisha (13), followed by Andhra Pradesh (12), Gujarat (8) and Tamil Nadu (6), while no PVTGs are found in the states of Punjab and Haryana.
✅ Tribal Welfare Initiatives : PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN), Pradhan Mantri PVTG Development Mission etc.
#social_issues
#prelims_facts
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
✅ Initially - Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) , 1973
✅ Renamed (2006) - PTGs as PVTGs by GOI
✅ Characteristics :
1. Preservation of pre-agricultural practices,
2. Economic Backwardness,
3. Decreasing or stagnant population growth
4. Relatively low levels of literacy in contrast to other tribal groups.
✅ Recognition - 75 tribal communities (across 18 states and UT of Andaman & Nicobar Island )
✅ Highest No. - Odisha (13), followed by Andhra Pradesh (12), Gujarat (8) and Tamil Nadu (6), while no PVTGs are found in the states of Punjab and Haryana.
✅ Tribal Welfare Initiatives : PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN), Pradhan Mantri PVTG Development Mission etc.
#social_issues
#prelims_facts
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
👍12❤3🙏1
🔆Sarpanch Patis
✅Parliamentary Standing Committee on Rural Development and Panchayati Raj has recommended for empowering elected women to remove ‘Sarpanch Patis’.
✅ World Economic Forum (WEF) will consider the participation of women at panchayat level to rank countries in its future global gender gap reports
✅ Women & men in India report 2022- 46% elected representatives at panchayat level are women.
▪️Problems faced by Women ERs :
✅ Low financial and digital literacy.
✅ Lack of adequate information about their rights and responsibilities.
✅ Inadequate managerial experience.
✅ Social barriers placed by traditional orthodox and parochial society etc.
✅Key recommendations
🔸 Training and capacity building to curb prevalent concepts like Sarpanch Pati or Pradhan Pati (husbands )
🔸 Financially empower women
🔸 Bring attitudinal change in both men and women.
#gs1
#gs2
#society
#social_issues
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
✅Parliamentary Standing Committee on Rural Development and Panchayati Raj has recommended for empowering elected women to remove ‘Sarpanch Patis’.
✅ World Economic Forum (WEF) will consider the participation of women at panchayat level to rank countries in its future global gender gap reports
✅ Women & men in India report 2022- 46% elected representatives at panchayat level are women.
▪️Problems faced by Women ERs :
✅ Low financial and digital literacy.
✅ Lack of adequate information about their rights and responsibilities.
✅ Inadequate managerial experience.
✅ Social barriers placed by traditional orthodox and parochial society etc.
✅Key recommendations
🔸 Training and capacity building to curb prevalent concepts like Sarpanch Pati or Pradhan Pati (husbands )
🔸 Financially empower women
🔸 Bring attitudinal change in both men and women.
#gs1
#gs2
#society
#social_issues
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
👍17
🔆Usha Mehta
✅She was a prominent figure in India's freedom struggle, known for her role in establishing Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement in 1942. A law student in Bombay at the time,
✅Mehta was deeply inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's call for civil disobedience. She played a pivotal role in setting up Congress Radio as an underground radio station to counter British censorship
and provide uncensored news and information to the Indian public.
✅Despite challenges, they succeeded in providing a vital voice for India's freedom struggle, amplifying the call for independence and inspiring generations. When Mehta was released from Pune’s Yerawada Jail in March 1946, she was hailed in the nationalist media as “Radio-ben”. Conferred the Padma Vibhushan in 1998, Mehta died after a brief illness in 2000.
✅Usha Mehta's story exemplifies ethical values such as:
🔸 Commitment to Justice
🔸 Courage: Mehta demonstrated courage in the face of adversity, refusing to bow down to British authorities and continuing to broadcast nationalist messages even when faced with the threat of arrest.
🔸 Integrity: Despite the risks involved, she remained true to her principles and refused to compromise on the ideals of freedom and democracy.
🔸 Sacrifice: Mehta made personal sacrifices, including risking her safety and freedom, for the greater good of the nation and its people.
🔸 Leadership: She showed leadership by taking the initiative and organizing the establishment of Congress Radio, rallying others to join the resistance against British colonial rule.
#gs1
#gs2
#social_issues
#history
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
✅She was a prominent figure in India's freedom struggle, known for her role in establishing Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement in 1942. A law student in Bombay at the time,
✅Mehta was deeply inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's call for civil disobedience. She played a pivotal role in setting up Congress Radio as an underground radio station to counter British censorship
and provide uncensored news and information to the Indian public.
✅Despite challenges, they succeeded in providing a vital voice for India's freedom struggle, amplifying the call for independence and inspiring generations. When Mehta was released from Pune’s Yerawada Jail in March 1946, she was hailed in the nationalist media as “Radio-ben”. Conferred the Padma Vibhushan in 1998, Mehta died after a brief illness in 2000.
✅Usha Mehta's story exemplifies ethical values such as:
🔸 Commitment to Justice
🔸 Courage: Mehta demonstrated courage in the face of adversity, refusing to bow down to British authorities and continuing to broadcast nationalist messages even when faced with the threat of arrest.
🔸 Integrity: Despite the risks involved, she remained true to her principles and refused to compromise on the ideals of freedom and democracy.
🔸 Sacrifice: Mehta made personal sacrifices, including risking her safety and freedom, for the greater good of the nation and its people.
🔸 Leadership: She showed leadership by taking the initiative and organizing the establishment of Congress Radio, rallying others to join the resistance against British colonial rule.
#gs1
#gs2
#social_issues
#history
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
👍12❤6👏1👌1
🔆Key Facts on Education, Skill Development, and Research in India:
✅ Literacy Rate: India's literacy rate stands at 77.7% (2024). Kerala leads with 96.2%, while Bihar reports 69.8%. Gender gap persists with male literacy at 84.7% and female literacy at 70.3%.
📍 Adult Illiteracy:
✅ Approximately 20.7 crore adults (23% of the adult population) are non-literate, the largest in the world.
✅Women constitute a significant majority of the adult illiterate population, reflecting persistent gender disparities.
📍Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER):
✅Primary: 103.4% (Girls > Boys)
✅Upper Primary: 94.7% (Girls > Boys)
✅Secondary: 79.6% (Girls > Boys)
✅Higher Education: 28.4% (Girls > Boys)
📍 Dropout Rates: Definition (Ministry of Education): A dropout is defined as a student who has enrolled in school but has been absent for 45 days or more continuously without providing prior intimation or officially leaving the institution.
✅ Primary Level: 1.5%
✅ Upper Primary Level: 3.0%
✅ Secondary Level: 12.6%
✅ Note: High attrition rates at the secondary level highlight retention challenges.
📍Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR):
✅ Primary (Grades I-V): 26:1 (Better than RTE-prescribed 30:1)
✅ Upper Primary (Grades VI-VIII): 19:1 (Much better than RTE-prescribed 35:1)
✅ Secondary (Grades IX-X): 17:1 (No specific RTE prescription)
📍 Vocational Education:
✅Total Trained Under Skill India Mission: 68 lakh individuals since inception.
✅ Placement Rate: Approximately 23%, with sectors like electronics achieving 54%, and apparel about 20%.
📍Expenditure on Education:
✅ Union Budget 2024-25: ₹1,20,628 crore allocated to education, constituting 2.5% of total budgeted expenditure.
✅ Department of School Education & Literacy: ₹73,008 crore allocated.
✅ Department of Higher Education: ₹47,620 crore allocated.
✅ Percentage of GDP: Education spending remains at approximately 4.1-4.6% of GDP, below the 6% target set by the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
📍Research & Development (R&D):
✅ Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD): ₹1,27,381 crore (FY2021).
✅ Percentage of GDP: 0.64%, significantly lower than South Korea (4.8%) and the USA (3.5%).
✅ Private Sector Contribution: Only 0.2% of GDP, highlighting the need for increased corporate R&D investment.
📍Major Investments in 2024:
✅ NXP Semiconductors: $1 billion investment in R&D in India.
✅Delta Electronics: $500 million investment in India's largest R&D center in Bengaluru.
#education #GS2 #social_issues
Join @CSE_EXAM
✅ Literacy Rate: India's literacy rate stands at 77.7% (2024). Kerala leads with 96.2%, while Bihar reports 69.8%. Gender gap persists with male literacy at 84.7% and female literacy at 70.3%.
📍 Adult Illiteracy:
✅ Approximately 20.7 crore adults (23% of the adult population) are non-literate, the largest in the world.
✅Women constitute a significant majority of the adult illiterate population, reflecting persistent gender disparities.
📍Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER):
✅Primary: 103.4% (Girls > Boys)
✅Upper Primary: 94.7% (Girls > Boys)
✅Secondary: 79.6% (Girls > Boys)
✅Higher Education: 28.4% (Girls > Boys)
📍 Dropout Rates: Definition (Ministry of Education): A dropout is defined as a student who has enrolled in school but has been absent for 45 days or more continuously without providing prior intimation or officially leaving the institution.
✅ Primary Level: 1.5%
✅ Upper Primary Level: 3.0%
✅ Secondary Level: 12.6%
✅ Note: High attrition rates at the secondary level highlight retention challenges.
📍Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR):
✅ Primary (Grades I-V): 26:1 (Better than RTE-prescribed 30:1)
✅ Upper Primary (Grades VI-VIII): 19:1 (Much better than RTE-prescribed 35:1)
✅ Secondary (Grades IX-X): 17:1 (No specific RTE prescription)
📍 Vocational Education:
✅Total Trained Under Skill India Mission: 68 lakh individuals since inception.
✅ Placement Rate: Approximately 23%, with sectors like electronics achieving 54%, and apparel about 20%.
📍Expenditure on Education:
✅ Union Budget 2024-25: ₹1,20,628 crore allocated to education, constituting 2.5% of total budgeted expenditure.
✅ Department of School Education & Literacy: ₹73,008 crore allocated.
✅ Department of Higher Education: ₹47,620 crore allocated.
✅ Percentage of GDP: Education spending remains at approximately 4.1-4.6% of GDP, below the 6% target set by the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
📍Research & Development (R&D):
✅ Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD): ₹1,27,381 crore (FY2021).
✅ Percentage of GDP: 0.64%, significantly lower than South Korea (4.8%) and the USA (3.5%).
✅ Private Sector Contribution: Only 0.2% of GDP, highlighting the need for increased corporate R&D investment.
📍Major Investments in 2024:
✅ NXP Semiconductors: $1 billion investment in R&D in India.
✅Delta Electronics: $500 million investment in India's largest R&D center in Bengaluru.
#education #GS2 #social_issues
Join @CSE_EXAM
👍19❤6🔥2👌1
🔆 Women’s Representation in Panchayati Raj: Addressing Male Proxies & Systemic Challenges
📍 Issue of Male Proxies in Panchayats
✅ Despite 46.6% women representation in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), male relatives often dominate decision-making, undermining women’s leadership.
📍 Panel Recommendations
✅ Mandating gender-exclusive quotas in panchayat and ward-level committees.
✅ Rewarding "anti-pradhan pati champions" to discourage male proxies.
✅ Appointing women ombudsmen and organizing public swearing-in ceremonies for women leaders.
✅ Creating federations of women panchayat leaders and establishing leadership hubs and support networks.
📍 Concerns Over Punitive Measures
✅ The panel’s suggestion of "exemplary punishment" for male proxies is seen as problematic as it may not lead to systemic change.
📍 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act
✅ Ensured one-third reservation for women in PRIs.
✅ By 2024, 21 states and two union territories adopted 50% reservation for women.
📍 Challenges to Women’s Participation
✅ The practice of "pradhan-patis" (male proxies) contradicts the spirit of the amendment.
✅ Lack of training for Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) hinders their effective participation in decision-making.
📍 Judicial Observation
✅ In July 2023, the Supreme Court ruled that judicial intervention cannot preclude women from participating, even if they rely on male relatives for support.
📍 Capacity Building Emphasis
✅ A parliamentary committee and studies by Kudumbashree and the National Institute of Rural Development emphasized the need for training EWRs to enhance their leadership roles.
📍 Bottom-Up Approach Advocated
✅ Awareness, training, and empowerment of women preferred over punitive measures to ensure sustainable systemic change.
📍 Symbolism vs. Real Change
✅ Women’s reservation in PRIs must move beyond symbolic representation to address patriarchal structures and foster genuine leadership.
#society #social_issues
#polity #prelims #mains #GS2 #GS1
JOIN @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
📍 Issue of Male Proxies in Panchayats
✅ Despite 46.6% women representation in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), male relatives often dominate decision-making, undermining women’s leadership.
📍 Panel Recommendations
✅ Mandating gender-exclusive quotas in panchayat and ward-level committees.
✅ Rewarding "anti-pradhan pati champions" to discourage male proxies.
✅ Appointing women ombudsmen and organizing public swearing-in ceremonies for women leaders.
✅ Creating federations of women panchayat leaders and establishing leadership hubs and support networks.
📍 Concerns Over Punitive Measures
✅ The panel’s suggestion of "exemplary punishment" for male proxies is seen as problematic as it may not lead to systemic change.
📍 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act
✅ Ensured one-third reservation for women in PRIs.
✅ By 2024, 21 states and two union territories adopted 50% reservation for women.
📍 Challenges to Women’s Participation
✅ The practice of "pradhan-patis" (male proxies) contradicts the spirit of the amendment.
✅ Lack of training for Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) hinders their effective participation in decision-making.
📍 Judicial Observation
✅ In July 2023, the Supreme Court ruled that judicial intervention cannot preclude women from participating, even if they rely on male relatives for support.
📍 Capacity Building Emphasis
✅ A parliamentary committee and studies by Kudumbashree and the National Institute of Rural Development emphasized the need for training EWRs to enhance their leadership roles.
📍 Bottom-Up Approach Advocated
✅ Awareness, training, and empowerment of women preferred over punitive measures to ensure sustainable systemic change.
📍 Symbolism vs. Real Change
✅ Women’s reservation in PRIs must move beyond symbolic representation to address patriarchal structures and foster genuine leadership.
#society #social_issues
#polity #prelims #mains #GS2 #GS1
JOIN @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
👍11❤1🔥1
🔆 Why is India's Fertility Rate Declining?
📍 Key Reasons for Fertility Decline
✅ Increased Female Literacy & Workforce Participation – More women focusing on careers & education.
✅ Women’s Empowerment & Changing Aspirations – More financial independence, delayed marriages & childbirth.
✅ Social Attitude Shifts – Preference for higher education, jobs & financial stability over early motherhood.
✅ Rising Infertility & Abortions – Affecting both men & women, contributing to lower birth rates.
✅ Migration of Youngsters – Many opt for jobs abroad, reducing birth rates in their home states.
📍 The Way Forward
✅ Improve Socio-Economic Conditions – A better economy & job prospects can encourage family growth.
✅ Invest in Social & Health Sectors – Stronger healthcare & maternity support for working women.
✅ Learning from Global Trends – Avoid mistakes of countries like South Korea, where fertility rates failed to recover despite large investments.
#social_issues
📍 Key Reasons for Fertility Decline
✅ Increased Female Literacy & Workforce Participation – More women focusing on careers & education.
✅ Women’s Empowerment & Changing Aspirations – More financial independence, delayed marriages & childbirth.
✅ Social Attitude Shifts – Preference for higher education, jobs & financial stability over early motherhood.
✅ Rising Infertility & Abortions – Affecting both men & women, contributing to lower birth rates.
✅ Migration of Youngsters – Many opt for jobs abroad, reducing birth rates in their home states.
📍 The Way Forward
✅ Improve Socio-Economic Conditions – A better economy & job prospects can encourage family growth.
✅ Invest in Social & Health Sectors – Stronger healthcare & maternity support for working women.
✅ Learning from Global Trends – Avoid mistakes of countries like South Korea, where fertility rates failed to recover despite large investments.
#social_issues
👌5❤2
🔆 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) :
✅ Initially - Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) , 1973
✅ Renamed (2006) - PTGs as PVTGs by GOI
✅ Characteristics :
1. Preservation of pre-agricultural practices,
2. Economic Backwardness,
3. Decreasing or stagnant population growth
4. Relatively low levels of literacy in contrast to other tribal groups.
✅ Recognition - 75 tribal communities (across 18 states and UT of Andaman & Nicobar Island )
✅ Highest No. - Odisha (13), followed by Andhra Pradesh (12), Gujarat (8) and Tamil Nadu (6), while no PVTGs are found in the states of Punjab and Haryana.
✅ Tribal Welfare Initiatives : PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN), Pradhan Mantri PVTG Development Mission etc.
#social_issues
#prelims_facts
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
✅ Initially - Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) , 1973
✅ Renamed (2006) - PTGs as PVTGs by GOI
✅ Characteristics :
1. Preservation of pre-agricultural practices,
2. Economic Backwardness,
3. Decreasing or stagnant population growth
4. Relatively low levels of literacy in contrast to other tribal groups.
✅ Recognition - 75 tribal communities (across 18 states and UT of Andaman & Nicobar Island )
✅ Highest No. - Odisha (13), followed by Andhra Pradesh (12), Gujarat (8) and Tamil Nadu (6), while no PVTGs are found in the states of Punjab and Haryana.
✅ Tribal Welfare Initiatives : PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM JANMAN), Pradhan Mantri PVTG Development Mission etc.
#social_issues
#prelims_facts
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
❤3👍1
🔆Usha Mehta
✅She was a prominent figure in India's freedom struggle, known for her role in establishing Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement in 1942. A law student in Bombay at the time,
✅Mehta was deeply inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's call for civil disobedience. She played a pivotal role in setting up Congress Radio as an underground radio station to counter British censorship
and provide uncensored news and information to the Indian public.
✅Despite challenges, they succeeded in providing a vital voice for India's freedom struggle, amplifying the call for independence and inspiring generations. When Mehta was released from Pune’s Yerawada Jail in March 1946, she was hailed in the nationalist media as “Radio-ben”. Conferred the Padma Vibhushan in 1998, Mehta died after a brief illness in 2000.
✅Usha Mehta's story exemplifies ethical values such as:
🔸 Commitment to Justice
🔸 Courage: Mehta demonstrated courage in the face of adversity, refusing to bow down to British authorities and continuing to broadcast nationalist messages even when faced with the threat of arrest.
🔸 Integrity: Despite the risks involved, she remained true to her principles and refused to compromise on the ideals of freedom and democracy.
🔸 Sacrifice: Mehta made personal sacrifices, including risking her safety and freedom, for the greater good of the nation and its people.
🔸 Leadership: She showed leadership by taking the initiative and organizing the establishment of Congress Radio, rallying others to join the resistance against British colonial rule.
#gs1
#gs2
#social_issues
#history
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
✅She was a prominent figure in India's freedom struggle, known for her role in establishing Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement in 1942. A law student in Bombay at the time,
✅Mehta was deeply inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's call for civil disobedience. She played a pivotal role in setting up Congress Radio as an underground radio station to counter British censorship
and provide uncensored news and information to the Indian public.
✅Despite challenges, they succeeded in providing a vital voice for India's freedom struggle, amplifying the call for independence and inspiring generations. When Mehta was released from Pune’s Yerawada Jail in March 1946, she was hailed in the nationalist media as “Radio-ben”. Conferred the Padma Vibhushan in 1998, Mehta died after a brief illness in 2000.
✅Usha Mehta's story exemplifies ethical values such as:
🔸 Commitment to Justice
🔸 Courage: Mehta demonstrated courage in the face of adversity, refusing to bow down to British authorities and continuing to broadcast nationalist messages even when faced with the threat of arrest.
🔸 Integrity: Despite the risks involved, she remained true to her principles and refused to compromise on the ideals of freedom and democracy.
🔸 Sacrifice: Mehta made personal sacrifices, including risking her safety and freedom, for the greater good of the nation and its people.
🔸 Leadership: She showed leadership by taking the initiative and organizing the establishment of Congress Radio, rallying others to join the resistance against British colonial rule.
#gs1
#gs2
#social_issues
#history
#mains
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_society_gs
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