🔆JAINISM
✅Jainism came into prominence in 6th century B.C., when Lord Mahavira propagated the religion.
✅ The word ‘Jain’ is derived from jina or jaina which means the ‘Conqueror’.
✅ There were 24 Tirthankaras (teachers) & the first Tirthankara was Rishabhanath or Rishabhadev.
✅The 23rd Tirthankara was Parshvanatha who was born in Varanasi.
✅The last – 24th Tirthkara was Vardhaman Mahavira.
✅The doctrine of Jaina is older than the Buddhist doctrine.
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#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#JAINISM
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✅Jainism came into prominence in 6th century B.C., when Lord Mahavira propagated the religion.
✅ The word ‘Jain’ is derived from jina or jaina which means the ‘Conqueror’.
✅ There were 24 Tirthankaras (teachers) & the first Tirthankara was Rishabhanath or Rishabhadev.
✅The 23rd Tirthankara was Parshvanatha who was born in Varanasi.
✅The last – 24th Tirthkara was Vardhaman Mahavira.
✅The doctrine of Jaina is older than the Buddhist doctrine.
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#JAINISM
Join @CSE_EXAM
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▪️VARDHAMAN MAHAVIRA (539-467 BC)
✅Birth – Kundagrama near Vaishali. Belongs to Gnatrika Clan. Buddha and Mahavira were contemporaries.
✅Parents - Siddhartha and Trisala (Sister of Lichchhavi chief Chetaka).
✅He was married to Yasoda and had a daughter Anojja or Priyadarsana.
✅Teachers - Alarakama and Udraka Ramputra.
✅ He attained Kaivalya-highest spiritual knowledge, at the age of 42 under Sal tree. Thus,
he is called Mahavir, Jina Jitendriya (one who conquered his senses), Nigrantha (free
from all bonds).
✅First sermon - At Pava
✅ Died at Pava near Rajagriha at the age of 72.
✅ A symbol was associated with every Tirthankara and Mahavira’s symbol was a lion.
▪️TEACHINGS OF MAHAVIRA
✅Rejected authority of the Vedas & Vedic rituals.
✅Did not belive in the existance of God.
✅Believed in Karma & Transmission of Soul.
✅ Emphasised the equality but did not condemn varna system.
✅Advocated a life of austerity and non-violence.
▪️TENETS OF JAINISM
✅Belief in God: Jainism recognised the existence of god but placed them lower than Jina (Mahavira).
✅It did not condemn the varna system but attempted to mitigate the evils of the varna
order and the ritualistic Vedic religion.
✅According to Mahavira, a person is born in higher or lower varna as the consequence of the sins or the virtues in the previous birth. Thus, Jainism believes in the “transmigration of the soul” and the “theory of Karma.”
▪️FIVE DOCTRINES OF JAINISM
✅AHIMSA: Non-injury to a living being
✅SATYA: Do not speak a lie
✅ASTEYA: Do not steal
✅APARIGRAHA: Do not acquire property
✅ BRAHMACHARYA: Observe continence
▪️THREE JEWELS/TRIRATNA
✅It mainly aims at the attainment of liberation, for which no ritual is required.
✅ It can be attained through three principles called Three Jewels or Triratna i.e.
1. Right Faith (Samyakdarshana)
2. Right Knowledge (Samyakjnana)
3. Right Action (Samyakcharita)
▪️SPREAD OF JAINISM
✅ Through Sangha, consists of women & Men.
✅ Under the patronage of Chandragupta Maurya, Kharaveli of Kalinga and the royal dynasties of south India such as the Gangas, the Kadambas, the Chalukyas and the Rashtrkutas.
✅When Bhadrabahu (Guru of Chandragupta Maurya) left for South India, Sthulabahu remained in the North with his followers.
✅After Bhadrabahu returned with his follower, Jainism spilt into two sects:
1. SWETAMBARAS: White-clad; Northerners
2. DIGAMBARAS: Sky-clad (naked); Southerners.
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#JAINISM
Join @CSE_EXAM
✅Birth – Kundagrama near Vaishali. Belongs to Gnatrika Clan. Buddha and Mahavira were contemporaries.
✅Parents - Siddhartha and Trisala (Sister of Lichchhavi chief Chetaka).
✅He was married to Yasoda and had a daughter Anojja or Priyadarsana.
✅Teachers - Alarakama and Udraka Ramputra.
✅ He attained Kaivalya-highest spiritual knowledge, at the age of 42 under Sal tree. Thus,
he is called Mahavir, Jina Jitendriya (one who conquered his senses), Nigrantha (free
from all bonds).
✅First sermon - At Pava
✅ Died at Pava near Rajagriha at the age of 72.
✅ A symbol was associated with every Tirthankara and Mahavira’s symbol was a lion.
▪️TEACHINGS OF MAHAVIRA
✅Rejected authority of the Vedas & Vedic rituals.
✅Did not belive in the existance of God.
✅Believed in Karma & Transmission of Soul.
✅ Emphasised the equality but did not condemn varna system.
✅Advocated a life of austerity and non-violence.
▪️TENETS OF JAINISM
✅Belief in God: Jainism recognised the existence of god but placed them lower than Jina (Mahavira).
✅It did not condemn the varna system but attempted to mitigate the evils of the varna
order and the ritualistic Vedic religion.
✅According to Mahavira, a person is born in higher or lower varna as the consequence of the sins or the virtues in the previous birth. Thus, Jainism believes in the “transmigration of the soul” and the “theory of Karma.”
▪️FIVE DOCTRINES OF JAINISM
✅AHIMSA: Non-injury to a living being
✅SATYA: Do not speak a lie
✅ASTEYA: Do not steal
✅APARIGRAHA: Do not acquire property
✅ BRAHMACHARYA: Observe continence
▪️THREE JEWELS/TRIRATNA
✅It mainly aims at the attainment of liberation, for which no ritual is required.
✅ It can be attained through three principles called Three Jewels or Triratna i.e.
1. Right Faith (Samyakdarshana)
2. Right Knowledge (Samyakjnana)
3. Right Action (Samyakcharita)
▪️SPREAD OF JAINISM
✅ Through Sangha, consists of women & Men.
✅ Under the patronage of Chandragupta Maurya, Kharaveli of Kalinga and the royal dynasties of south India such as the Gangas, the Kadambas, the Chalukyas and the Rashtrkutas.
✅When Bhadrabahu (Guru of Chandragupta Maurya) left for South India, Sthulabahu remained in the North with his followers.
✅After Bhadrabahu returned with his follower, Jainism spilt into two sects:
1. SWETAMBARAS: White-clad; Northerners
2. DIGAMBARAS: Sky-clad (naked); Southerners.
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#JAINISM
Join @CSE_EXAM
▪️SECTS/SCHOOL
OF JAINISM
✅Jain order has been divided into two major sects: Digambara and Svetambara. The division occurred mainly due to famine in Magadha which compelled a group led by Bhadrabahu to move South India.
✅ During the 12years famine, the group in South India stick to the strict practices while the group in Magadha adopted a more lax attitude and started wearing white clothes.
✅After the end of famine, when the Southern group came back to Magadha, the changed practices led to the division of Jainism into two sects.
▪️DIGAMBARA
✅ Monks of this sect believe in complete nudity. Male monks do not wear clothes while female monks wear unstitched plain white sarees.
✅Follow all five vows (Satya, Ahimsa, Asteya, Aparigraha and Brahmacharya).
✅Believe women cannot achieve liberation.
✅ Bhadrabahu was an exponent of this sect.
✅ Major Sub-Sects: Mula Sangh, Bisapantha,Terapantha, Taranpantha or Samaiyapantha.
✅Minor Sub-Sets: Gumanapantha, Totapantha.
▪️SHVETAMBARA
✅Monks wear white clothes.
✅ Follow only 4 vows (except brahmacharya).
✅ Believe women can achieve liberation.
✅ Sthulabhadra was an exponent of this sect.
✅Major Sub-Sects: Murtipujaka, Sthanakvasi, Terapanthi
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#JAINISM
Join @CSE_EXAM
OF JAINISM
✅Jain order has been divided into two major sects: Digambara and Svetambara. The division occurred mainly due to famine in Magadha which compelled a group led by Bhadrabahu to move South India.
✅ During the 12years famine, the group in South India stick to the strict practices while the group in Magadha adopted a more lax attitude and started wearing white clothes.
✅After the end of famine, when the Southern group came back to Magadha, the changed practices led to the division of Jainism into two sects.
▪️DIGAMBARA
✅ Monks of this sect believe in complete nudity. Male monks do not wear clothes while female monks wear unstitched plain white sarees.
✅Follow all five vows (Satya, Ahimsa, Asteya, Aparigraha and Brahmacharya).
✅Believe women cannot achieve liberation.
✅ Bhadrabahu was an exponent of this sect.
✅ Major Sub-Sects: Mula Sangh, Bisapantha,Terapantha, Taranpantha or Samaiyapantha.
✅Minor Sub-Sets: Gumanapantha, Totapantha.
▪️SHVETAMBARA
✅Monks wear white clothes.
✅ Follow only 4 vows (except brahmacharya).
✅ Believe women can achieve liberation.
✅ Sthulabhadra was an exponent of this sect.
✅Major Sub-Sects: Murtipujaka, Sthanakvasi, Terapanthi
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#JAINISM
Join @CSE_EXAM
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🔆Important terms related To Jainism
✅ASRAV- Inflow of karmas to the soul that occurs at every second in life.
✅SAMVARA- Stoppage of the influx of the material karmas into the soul consciousness.
✅ NIRJARA - Shedding or removal of accumulated karmas from the atma (soul), essential for breaking free from samsara, the cycle of birth-death and rebirth, by achieving moksha, liberation. It is one of the seven fundamental principles, or Tattva in Jain philosophy.
✅SALLEKHANA- It is the religious practice of voluntarily fasting to death by gradually reducing the intake of food
and liquids. Also Called Santhara.
✅KAIVALYA, also known as Kevala Jnana, means omniscience in Jainism and is roughly translated as complete understanding or supreme wisdom.
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#JAINISM
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✅ASRAV- Inflow of karmas to the soul that occurs at every second in life.
✅SAMVARA- Stoppage of the influx of the material karmas into the soul consciousness.
✅ NIRJARA - Shedding or removal of accumulated karmas from the atma (soul), essential for breaking free from samsara, the cycle of birth-death and rebirth, by achieving moksha, liberation. It is one of the seven fundamental principles, or Tattva in Jain philosophy.
✅SALLEKHANA- It is the religious practice of voluntarily fasting to death by gradually reducing the intake of food
and liquids. Also Called Santhara.
✅KAIVALYA, also known as Kevala Jnana, means omniscience in Jainism and is roughly translated as complete understanding or supreme wisdom.
#revision_notes
#history
#Ancient_History
#prelims
#mains
#JAINISM
Join @CSE_EXAM
Buddhism and Jainism Key Terms
🔆 Key Terms in Buddhism
✅ Chaityas :Prayer halls for monks.
✅ Viharas : Monasteries.
✅ Pravrajya : Ceremony marking renunciation and becoming a novice monk, involving shaving the head and wearing ochre robes.
✅ Upasampada : Ordination ceremony where a novice becomes a full-fledged member of the monastic community.
✅ Uposatha : Ceremonies held on full moon and new moon days.
✅ Parajika : Refers to defeat; includes four serious offenses leading to expulsion from the Sangha (sexual misconduct, theft, killing, false spiritual claims).
✅ Pavarana : Buddhist holy day marking the end of the rainy season, celebrated on the full moon of Ashvin. Monks confess offenses from the retreat period.
✅ Upasakas : Male lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Upasikas : Female lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Bodhisattva : Enlightened beings who postpone nirvana to help others. Represented with jewels, elegant garments, and compassionate demeanor.
📍Other Key Terms
✅ Bhikkhu Sangha : Monastic order of monks.
✅ Bhikkhuni Sangha : Monastic order of nuns.
✅ Theragatha : Verses by elder monks.
✅ Therigatha : Verses by elder nuns.
✅ Shramana/Samana : One who seeks truth or self-realization.
✅ Paribbajaka/Parivrajaka : Wanderer or itinerant ascetic.
✅ Shakra : Another name for God Indra in Buddhism.
✅ Sarvastivadin : Theravada school believing in the existence of all phenomena across time (past, present, future).
✅ Sautrantika : A school that accepts only the Sutras as valid, rejecting commercial literature, emphasizing the Suttapitaka and Vinayapitaka.
✅ Sammitiya : One of the early Buddhist schools.
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🔆 Key Terms in Buddhism
✅ Chaityas :Prayer halls for monks.
✅ Viharas : Monasteries.
✅ Pravrajya : Ceremony marking renunciation and becoming a novice monk, involving shaving the head and wearing ochre robes.
✅ Upasampada : Ordination ceremony where a novice becomes a full-fledged member of the monastic community.
✅ Uposatha : Ceremonies held on full moon and new moon days.
✅ Parajika : Refers to defeat; includes four serious offenses leading to expulsion from the Sangha (sexual misconduct, theft, killing, false spiritual claims).
✅ Pavarana : Buddhist holy day marking the end of the rainy season, celebrated on the full moon of Ashvin. Monks confess offenses from the retreat period.
✅ Upasakas : Male lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Upasikas : Female lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Bodhisattva : Enlightened beings who postpone nirvana to help others. Represented with jewels, elegant garments, and compassionate demeanor.
📍Other Key Terms
✅ Bhikkhu Sangha : Monastic order of monks.
✅ Bhikkhuni Sangha : Monastic order of nuns.
✅ Theragatha : Verses by elder monks.
✅ Therigatha : Verses by elder nuns.
✅ Shramana/Samana : One who seeks truth or self-realization.
✅ Paribbajaka/Parivrajaka : Wanderer or itinerant ascetic.
✅ Shakra : Another name for God Indra in Buddhism.
✅ Sarvastivadin : Theravada school believing in the existence of all phenomena across time (past, present, future).
✅ Sautrantika : A school that accepts only the Sutras as valid, rejecting commercial literature, emphasizing the Suttapitaka and Vinayapitaka.
✅ Sammitiya : One of the early Buddhist schools.
#UPSC2025 #ArtAndCulture #art_and_culture #Buddhism #Jainism #GS1 #CSE2025 #UPSCNotes #AncientIndia #Prelims2025
Join @CSE_EXAM
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Buddhism and Jainism Key Terms
🔆 Key Terms in Buddhism
✅ Chaityas :Prayer halls for monks.
✅ Viharas : Monasteries.
✅ Pravrajya : Ceremony marking renunciation and becoming a novice monk, involving shaving the head and wearing ochre robes.
✅ Upasampada : Ordination ceremony where a novice becomes a full-fledged member of the monastic community.
✅ Uposatha : Ceremonies held on full moon and new moon days.
✅ Parajika : Refers to defeat; includes four serious offenses leading to expulsion from the Sangha (sexual misconduct, theft, killing, false spiritual claims).
✅ Pavarana : Buddhist holy day marking the end of the rainy season, celebrated on the full moon of Ashvin. Monks confess offenses from the retreat period.
✅ Upasakas : Male lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Upasikas : Female lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Bodhisattva : Enlightened beings who postpone nirvana to help others. Represented with jewels, elegant garments, and compassionate demeanor.
📍Other Key Terms
✅ Bhikkhu Sangha : Monastic order of monks.
✅ Bhikkhuni Sangha : Monastic order of nuns.
✅ Theragatha : Verses by elder monks.
✅ Therigatha : Verses by elder nuns.
✅ Shramana/Samana : One who seeks truth or self-realization.
✅ Paribbajaka/Parivrajaka : Wanderer or itinerant ascetic.
✅ Shakra : Another name for God Indra in Buddhism.
✅ Sarvastivadin : Theravada school believing in the existence of all phenomena across time (past, present, future).
✅ Sautrantika : A school that accepts only the Sutras as valid, rejecting commercial literature, emphasizing the Suttapitaka and Vinayapitaka.
✅ Sammitiya : One of the early Buddhist schools.
#UPSC2025 #ArtAndCulture #art_and_culture #Buddhism #Jainism #GS1 #CSE2025 #UPSCNotes #AncientIndia #Prelims2025
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_art_and_culture
🔆 Key Terms in Buddhism
✅ Chaityas :Prayer halls for monks.
✅ Viharas : Monasteries.
✅ Pravrajya : Ceremony marking renunciation and becoming a novice monk, involving shaving the head and wearing ochre robes.
✅ Upasampada : Ordination ceremony where a novice becomes a full-fledged member of the monastic community.
✅ Uposatha : Ceremonies held on full moon and new moon days.
✅ Parajika : Refers to defeat; includes four serious offenses leading to expulsion from the Sangha (sexual misconduct, theft, killing, false spiritual claims).
✅ Pavarana : Buddhist holy day marking the end of the rainy season, celebrated on the full moon of Ashvin. Monks confess offenses from the retreat period.
✅ Upasakas : Male lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Upasikas : Female lay followers of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha who haven’t taken monastic vows.
✅ Bodhisattva : Enlightened beings who postpone nirvana to help others. Represented with jewels, elegant garments, and compassionate demeanor.
📍Other Key Terms
✅ Bhikkhu Sangha : Monastic order of monks.
✅ Bhikkhuni Sangha : Monastic order of nuns.
✅ Theragatha : Verses by elder monks.
✅ Therigatha : Verses by elder nuns.
✅ Shramana/Samana : One who seeks truth or self-realization.
✅ Paribbajaka/Parivrajaka : Wanderer or itinerant ascetic.
✅ Shakra : Another name for God Indra in Buddhism.
✅ Sarvastivadin : Theravada school believing in the existence of all phenomena across time (past, present, future).
✅ Sautrantika : A school that accepts only the Sutras as valid, rejecting commercial literature, emphasizing the Suttapitaka and Vinayapitaka.
✅ Sammitiya : One of the early Buddhist schools.
#UPSC2025 #ArtAndCulture #art_and_culture #Buddhism #Jainism #GS1 #CSE2025 #UPSCNotes #AncientIndia #Prelims2025
Join @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_art_and_culture
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