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Government of India Act 1919 - Part 1

- Based on the report of Edwin Montagu(Secretary of State) and Lord Chelmsford(Viceroy).
Hence, called as Montagu-Chelmsford reforms or Montford reforms.

Features

Provincial Government
Executive:
- Dyarchy was introduced,  two classes of administrators – Executive Councillors and Ministers.
- Subjects were divided into two lists
Reserved list (Under Governor) consisted of law and order, irrigation, finance, land revenue, etc.
Transferred List(Under Ministers) - education, local government, health, excise, industry, public works, etc.

- Ministers were responsible to  legislature, whereas executive councillors were not.

- Ministers were nominated from the elected members of the legislative council.

- The Secretary of State and Governor-General could interfere in matters under the reserved list but this interference was restricted for the transferred list.

Legislature:

- Number of elected members were increased (Now about 70% were elected).
- Some women could also vote.
- The governor’s assent was required to pass the bill. He had veto power and could issue ordinances.

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Government of India Act 1919 - Part 2

Features - Continued
Central government
Executive:
- Governor-General(G-G) =chief executive authority
- G-G executive council - 3 out of 6 members to be Indian.
- G-G was vested with ordinance making power and could also certify bills rejected by the central legislature.
- Two lists for administration – central and provincial

Legislature:
- A bicameral legislature was set up with Legislative Assembly(145 members) andCouncil of State(60 Male members).
- legislators could ask questions and also vote a part of the budget(only 25%)

Governor-General
- G-G assent was required for a  bill to become law.
He could enact a bill without the legislature’s consent.
- provided for Limited franchise based on property, tax and education.
- Extended Communal representation to Indian Christians, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans. 

Other Features
- Provided for the first time, the establishment of a public service commission in India.
- provided for setting up a statutory commission to study the working of the Act.(Hence, Simon Commission 1927).
- created an office of the High Commissioner for India in London.

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Battle of Plassey, 1757

Reason – The servants of company were indulged in abuse of dastaks in inland trade and not paying duty.

Parties - (Sirajuddaula (Nawab of Bengal) + His French support troop) V/S Robert Clive

Result → Robert clive won & marked Foundation of British Rule in India

Battle of Buxar, 1764

Parties - Between (Nawab of Bengal Mir Qasim + Nawab of Awadh Shuja Uddaula + Mughal emperor Shah Alam 2) V/S East India Company under the command of Major Hector Munro

Result → East India Company won

Allahabad Treaty was signed

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TATTWABODHINI SABHA

- Estb in 1839 by DEBENDRANATH TAGORE, as a splinter group of Brahmo Samaj (BS)

- Published Tattvabodhini Patrika

- amalgamated with the Brahmo Samaj in 1859

- Amongst its first members were AK DUTT and IC VIDYASAGAR

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Ancient India - Key Terms ( Part 1) - Maurya Empire

1. Sannidhata – Treasurer/ In charge of revenue collection
2. Samharta– Revenue collector
3. Amatyas–   civil servants to look after the day-to-day administration (similar to the IAS officers of a modern India)
4. Rajukas - authority of rewarding as well we punishing people.
5. Adhyaksas-  looked after the various departments.

6. Yuktas- subordinate official engaged largely in secretarial works and accounting
7. Gopa and Sthanika-  intermediate level of administrators between the district level and village level, 
8. Gramika- Head of the village. 
9. Grambhojaka- Helped Gramika 
10. Pramukha-  Chief of Shrenis(Guilds of Handicrafts)

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Ancient India - Key Terms ( Part 2) - Vedic Period

1. Vrajapati - Officer-in-charge of pasture land
2. Purohita- Priest of highest order
3. Jivagribha - Police official
4. Senani - Supreme commander-in-chief
5. Gramani - Head of the village

6. Kulapati - Head of the family
7. Spasas - Spies & Messengers
8. Bhagadugha - Revenue collector
9. Madhyamasi - Mediator for dispute solving
10. Palagala - Messenger

11. Sanghrahriti - Treasurer
12. Kshatri - Chamberlain
13. Sthapati - Chief Judge
14. Mahishi - Chief Queen
15. Govikartana - Keeper of forests & games
16. Akshavapa - Accountant
17. Takshan - Carpenter

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Ancient India - Key Terms (Part 03)
Gupta Period

1. Mahabaladhikrita - Commander-in-Chief
2. Mahadandanayak - Chief Justice
3. Mahapratihar - Maintenance of RoyalPalace
4. Mahasandhivigrahak - Post-war conciliation
5. Dandapashika - Police department head

6. Bhandagaradhikreta - Head of Royal treasury
7. Mahapaksha-patalik - Head of account department
8. Vinayasthitisansathapak - Head of education department
9. Sarvadhyaksha - Inspector for all central department
10. Mahashwapati - Controller of cavalry

11. Mahamahipilapati - Controller & executor of elephantry
12. Vinayapura - Official to present different guests at the King’s court
13. Yuktapurusha - Office to keep account of war booty
14. Khadyatpakika - Inspector of Royal Kitchen
15. Ranabhandagarika - Officer in charge of Army Stores
16. Mahanarpati - Head of infantry

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Key Terms - Medieval India (Part 03)

1. Sipahsalar - The Head executive
2. Diwan - Incharge of revenue department
3. Bakshi - Incharge of military department
4. Sadr - Incharge of judicial department

5. Fauzdar - Administrative Head
6. Amal/Amalguzar - Revenue collection
7. Kotwal - Maintenance of law & order; trial of criminal cases; price regulation
8. Muqaddam    Headman
9. Patwari    Accountant
10. CHowkidar    Watchman

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Political Organizations before Congress formation 

1. Landholders Society(Zamindari Association)
Founded - 1836 - Calcutta
By: Dwarkanath Tagore

2. British India Society
Founded - 1839 - London
By: William Adam

3. Bengal British India Society
Founded - 1843 - Calcutta 
By - George Thompson

4. British India Association
Founded - 1852 - Calcutta 
By - Dwarkanath Tagore

5. Madras Native Association
Founded - 1852 - Madras
By: Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty

6. Bombay Association
Founded - 1852 - Bombay
By - Jagannath Shankar Seth

7. East India Association
Founded - 1866 - London
By - Dadabhai Naoroji

8. National Indian Association
Founded - 1867 - London
By - Mary Carpenter

9. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
Founded - 1876 - Pune
By: Mahadev Govind Ranade, Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi, S. H. Chiplunkar 

10. Indian Society
Founded - 1872 - London
By -  Anand Mohan Bose

11. Indian Association
Founded - 1876 - Calcutta 
By: Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose

12. Madras Mahajan Sabha
Founded - 1884 - Madras
By -  M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer and P. Anandacharlu

13. Bombay Presidency Association
Founded - 1885 - Bombay
By -  Phirozshah Mehta, K.T Telang and Badruddin Tyabji

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Abanindranath Tagore

News - 150th Birth Anniversary
on 7th August 2020.

- nephew of Rabindranath Tagore
- one of the most prominent artists of Bengal school of art.
- He was the first major supporter of swadeshi values in Indian art.

Contributions

- created the ‘Indian Society of Oriental Art’
- established the Bengal school of art.
- started integrating Chinese and Japanese calligraphic traditions into his style.